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1

Costs, Benefits and Obstacles to the Adoption and Retention of Shelterbelts: Regional Perception and Mind Map Analyses for Ukraine

Popov Andriy, Tymoshevskyi Vladyslav, Poliakh Vadym

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 2

157--176

EN

The role of shelterbelts within an agricultural landscape is changing significantly. In the past, shelterbelts have been encouraged and established to reduce soil erosion and increase crop yields. Land reform (land privatisation) and advances in production technology led to increases in agricultural holding size. This requires a revision of policy concerning shelterbelt management in rural communities, especially since there is no recent research on community perceptions regarding the adoption and retention of shelterbelts. The specific objective of this research was to identify the public costs, benefits and obstacles from the adoption and retention of shelterbelts. In the summer of 2019, a survey was conducted of territorial communities (hromadas) in Ukraine. It was observed that many of the benefits of shelterbelts were classified as noneconomic. Therefore, these benefits are more difficult for the leaders of hromadas to recognise within their management decisions. The costs to hromadas were identified and strongly affected management decisions but the actual monetary costs were not identified. Shelterbelts have the potential to mitigate climate change yet most hromadas do not recognise the social and environmental benefits of shelterbelts within their management decisions.

2

The age of shelterbelts as a factor determining of enzymes activity in the agricultural landscape

Wojciech Szajdak, Meysner Teresa, Gaca Wioletta, Styła Katarzyna, Szczepański Marek

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2019

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Vol. 13, No. 1-2

53--67

EN

Shelterbelts belong to the stable elements in the agricultural landscape which reduce very successfully the concentrations of many chemical compounds migrating with ground water, restrain the erosion and regulate water regime in soils. The investigations were conducted in General Dezydery Chlapowski Landscape Park (West Polish Lowland). For purpose of this experiment three shelterbelts and adjoining cultivated fields were selected. Two of them were planted 200 years ago. The dominant species in the first shelterbelts is Robinia pseudacacia and the second one includes of Crataegus monogyna. The third - new shelterbelt was planted in 1993 and consists of several species of plants. An activity of xanthine, urate, and phenol oxidase was investigated. The obtained results have revealed that annual mean activity of xanthine, urate, and phenol oxidase was statistically significant higher in soils under Robinia pseudacacia (6.42, 13.23, 14.22 μmol · h–1 · g–1, respectively), Crataegus monogyna (4.21, 7.02, 12.79 μmol · h–1 · g–1, respectively) than in the soil under new shelterbelt (2.14, 2.15, 8.05 μmol · h–1 · g–1, respectively) and adjoining cultivated fields. The study was to investigate the influence of the age of shelterbelts on the activity of xanthine, urate, and phenol oxidase.

PL

Zadrzewienia należą do stabilnych elementów krajobrazu rolniczego, które skutecznie redukują stężenia wielu biogenów migrujących z wodą gruntową, ograniczają erozję i regulują reżim wodny w glebie. Funkcje, jakie spełniają zadrzewienia w krajobrazie rolniczym, są ważne ze względu na zrównoważony rozwój obszarów wiejskich. Badania prowadzono w Parku Krajobrazowym im. gen. Dezyderego Chłapowskiego w Turwi (województwo wielkopolskie). Próbki gleb pobierano pod trzema zadrzewieniami różniącymi się wiekiem i składem gatunkowym drzew oraz na przyległych polach uprawnych. Dwa z nich powstały około 200 lat temu. W skład gatunkowy pierwszego wchodzi Robinia pseudacacia, natomiast drugiego Crataegus monogyna. Trzecie, nowe wielogatunkowe zadrzewienie powstało w 1993 roku. W glebach oznaczono aktywność oksydazy ksantynowej, moczanowej i fenolowej. Badania wykazały, że średnia roczna aktywność oznaczonych enzymów była statystycznie istotnie wyższa i wynosiła odpowiednio w glebach pod zdrzewieniem robiniowym 6,42, 13,23, 14,22 μmol · h–1 · g–1, pod zadrzewieniem głogowym 4,21, 7,02, 12,79 μmol · h–1 · g–1 niż pod nowym zadrzewieniem 2,14, 2,15, 8,05 μmol · h–1 · g–1 i na przyległych polach uprawnych. Stwierdzono wpływ wieku zadrzewień na aktywność oksydazy ksantynowej, moczanowej i fenolowej.

