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1

Preliminary data on foot parameters of Polish boys aged 1-11

Piotrowska Katarzyna, Gajewski Robert, Janocha Małgorzata, Kwiecień Joanna

Technologia i Jakość Wyrobów

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2022

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R. 67

64--80

PL

Wymiary stóp dzieci zależą od płci i wieku. Jednak, ze względu na trend sekularny, a także zmiany demograficzne, wymiary stóp mogą ulec zmianie. W latach 2007-13 IPS przeprowadził pomiary antropometryczne w galeriach handlowych, w miastach Polski. Projekt Akademia Zdrowej Stopy został zrealizowany dzięki inicjatywie firmy BARTEK i jej wsparciu finansowemu. Przebadano 4996 chłopców w wieku 1-11 lat. Zmierzono 7 parametrów mających decydujący wpływ na wymiary kopyt i obuwia. Równolegle wykonano plantogramy, w których wyznaczono kąt Clarke'a oraz kąty alfa, beta i gamma służące jako wskaźniki kształtu stopy.

EN

It is an obvious fact, that dimensions of children’s feet depend on gender and age. However, due to the secular trend, as well as demographical changes the dimensional parameters of the feet may change. In years 2007-13 IPS carried out anthropometric measurements in malls in cities of Poland. The project called The healthy Foot Academy was realized thanks to the initiative of BARTEK company and its financial support. 4996 boys aged 1-11 were examined. 7 parameters, having a decisive impact on the dimensions of lasts and footwear, were measured. Simultaneously there were made plantograms, in which the Clarke’s angle were determined, as well as α,β,γ angles used as indicators of the foot shape.

2

Classic and indicative methods in the analysis of the foot arch and foot loads in professional folklore dancers on the basis of stabilographic tests

Gorwa Joanna, Nowakowska-Lipiec Katarzyna, Guzik-Kopyto Agata, Wodarski Piotr, Michnik Robert

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

53--61

EN

Purpose: The proper shape of the foot determines its proper functioning and efficiency, which is significant as far as dancers are concerned. The aim of the study was to identify the arch of feet based on the Arch Index (AI), ability to maintain balance on the basis of stabilometric parameters and the distribution of loads acting on the feet of professional folk dancers. Methods: The study group was composed of 37 folk dancers and the reference group consisted of 56 healthy adults aged 19–45. Balance measurements were performed using the Zebris FDM-S measurement platform, Romberg test with eyes open. Test results were exported to the Matlab 2019b computing environment. The algorithm developed by the Authors in relation was used to calculate Arch Index for the right and left foot, for each test participant separately. Results: Statistical tests did not reveal statistically relevant differences between stabilometric parameters and loads affecting feet in the reference group and that of the dancers. The statistical tests revealed that the value of the AI differed significantly in the reference group and in the group of professional folk dancers (p = 0.05). The differences were also observed in the group of females (p = 0.003). No statistically relevant differences were observed in relation to the group of males (p = 0.116). The percentage of the feet with high arch in the group of dancers amounted to 26%; 33% of dancers’ feet were classified as the feet with low arch. Conclusions: The feet of professional folk dancers have a statistically more arched foot than the reference group.

3

Distribution of feet pressure on ground and maintaining body balance among 8–10-year-old children with and without external load application

Jaszczur-Nowicki Jarosław, Bukowska Joanna M., Kruczkowski Dariusz, Pieniążek Magdalena, Mańko Grzegorz, Spieszny Michał

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 4

93--99

EN

The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of applying an external load on the distribution of pressure on the plantar side of the foot and maintaining body balance, using the podobarographic platform. Methods: The study was conducted on 130 school children aged 8–10: girls (n = 68, body mass = 22.8 ± 6.0 kg, body height = 129.3 ± 7.5 cm) and boys (n = 62, body mass = 31.1 ± 6.5 kg, body height 134.4 ± 7.3 cm). The study involved 2 trials. At first, children stood on the platform assuming a natural position. Then, they put on a 5-kg backpack and stood on the platform once more. Results: The results indicate that after backpack loading, for the total research group of girls and boys, statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of foot force on the ground in the left forefoot ( p = 0.008), metatarsus ( p = 0.000) and heel areas ( p = 0.002). While in the right foot, these differences were noted for the forefoot ( p = 0.024) and metatarsus ( p = 0.000). The results of balance testing were also statistically significant. They concerned measurements of the body barycentre area (cop-bars p = 0.003), the barycentre area of the left foot (l-bars p = 0.034) and the parameter comparing distance to surface ratio (cop-lsf p = 0.000). Conclusions: It may be concluded that prolonged overloading with backpacks affects movement patterns, which may further lead to the acquisition and consolidation of postural defects.

