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Space debris capture - about new methods of tethered space net opening by tubular booms

Pałgan Tomasz, Dacko Adam, Rataj Mirosław, Polak Szymon

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2024

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Vol. 59, No. 1

1--10

EN

Nowadays, space debris is one of the main subjects of discussion regarding satellites in Earth’s orbit. Right now, there are about 26,000 orbiting satellites and only few of these satellites are operational. Recently, the Polish space sector has been strongly growing and delivering instruments working in space. The first part of this paper describes the several space instruments designed in the Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Science (SRC PAS). Instruments such as SWI, RPPWI, LPPWI, Ebox or Pre-boxes have been created for a mission to Jupiter named “JUICE”. After fulfilling their scientific mission, these instruments can increase the amount of debris in space. This is one of the reasons for taking up the topic of space debris reduction and the use of technical solutions used in this mission for the proposed solution presented later. The second part of this paper describes the new methods related to space debris. The activities can be related to the space debris removal programmes. The paper describes two methods developed by Polish scientists used for removal of space debris. One of them is the new capture method and mechanism designed for it. The special mechanism is based on tubular boom application for opening the net, to capture the space debris. The main parts of the mechanism are mechanisms which have been used in the JUICE space mission. The paper describes the main idea for these new methods, and for the design part prepared the strength confirmation by structural analysis. The main function of the mechanism has been verified by simulations and tests performed in laboratories.

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Measurements to space debris in 2016-2020 by laser sensor at Borowiec Poland

Smagło Adrian, Lejba Paweł, Schillak Stanisław, Suchodolski Tomasz, Michałek Piotr, Zapaśnik Stanisław, Bartoszak Jacek

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2021

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Vol. 56, No. 4

119--134

EN

In 2014, a significant upgrade was made to the Borowiec (BORL 7811) laserranging system, which is the part of Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (SRC PAS). Two high-energy lasers modules were installed. First is the EKSPLA PL-2250, used for tracking objects equipped with retroreflectors. Second is the Continuum Surelite III, dedicated to the tracking of space debris without retroreflectors. In 2016, the BORL station joined the space debris tracking laser group and, since then, is tracking systematically inactive/defunct satellites and typical rocket bodies from LEO regime. Today, the BORL is tracking regularly about 80 different space debris objects. The paper presents the activity of the BORL laser station in observations of space debris. The results presented are from years 2016 to 2020. The sum of all passes from this period is almost 2 000, giving over 23 000 normal points. Average root mean square error (RMS) of objects with satellite laser ranging-dedicated (SLR-dedicated) retroreflectors ranges 1.5 cm-14 cm and of objects without SLR-dedicated retroreflectors ranges 8 cm-222 cm.

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Orbital satellite constellations and the growing threat of Kessler syndrome in the lower Earth orbit

Bernat Paweł

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2020

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Nr 4

1--14

EN

The paper discusses the problem of the growing threat of orbital collisions – the Kessler syndrome in the Earth’s lower orbit caused by orbital satellite constellations developed to provide broadband internet. It provides a theoretical context for the main argument by presenting the current data related to space debris in orbit, the concept of the Kessler syndrome and its application to orbital objects, the legal framework pertaining to the issue, mitigation programs and plans, and new orbital satellites constellations under development and how they contribute to the Kessler syndrome threat. The main contribution of the paper is the carried out argument that the lack of a global legal system regulating the use of the Earth’s orbit is a factor that strengthens the threat.

4

Space debris and the maintenance of security in the orbital space

Muweis J.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

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2018

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T. 6

229--237

EN

The paper presents the problems of human made space waste and discusses the threats they generate. The major hazards of this group of waste are collisions and the emission of chemical pollutants from radioisotope systems used to power artificial satellites and space missions. Activities that enhance the level of security in the Earth's orbital space and the legal aspects of space development are also analyzed.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono problematykę odpadów kosmicznych wytworzonych przez człowieka oraz omówiono generowane przez nie zagrożenia. Do głównych niebezpieczeństw ze strony tej grupy odpadów zalicza się kolizje oraz emisję zanieczyszczeń chemicznych pochodzących z systemów radioizotopowych wykorzystywanych do zasilania sztucznych satelitów i misji kosmicznych. Przeanalizowane zostały także działania wzmacniające poziom bezpieczeństwa w przestrzeni orbitalnej Ziemi oraz aspekty prawne związane z zagospodarowaniem przestrzeni kosmicznej.

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Close approaches of debris to LARES satellite during its first four years of operation

Paris C., Sindoni G., Sabato T.

Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 2, No. 1

90--97

EN

Since its launch in February 2012, the LAser RElativity Satellite (LARES) of the Italian Space Agency experienced four close approaches with space debris. LARES orbits at an altitude of 1450 km, in a region where the density of space debris has a peak. However, the probability of an impact with a debris during the operational life of the satellite was reasonably low. The analysis of the close approaches identified three of the objects, that are from two peculiar population of objects. This paper discusses the problem of space debris in low orbit, the approaches occurred with LARES, and some possible scenarios related to space regulations and space law in case of an impact.

6

2D microgravity test-bed for the validation of space robot control algorithms

Oleś J., Kindracki J., Rybus T., Mężyk Ł., Paszkiewicz P., Moczydłowski R., Barciński T., Seweryn K., Wolański P.

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2017

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Vol. 11, No. 2

95--104

EN

The utilization of satellites equipped with robotic arms is one of the existing strategies for Active Debris Removal (ADR). Considering that the time intended for on-orbit capturing manoeuvres is strictly limited, any given space robot should possess a certain level of autonomy. This paper is about the control of on-orbit space robots and the testing of such objects in laboratory conditions. The Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK PAN) possesses a planar air bearing microgravity simulator used for the testing of advanced control algorithms of space robots supported on air bearings. This paper presents recent upgrades to the testing facility. Firstly, the base of the space robot is now equipped with manoeuvre thrusters using compressed nitrogen and therefore allowing for position control of the entire system. Secondly, a signal from an external vision system, referencing the position and orientation of the robot’s parts is used by the control system for the closed loop control.

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A Monte Carlo analysis for collision risk assessment on VEGA launcher payloads and LARES satellite

Sindoni G., Ciufolini I., Battie F.

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2016

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Vol. 51, No. 1

45--54

EN

This work has been developed in the framework of the LARES mission of the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The LARES satellite has been built to test, with high accuracy, the frame–dragging effect predicted by the theory of General Relativity, specifically the Lense–Thirring drag of its node. LARES was the main payload in the qualification flight of the European Space Agency launcher VEGA. A concern arose about the possibility of an impact between the eight secondary payloads among themselves, with LARES and with the last stage of the launcher (AVUM). An impact would have caused failure on the payloads and the production of debris in violation of the space debris mitigation measures established internationally. As an additional contribution, this study allowed the effect of the payload release on the final manoeuvers of the AVUM to be understood.