3

Impact of shelterbelts on oxidation-reduction properties and greenhouse gases emission from soils

Szajdak L. W., Gaca W., Augustin J., Meysner T.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 4

643--658

EN

The Typic Hapludalfs soils under two old shelterbelts (200 years old) Robinia pseudacacia and Crataegus monogyna, multi species of trees (young shelterbelt - 20 years old) and neighbouring cultivated fields were investigated. The function of shelterbelts of different age and plant composition in agricultural landscape and estimation of biochemical and chemical soil conditions for the decrease of greenhouse gases release from soil to the atmosphere was the aim of the research. In soils under shelterbelts were estimated activities of several enzymes participating in the oxidation-reduction processes, ferric and ferrous ions and the evolutions of gases like N2, N2O, CO2, and CH4. The soils under old shelterbelts characterized higher peroxidase activity than in young shelterbelt and adjoining cultivated fields. However, no significant differences were observed for nitrate reductase activity between old and young shelterbelts. There were proved differences between emission of N2O in soils under shelterbelts and in adjoining cultivated fields. Furthermore, it was observed significant effect of the young shelterbelt on the decrease of carbon dioxide release than in the adjoining cultivated field. The manipulation of the landscape through the introduction of shelterbelts of different age and the composition of plants leads to the modification of biogeochemical soil conditions for N2O and N2 formation and finally decrease of the greenhouse gases evolution from soils to the atmosphere. Thus the creation of new shelterbelts is favourable factor for agricultural landscape.

4

Właściwości fizykochemiczne i wodne gleb płowych pól uprawnych i sąsiadujących z nimi zadrzewień śródpolnych

Jaskulska R., Hoppe-Wawrzyniak A.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 58, nr 3

235--239

PL

Badaniami objęto gleby płowe trzech obiektów badawczych w układzie pole uprawne - zadrzewienie położonych na terenie Agroekologicznego Parku Krajobrazowego w Turwi. Grunty orne są od wielu lat intensywnie uprawiane, a zadrzewienia śródpolne różnią się między sobą: wiekiem, składem gatunkowym drzew, zawartością próchnicy. Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu porównanie wybranych parametrów fizykochemicznych i wodnych gleb pól będących w intensywnej uprawie z sąsiadującymi z nimi zadrzewieniami śródpolnymi na trzech głębokościach. Rezultaty badań dla gleb zadrzewień śródpolnych wykazały istotnie wyższe zawartości węgla organicznego, porowatości, współczynnika przewodnictwa hydraulicznego, potencjałów wiązania wody w glebie (pF) w stosunku do pól uprawnych. Natomiast zagęszczenie było istotnie niższe dla gleb zadrzewień w porównaniu z polami uprawnymi. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników można wnioskować o celowości stosowania zadrzewień śródpolnych jako pasów ochronnych, przeciwdziałających procesom erozyjnym w krajobrazie agroekologicznym.

EN

The research concerned luvisols from 3 study objects in the system cultivated field - shelterbelt located in the area of Agroecological Landscape Park in Turew. Arable lands have been intensively cultivated for many years and midfield shelterbelts differ in age, tree species composition and humus content. The research aimed at study of selected physical, chemical and water parameters of the soils of intensively cultivated fields with adjacent midfield shelterbelts at 3 depths. The results of the studies for the midfield shelterbelts soils showed that the content of organic carbon, total porosity, hydraulic conductivity water potential in soil (pF) were significantly higher than in the case of cultivated fields. However, density was significantly lower for the shelterbelts when compared to arable soils. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the use of midfield shelterbelts as safety belts, preventing erosion processes in agro-ecological landscape is advisable.