4

Determination of Energy Absorption on Seat Regions of Footwear for the Obese

Mathivanan Selvaraj, Mohan Ranganathan, Balachander Palanisami

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2019

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Vol. 27, no. 4 (136)

76--80

EN

Ideal footwear with a design configuration is necessitated as a tool of rehabilitation to render therapeutic benefits, especially for obese individuals who are experiencing greater risk during locomotion. Energy absorption is found to depend on variables like heel height, slope angle and load exerted by the body mass index. Statistical analysis was carried out to formulate a predictive equation for absorbed energy. It was found that a heel height of 30 mm offers an optimum base for further design of footwear. A coefficient of determination (R2) with a value of 0.933 indicates that the model fits the experimental data nicely. Hence, 30 mm 20 degree is suggested for designing ideal footwear as it enables load dissipation and energy absorption to render foot-comfort benefits and advantages to the user.

PL

Zaprojektowanie idelanego obuwia jest niezbędne jako skuteczne narzędzie rehabilitacji osób otyłych. Stwierdzono, że absorpcja energii w obuwiu zależy od zmiennych, takich jak: wysokość pięty, kąt nachylenia oraz obciążenie wywierane przez wskaźnik masy ciała. Przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną, aby sformułować równanie predykcyjne dla pochłoniętej energii. Stwierdzono, że wysokość obcasa 30 mm stanowi optymalną podstawę do dalszego projektowania obuwia. Współczynnik determinacji (R2) o wartości 0,933 wskazuje, że model pasuje do danych eksperymentalnych. Stwierdzono, że 30 mm wysokości obcasa i kąt nachylenia 20 stopni są optymalne do zaprojektowania idealnego obuwia. Dobór takich parametrów umożliwia dobre rozpraszanie obciążenia i pochłanianie energii zapewniając tym samym komfort użytkowania.

5

Analiza przestrzeni roboczej układu więzadeł stawu skokowego górnego w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej i czołowej - badania wstępne

Mazur Marta, Ciszkiewicz Adam

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2019

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z. 17

77--84

PL

Celem pracy była analiza przestrzeni roboczej układu więzadeł stawu skokowego górnego. Na potrzeby badań przygotowano trójwymiarowy model wieloczłonowy górnego stawu skokowego, który zawierał dwa ciała sztywne: nieruchomą goleń i kości stopy. Ciała te połączone były ze sobą układem trójwymiarowych cięgien, które zastępowały więzadła. Przestrzeń roboczą stawu wyznaczono poprzez iteracyjną zmianę położenia kości stopy. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników stwierdzono, że przestrzeń robocza górnego stawu skokowego zdeterminowana jest głównie przez geometrię więzadeł położonych po jego bocznej stronie.

EN

The aim of this study was to analyze the workspace of a ligament system of an upper ankle joint. To facilitate this research, a spatial multibody model of an upper ankle joint was prepared. The model contained two rigid bodies corresponding to the lower leg and the foot. The bodies were connected by a system of three-dimensional cables representing the ligaments. The workspace was computed by iteratively modifying the location of the foot. The obtained results suggest that the workspace of the upper ankle joint is mostly determined by the geometry of the ligaments located on its medial side.

6

Assessment of distribution of plantar pressures and foot characteristics during walking in pregnant women

Mikeska Ondřej, Gimunová Marta, Zvonař Martin

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 3

49--56

EN

The main purpose of this research was to analyse the distribution of plantar pressures and foot characteristics during walking between weeks 27 and 36 of pregnancy. The secondary purpose was to test the effect of the customized orthopaedic shoes that were worn by the experimental group. Methods: Pregnant women (n = 73) were divided into 2 groups, control group (n = 38) and experimental group (n = 35) which completed 5 gait trials on a walkway (1.55m) at a self-selected velocity of gait, where force, pressure and remaining foot characteristics were sampled and displayed by Novel database pro m (version 25.3.24). Results: Analysis of foot characteristics did not reveal important changes. Analysis of the distribution of plantar pressures revealed few changes in the pre- and post-measurement of the experimental and control groups between weeks 27 and 36 of pregnancy. In the last measurement, there is a significant increase of peak pressure only in the midfoot area of the left foot (151.1 ± 41.2 kPa) and in the hindfoot area of the right foot (346.3 ± 104.1) of the experimental group. The control group exhibits similar pressure development for both of foot. Conclusions: Monitored parameters demonstrated in certain areas notably development of force and contact area. Results of foot characteristics did not reveal a significant changes. As both groups registered similar values in certain areas in a comparison of pre/post measurement characteristics, the influence of specific orthopaedic shoes cannot be conclusively demonstrated in the experimental group.

