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EN
An analysis has been carried out of the influence of annealing time at the preheating temperature of 650 °C on the change in hardness and alloy structure of lamellar graphite cast iron in the working as well as in the laboratory conditions. This preheat temperature is common during reclaiming welding of castings with complex shapes. The changes in unalloyed cast iron EN-GJL 200 to EN-GJL 300 according to ISO 1690 standard and cast iron with low amount of elements such as Sn, Cu, Cr, and Mo and their combinations were assessed. It was found that the cast iron of higher strength grades has better hardness and structural stability. Cast iron alloyed with chromium or its combinations has the highest stability. In unalloyed cast iron, a partial degradation of pearlite occurs; in alloyed cast iron the structural changes are not conclusive.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analityczny model obliczeniowy nawierzchni kolejowej. Model ten służy do określenia stateczności toru kolejowego uwzględniając parametry geometryczne oraz mechaniczne nawierzchni. Opisany model pozwala na ocenę wpływu parametrów toru (rodzaju zastosowanego podkładu, szyny, przytwierdzenia, podsypki) oraz promienia łuku kołowego na temperaturę krytyczną. Scharakteryzowano zagadnienie oporu poprzecznego rusztu torowego oraz czynników, mających bezpośredni wpływ na stateczność toru bezstykowego. Przedstawiona została idea bezpieczeństwa eksploatacji toru bezstykowego. Pokazano przykładowe wyniki obliczeń temperatury krytycznej dla różnych konstrukcji nawierzchni.
EN
The article presents an analytical calculation model of railway structure. This model is used to determine the stability of the railway track taking into account the geometrical and mechanical parameters of truck structure. This model allows the assessment of the impact of the track parameters (the type of sleeper, rails, fastenings, ballast) and the radius of the arc on the critical temperature. The issue of cross-resistance of the track grate and the factors that have a direct impact on the stability of contactless track have been characterised. The idea of the safety exploitation of contactless track have been presented. The exemplary calculation results of critical temperature for the different constructions of track structure have been shown.
3
Content available remote Nanocrystalline copper based microcomposites
EN
Purpose: The aim of this work was to investigate microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation behavior of copper microcomposites: Cu- Y2O3, Cu- ZrO2 and Cu-WC produced by powder metallurgy techniques. Design/methodology/approach: Tests were made with Cu-Y2O3, Cu-ZrO2 and Cu-WC microcomposites containing up to 2% of a strengthening phase. The materials were fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques, including milling of powders, followed by their compacting and sintering. The main mechanical properties of the materials were determined from the compression test and, additionally, measurements of HV hardness and electrical conductivity were made. Analysis of the initial nanocrystalline structure of these materials was made and its evolution during sintering and cold deformation was investigated. Findings: It was found out that addition of up to 2 wt.% of a strengthening phase significantly improves mechanical properties of the material and increases its softening point. The obtained strengthening effect have been discussed based on the existing theories related to strengthening of nanocrystalline materials. The studies have shown importance of “flows” existing in the consolidated materials and sintered materials in pores or regions of poor powder particle connection which significantly deteriorate the mechanical properties of micro-composites produced by powder metallurgy. Research limitations/implications: The powder metallurgy techniques make it possible to obtain copper-based bulk materials by means of input powder milling in a planetary ball mill, followed by compacting and sintering. Additional operations of hot extrusion are also often used. There is some danger, however, that during high-temperature processing or application of these materials at elevated or high temperatures this nanometric structure may become unstable. Practical implications: A growing trend to use new copper based microcomposites is observed recently world-wide. Within this group of materials particular attention is put to those with nanometric grain size of a copper matrix, which show higher mechanical properties than microcrystalline copper. Originality/value: The paper contributes to the knowledge of mechanical properties and the nanostructure stability of Cu-Y2O3, Cu-ZrO2 and Cu-WC microcomposites. A controlled process of milling, compacting, sintering and cold deformation provides possibility to obtain nanocrystalline copper based materials with improved functional properties.
4
Content available remote Analiza numeryczna konstrukcji rusztowania modułowego o nietypowym kształcie
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę numeryczną konstrukcji rusztowania o skomplikowanym kształcie, które zostało wykonane z systemu modułowego ROTAX firmy Altrad Mostostal. W odniesieniu do tego rusztowania przeanalizowano dwanaście przypadków obliczeniowych, na podstawie których zbadano wpływ stosowanych połączeń i imperfekcji na stateczność konstrukcji oraz rozkład naprężeń w elementach konstrukcji. Z przedstawionych badań wynika, że zalecenia normowe, narzucające uwzględnianie imperfekcji i wykonywanie obliczeń według teorii II rzędu nie są uzasadnione dla wszystkich konstrukcji rusztowań. Z drugiej strony stosowanie w modelu numerycznym połączeń podatnych, także zalecane przez normy, przybliżają wyniki do rzeczywistych a naprężenia, otrzymane w ten sposób, są większe niż w przypadku połączeń przegubowych.