7

The effect of aging and gender on plantar pressure distribution during the gait in elderly

Gimunova M., Zvonař M., Mikeska O.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 3

139--144

EN

The effect of age on structural foot characteristics as well as on the plantar pressure distribution has been shown previously. However, the number of studies focused also on gender gait differences of elderly is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare dynamic gait characteristic in younger and older elderly and to investigate the gender differences as the life-long load and footwear choice differ in males and females. Methods: 61 healthy elderly participants were divided by age and gender into four groups: males 60–69, males 70–79, females 60–69 and females 70–79 years old. Plantar pressures were recorded during barefoot walking at naturally chosen speed using Emed-at (Novel GmbH, Germany). Three steps of the left foot of each participant were used for further analysis, furthermore, hallux angle, foot progression angle, and arch index were calculated by the Emed software from obtained footprints. To compare the differences between the analyzed groups, effect size obtained by Cohen’s d was used. Results: Comparing the two age male groups, higher mean pressure was found in the 70–79 age group in region MH4, MH5 and mid-foot, suggesting a greater lateral load and decreased longitudinal arch of the foot. Comparing female groups, the higher mean pressure was found in the older age group in region MH1. In all other regions, the mean pressures were reduced in the older groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that the effect of aging on plantar pressure distribution during the gait is affected by gender and should be considered when evaluating the gait of elderly.

8

Foot mechanics in young women are altered after walking in high-heeled shoes

Winiarski S., Rutkowska-Kucharska A., Zostawa P., Uścinowicz-Zostawa N., Klich S.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 3

107--113

EN

Nowadays, fashion has caused that many young women are wearing high-heeled shoes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of long-term walking in high-heeled shoes on the foot mechanics during barefoot gait. Methods: Forty-three young women (22 ± 2.1 years) divided into two groups participated in this retrospective cohort study. The first group was composed of women who frequently wear high-heeled footwear. The second, infrequent wearers group, consisted of women who preferred flat-heeled shoes. Measurements of gait parameters were recorded for barefoot gait. A motion analysis system and two force plates were used in order to evaluate the lower-limb rocker mechanism, transverse foot arch height and parameters of ground reaction force. Results: Walking in high-heeled shoes modified barefoot foot mechanics, which manifested itself in a shorter duration (by ca. 4%) of the first and second rocker and a significantly longer duration (by 5%) of the third rocker phase as well as a substantial reduction in height of the transverse foot arch (by around 50%) in women habitually walking in high-heeled shoes. A significantly shorter relative duration of the third rocker (44.3% of cycle time) and greater value of the vertical component of ground reaction force (114.7% BW) in the third rocker phase were found in the group of women habitually walking in high-heeled shoes. Conclusions: The mechanism of foot rolling, with flattened foot arch, and significantly higher values of the vertical component of ground reaction force and shorter time might lead to overload in lowerlimb joints in young women.

9

Foot model for tracking temperature of safety boot insoles: application to different insole materials in firefighter boots

Garcia-Hernandez C., Sanchez-Alvarez E. J., Huertas-Talon J.-L.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 1

12--19

EN

This research is based on the development of a human foot model to study the temperature conditions of a foot bottom surface under extreme external conditions. This foot model is made by combining different manufacturing techniques to enable the simulation of bones and tissues, allowing the placement of sensors on its surface to track the temperature values of different points inside a shoe. These sensors let researchers capture valuable data during a defined period of time, making it possible to compare the features of different safety boots, socks or soles, among others. In this case, it has been applied to compare different plantar insole materials, placed into safety boots on a high-temperature surface.

10

Effects of customized foot orthoses on manufacturing workers in the metal industry

Garcia-Hernandez C., Huertas-Talon J.-L., Sanchez-Alvarez E. J., Marin-Zurdo J.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 1

116--124

EN

This 8-week study evaluates the effects of customized foot orthoses on work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of metal industry workers. These WMSDs were evaluated applying the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) at three different times (start, 4th week and 8th week) and additional questions were also formulated to obtain information about adaptation, fatigue, comfort and possible improvements. According to the NMQ results, statistical significance was found in the improvements after 4 weeks (p < 0.05 in two areas, p < 0.01 in three areas, p < 0.001 in two areas and no significance in the other two) and after 8 weeks (p < 0.01 in three areas, p < 0.001 in four areas and no significance in the other two). The additional questions indicated fatigue reduction (both in general and in lower extremity), comfort level increase (after the adaptation period) and good acceptance, according to workers’ answers, suggesting customized orthoses can be effective in reducing and preventing WMSDs in several body regions.

11

Research of the spatial-temporal gait parameters and pressure characteristic in spastic diplegia children

Pauk J., Ihnatouski M., Daunoraviciene K., Laskhousky U., Griskevicius J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2016

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Vol. 18, no. 2

121--129

EN

Purpose: Spastic diplegia is the most common form of cerebral palsy. It presents with symmetric involvement of the lower limbs and upper limbs. Children with spastic diplegia frequently experience problems with motor control, spasticity, and balance which lead to gait abnormalities. The aim of this study is twofold. Firstly, to determine the differences in spatial-temporal gait parameters and magnitude of plantar pressure distribution between children with spastic diplegia (CP) and typical children. Secondly, to compare and evaluate main changes of plantar pressure and spatial-temporal gait parameters instead of data between spastic diplegia children with prescribed ankle – solid foot orthosis (AFOs) and without using AFOs. Methods: The evaluation was carried out on 20 spastic diplegia children and 10 agematched children as a control group aged 6–15 years. Twenty children with spastic diplegia CP were divided into two groups: ten subjects with prescribed AFOs and ten subjects without use of assistive device. Patients used the AFOs orthosis for one year. Measurements included in-shoe plantar pressure distribution and spatial-temporal gait parameters. Results: Spatial-temporal gait parameters showed meaningful difference between study groups in velocity, stride length, step length and cadence ( p < 0.05). However no significant differences between patients with and without AFOs were found ( p > 0.05). Significant differences between typical and spastic diplegia children with AFOs were observed in the magnitude of plantar pressure under the toes, the metatarsal heads, the medial arch, and the heel ( p < 0.05). For typical subjects, the highest pressure amplitudes were found under the heel and the metatarsal heads, while the lowest pressure distribution was under the medial arch. In CP patients the lateral arch was strongly unloaded. The peak pressure under heel was shifted inside. Conclusions: Collected data and calculated scores present a state of the gait in test groups, showed the difference and could be valuable for physicians in decision making by choosing qualitative therapy. Furthermore, it allows predicting probability of further possible changes in gait of spastic diplegia patients with AFOs and without it. In conclusion, our current results showed that the use of AFOs, prescribed on a clinical basis by doctors improves gait patterns and gait stability in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

12

Laterality versus jumping performance in men and women

Trzaskoma Z., Ilnicka L., Wiszomirska I., Wit A., Wychowański M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 1

103--110

EN

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between functional asymmetry of lower limbs, taking into account morphological features of the feet, and jumping ability in men and women. Methods: The study population consisted of 56 subjects, 30 women (age: 20.29 ± 0.59 years; body mass: 58.13 ± 4.58 kg, body height: 165.60 ± 5.03 cm) and 26 men (age: 20.41 ± 0.78 years, body mass: 78.39 ± 8.42 kg, body height: 181.15 ± 6.52 cm). The measurements of longitudinal arches were performed with the plantographic method on the basis of Clarke’s angle mapped on a computer foot print. The measurements of jumping performance during bilateral (two legs) and unilateral (single-leg) counter movement jump (CMJ) were done on force plate. All subjects jumped three times each type of jump (total 9 jumps): three right leg, three left leg and three two legs. We put the test results through a detailed statistical analysis with the Statistica 8.0. The t-test for dependent variables and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for divergent variances of the features compared. The analysis of relationships between the chosen podometric and plantographic features and jumping performance was conducted on the basis of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (for the features which presented normal distribution, according to the Shapiro–Wilk test). Results: The correlations between values of height of single-leg jumps (right and left) and bilateral jumps, and foot indices were found in few cases only in men who had greater values of jump height with the non-dominant limb. We did not find a significant difference in jumping ability between the dominant limb and the non-dominant limb in women. We found bilateral deficits in jumping ability in the study groups, though we did not find significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the values for women (a mean of 6.5%) and for men (a mean of 8.4%). Conclusion: We found significant gender differences of the correlations between the values of height of jumps (single-leg and bilateral jumps) and foot indices.