EN
The paper deals with a numerical analysis of a scaffold structure of complex form. The structure was erected with the ROTAX modular system of Altrad Mostostal. Twelve cases were analyzed and on the basis of their results the research on the effect of the applied joints and imperfections on the buckling and the distribution of stresses in the structure elements was carried out. It can be concluded that the standard recommendations for including imperfections and the second order theory in the calculations are unfounded for all scaffolds. Some other standard recommendation for the application of flexible joints in numerical models result in better approximation of the expected real results. The stresses for such models are bigger than those obtained for the model with articulated joints.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wzajemnych interakcji wodnych roztworów skrobi o różnym pochodzeniu botanicznym z hydrokoloidem po-lisacharydowym, jakim jest jeden z dodatków do żywności - guma gellano-wa. W prezentowanej pracy przeanalizowano uzyskane w trakcie pomiarów reometrycznych właściwości reologiczne badanych roztworów, przedyskutowano efekt synergistyczny, a także oszacowano wartość stałej czasowej X odpowiadającej za podatność struktury na zniszczenie ścinaniem.
EN
Investigation results dealing with the structure of aqueous solution of starch from different botanical sources with presence or without gellan gum are presented in the paper. This gum is generally applied as food additive. The authors present an analysis of rheological properties of starch - hydrocol-loid blends determined during rheometric measurements. The synergistic effect and a value of time constant responsible for the structure of blends are described.
6
Content available remote Numerical calculations of stability of spherical shells
EN
The results of FEM calculations of stability of thin-walled spherical shells are presented. A static and dynamic stability analysis was conducted. Hemispherical shells and spherical caps with various dilation angles, subjected to external pressure, were considered. For each shell calculated, various boundary conditions of support were analyzed: joint, fixed and elastically fixed support. In the calculations, an axisymmetric and random discretization of the model was accounted for. As a result of the calculations conducted for static loads, values of upper critical pressures and buckling modes of the shells were obtained. The results were presented for various shell thicknesses. The FEM solutions were compared to the available results obtained with analytical and numerical methods, showing a good conformity. Dynamic calculations were conducted for a triangular pulse load. On the basis of the Budiansky-Roth dynamic criterion of stability loss, values of upper dynamic critical pressures were obtained. Shell buckling modes were determined as well.
7
Content available remote Characterisation of nanostructured copper - WC materials
EN
Purpose: The aim of this work was to determine the microstructure and properties stability of nanocrystalline copper dispersion hardened with nanoparticles of tungsten carbides. Design/methodology/approach: Tests were made with Cu and Cu – WC micro – composites containing up to 3% of a hardening phase. The materials were fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques, including milling of powders, followed by their compacting and sintering. The main mechanical properties of the materials were determined from the compression test, and, moreover, measurements of the HV hardness and electrical conductivity have been made. Analysis of the initial nanocrystalline structure of these materials was made and its evolution during sintering was investigated. Findings: It was found that an addition of up to 1.5 wt % of a WC significantly improves mechanical properties of the material and increases its softening point. Research limitations/implications: The powder metallurgy techniques make it possible to obtain nanocrystalline copper-based bulk materials. Additional operations of hot extrusion are also often used. There is some threat, however, that during high temperature processing or application these materials this nanometric structure may become unstable. Practical implications: A growing trend to use new copper-based functional materials is observed recently world-wide. Within this group of materials particular attention is drawn to those with nanometric grain size. Originality/value: The paper contributes to the determination of WC nanoparticles content on the mechanical properties and the nanostructure stability of Cu-WC micro-composites.
PL
W artykule omówiono wpływ rozbiórki przyległego budynku na zachowanie zabytkowego obiektu zespołu młyńskiego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stateczności konstrukcji i jej ochrony przed czynnikami środowiskowymi. Zaproponowano sposób rewitalizacji części zabytkowej obiektu po wyburzeniu części współczesnej.
EN
Effect of demolition of buildings was considered onto staying antique part of object with special regard of equilibrium of buildings' barriers as well as way of theirs protection in front of atmospheric takings. Way of revitalization of antique elevation of form buildings was proposed adjacent as a result of demolishing of objects to him.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena stabilności struktury macierzy zewnątrzkomórkowej osierdzia świni po usunięciu z nich komórek. Badano wpływ substancji powodujących usuwanie komórek na właściwości biochemiczne i morfologiczne tkanek. Tkanki traktowano roztworami zawierającymi trypsynę i wersenian sodu (EDTA) lub dodecylosiarczan sodu (SDS) i chlorek sodu (NaCl). W badaniach wykorzystano elektroforezę SDS-PAGE i mikroskopię optyczną. Wykazano, że oddziaływanie na tkanki roztworu zawierającego 0,05% trypsyny i 0,02% EDTA pozwala na uzyskanie materiału bezkomórkowego.
EN
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the stability of the extracellular matrix structure in porcine pericardium after their decellularization. The influence of decellularizing substances on the tissues biochemical and morphological properties has been investigated. Tissues have been treated with solutions containing trypsin and sodium versenate (EDTA) or sodium dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) and sodium chloride. The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and the optical microscopy have been used in researches. It has been shown that the tissues treatment with the solution containing 0.05% trypsin and 0.02% EDTA allows to obtain the acellular material.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono zmiany struktury mlecznych napojów fermentowanych w zależności od rodzaju użytej substancji stabilizującej oraz wpływ zmian temperatury na stabilność struktury badanych prób. Ocenę struktury prowadzono z wykorzystaniem Rheotestu RT 20 wyznaczając krzywe płynięcia w wybranych temperaturach oraz przy udziale wybranych substancji stabilizujących. Badane jogurty podano ocenie sensorycznej.
EN
The paper presents changes in structure of milky fermented beverages depending on the type of used stabilizing substance and effect of temperature changes on the structure stability of tested samples. Structure evaluation was conducted using Rheotest RT 20 by setting out flow curves for the selected temperatures and with share of selected stabilizing substances. Tested yogurts were put to sensory assessment.
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