13

Laterality versus ankle dorsiand plantarflexion maximal torques

Trzaskoma Z., Ilnicka L., Wiszomirska I., Wit A., Wychowański M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 2

131--141

EN

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the connections between the functional asymmetries of lower limbs, taking into account morphological feet features, and ankle dorsi- and plantarflexion maximal torques in men and women. Methods: The study population consisted of 56 young subjects among which there were 30 women and 26 men. The assessment of upper and lower limbs’ side dominance was performed on the basis of surveys, verified with simple motor tasks that resembled the actions characteristic of the upper and lower limbs. The measurements of body build, as well as foot build, were performed with the use of accepted instruments according to the anthropometry standards. The measurements of longitudinal foot arches were conducted using the pantographic method. Ankle dorsi- and plantarflexion maximal torque values were measured under static conditions. Results: We found a positive correlation between the functional dominance of lower limb and greater strength only for ankle plantarflexion maximal torque values in correct laterality variants in women and in only one variant in men. No correlation was found between foot morphological asymmetry and the ankle dorsiand plantarflexion maximal torque values, either in women or in men. Conclusion: Our results support the idea that the functional lower limb dominance is not equivalent to the greater muscle strength.

14

Effects of unstable elements with different hardness on lower limb loading

Li F., Mei Q., Gu Y.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

|

2015

|

Vol. 17, no. 2

85--92

EN

Purpose: Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the most common diseases. For this chronic disease, modified footwear structure can effectively prevent and relieve disease of the knee. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of shoe surface elastic modulus on external knee adduction moment and ground reaction force and foot loading characteristics. Methods: Sixteen healthy female volunteers were recruited, and each subject performed five walking trials under two shoes condition. The lower limb loading data was collected using force platform and in-sole pressure measurement system. Results: The results showed that the external knee adduction moment was decreased in all stance phase when wearing SS (unstable shoes with soft unstable elements), compared with HS (unstable shoes with hard unstable elements). The ground reaction force showed no obvious change under two shoes condition. Additionally, compared with HS, plantar pressure transferred from medial foot to lateral foot when wearing SS. Along with changes of contact areas, average pressure and impulse had also presented this tendency. Conclusions: These results can provide some scientific evidence and suggestions for footwear companies, and for the foot plantar medial injury disease has also certain applicability.

15

The foot deformity versus postural control in females aged over 65 years

Drzal-Grabiec J., Rachwał M., Trzaskoma Z., Rykała J., Podgórska I., Cichocka I., Truszczyńska A., Rąpała K.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2014

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Vol. 16, no. 4

75--82

EN

Purpose: Correct foot structure is important due to locomotion and postural stability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between morphological foot structure and balance indices in a quiet standing position in women over 65 years of age. Methods: The study included 116 women aged 65-90 years. The mean age was 70.6±8.4 years and BMI 29.1±3.4 m/kg2. The measured indices included postural control while standing on both feet and photogrammetric foot evaluation. An analysis was performed of the selected foot and balance indices. Results: There were no significant differences observed in the feet structure. Certain correlations between some foot indices and the indices of postural control were noted. The increased differences in the width indices between the right and the left foot lead to balance deterioration. Larger angles of valgity and varus deformity of toes and indices describing the longitudinal arch and transverse front arch of the foot have the greatest impact on the deterioration of balance in the medio-lateral axis. Conclusions: The differences between the indices and morphological indices for the right and the left foot are not significant, which indicates the proportionate formation of feet in the individual life. The increased differences in the width indices between the right and the left foot lead to balance deterioration. Larger angles of valgity and varus deformity of toes and indices describing the longitudinal arch and transverse front arch of the foot have the greatest impact on the deterioration of balance in the medio-lateral axis.

16

Effect of arch type and Body Mass Index on plantar pressure distribution during stance phase of gait

Obrien D. L., Tyndyk M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

|

2014

|

Vol. 16, no. 2

131--135

EN

Several factors have been associated with the presence of abnormally high plantar foot pressure including: (i) increased body weight, (ii) foot structure and (iii) walking strategy. It is predicted that the biomechanics of the foot is influenced by the structure of the foot, primarily the Medial Longitudinal Arch. The objective of this study was to examine if Body Mass Index and the foot arch have a direct effect on dynamic peak plantar pressure for healthy subjects. Following a clinical lower limb examination, the Tekscan HR mat was utilised for this study, plantar pressure was profiled at specific events during stance phase of gait including heel strike, midstance and toe off. Results indicated to the preferable normal arch as this produced a low plantar pressure distribution in all cases. The 2nd and 3rd metatarsal head region recorded the highest pressure for all arch types during dynamic analysis. The lowest pressure for the normal and overweight BMI was at toe-off. While the obese BMI group showed highest pressure during toe-off. The obese BMI flat arch subcategory indicated to functional ambulation differences. Future work involves comparing this healthy database to a demographically matched diabetic group.

17

Differences in pediatric vertical ground reaction force between planovalgus and neutrally aligned feet

Pauk J, Szymul J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2014

|

Vol. 16, no. 2

95--101

EN

Ground reaction forces (GRF) reflect the force history of human body contact with the ground. The purpose of this study was to explore human gait abnormalities due to planovalgus by comparing vertical GRF data between individuals with planovalgus and those with neutrally aligned feet. Second we estimated associations between various measurements and vertical GRF parameters in a pediatric population. Boys and girls between the ages of 4 and 18 years (72 planovalgus feet and 74 neutrally aligned feet) took part in this study. Ground reaction forces were recorded by two Kistler platforms and normalized to body weight. Comparison of vertical GRF between planovalgus and neutrally aligned feet suggests that the first and the second peaks of vertical force (Fz1, Fz2) are most affected by planovalgus. The results also indicate that neutrally aligned feet display a different ground reaction force pattern than planovalgus, and that differences between boys and girls may be observed. The shape of the vertical GRF curve can help in clinical interpretation of abnormal gait.

18

Foot design for a hexapod walking robot

Walas K.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2013

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R. 17, nr 2

283-287

EN

This article describes the process of development of the robotic foot for the six-legged walking robot Messor. In order to allow the robot to negotiate uneven surfaces and to walk on a compliant ground, the foot includes the sensing device which provides information on contact forces between the foot and the ground. At first, the foot with single-axis force measurement unit is described. Next, design of the triaxial sensing device is shown. Knowledge gathered during development of the single-axis device was transferred to build a new foot with extended capabilities. In the article description of the manufactured real devices is given.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł opisuje proces rozwoju stopy dla sześcionożnego robota kroczącego Messor. Stopa ma wbudowane urządzenie do pomiaru sił kontaktu między stopą a podłożem. Dane te są wymagane do kroczenia po nierównym i podatnym gruncie. W artykule pokazane zostało jednoosiowe urządzenie pomiarowe. Następnie opisano czujnik trójosiowy bazujący na projekcie czujnika jednoosiowego. Artykuł prezentuje proces projektowania i opis rzeczywistego urządzenia.

19

Wymiary i deformacje stóp w grupie wiekowej 19 - 26 lat

Wiśnios E., Marczewska N.

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

|

2011

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nr 3

39-41

EN

The study presents the result of examines of dimensions and foot deformities of Politechnika Radomska students in age group 19-26 years. On the basis of the studies found that dimensions of feet, which were taken for collection creation are inadequate to the reality. Moreover foot deformities are no longer phenomenon of older people, but a civilization disease which concerns also younger people.

20

Projekt urządzenia wspomagającego badania nad regeneracją układu nerwowego u zwierząt laboratoryjnych

Tejszerska D, Słodowski Ł, Gzik M, Szajkowski S

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

|

2010

|

z. 4

255--258

PL

W pracy przedstawione zostały założenia projektowe, projekt oraz opis modelu fizycznego urządzenia służącego do oceny przywracania sprawności receptorów czucia w stopie kończyny szczura. W ramach pracy wykonany został prototyp urządzenia, którego wstępną weryfikację przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratorium Katedry i Zakładu Fizjologii Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego. Zaprojektowane i wykonane urządzenie jest elementem infrastruktury badawczej wykorzystywanej w badaniach nad regeneracją w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym O UN.

EN

The paper presents the conceptual design, project and a description of the physical model. The device is used to evaluate the return of superficial sensation in rats. In addition, paper contains a report of the first studies with using a prototype conducted in laboratory conditions.