5

Impact of the invasive species Elaeagnus angustifolia L. on vegetation in Pontic desert steppe zone (Southern Ukraine)

Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I., Slim P., Moraczewski I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

269-281

EN

The Irano-Turanian species - Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) - is one of most commonly planted tree in the shelterbelts in southern Ukraine. The consequences of introduction of the species from windbreaks, into areas of different land use in west and central Pontic desert steppe zone are evaluated. The above steppe is unique on a European scale and exists only in some parts of the Black and Azovian Sea coasts. In recent years, the socio-economical crisis in Ukraine (less intensively cultivation, as well as limited grazing) has been responsible for the intensification of the spread of alien tree species outside the windbreaks. Studies were conducted in Kherson Region, in the immediate vicinity of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, where the presence of aliens is undesirable. The analysis of phytosociological material (48 releves with and without Russian olive) collected from areas of different land use type and limited human pressure (as abandoned field, former intensively grazed solonetz and extensively grazed desert steppe vegetation) show that E. angustifolia can impede the regeneration of the desert steppe. The species creates favourable conditions for the growth of geographically and ecologically alien nithrophilous weeds.

6

Effect of young midfield shelterbelts development on species richness of macrofungi communities and their functional structure

Kujawa K., Kujawa A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 1

45-56

EN

The aim of the study was to recognize features characterizing development of macrofungi communities occurring in afforestations planted in crop fields and to evaluate the role of these habitats in conservation of macrofungi and preserve high species richness. The study was carried out in 1998-2006 and covered four shelterbelts (planted in 1993-1996) located in the area of the Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape Park (western part of Poland). The shelterbelts were colonized by macrofungi just after planting. During first years of their growth a total of 174 species were recorded. Species composition changed significantly between initial (1998-2000) and final (2004-2006) period of study. Similarity of macrofungi communities (expressed as the Sorensen's index) between these two periods in studied shelterbelts ranged between 37 and 46%. In spite of high similarity in tree species composition between studied afforestations (69-80%), the communities of macrofungi differed strongly between these sampling plots (Sorensen's index was equal to about 40%). Pattern of changes in percentage share of functional groups, i.e. parasitic, mycorrhizal and saprotrophs (humicolous, lignicolous, litterinhibiting and muscicolous ones) in individual afforestations was different but the diversity of the communities measured with the Shannon-Weaver H' index on the basis of share of functional groups tended to increase with ageing of afforestations. On average, the share of fungi growing on soil (ectomycorrhizal and humicolous saprotrophic species) was highest among all distinguished groups. Species composition of particular functional group was changing during the study period. A species representing new groups (lignicolous saprotrophs and parasites) were appearing in some shelterbelts in successive years. There were recorded some species rare in Poland, eg. Psilocybe (Stropharia) melanosperma (Bull. ex Pers.: Fr.) Noordel., Clavariadelphus fistulosus (Holmsk.: Fr.) Corner, Thelephora caryophyllea (Schaeff): Fr., Agrocybe arvalis (Fr.) Singer, Galerina clavata (Velen.) Kuhner, Lachnella alboviolascens (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Fr., Macrocystidia cucumis f. minor Joss, Mycena amicta (Fr.) Quel., Psilocybe (Stropharia) inuncta (Fr.: Fr.) Noordel., Trichophaea gregaria (Rehm) Boud. and Typhula filata (Pers.) Herter. Occurrence of rare and threatened species in young shelterbelts indicates that such afforestations, planted in crop fields but not treated by agricultural practices, contribute to the protection of species richness of macrofungi associated with tree communities and they are important substitute habitats for many species.

7

Soil-litter macrofauna in the mixed forest and midfield shelterbelts of different age (Turew area, West Poland)

Olechowicz E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

405-419

EN

The paper deals with the composition, density and biomass of soil-litter macrofauna in four midfield shelterbelts of different age and, comparatively, in the neighbouring mixed forest. The increase was observed along with the shelterbelt ageing of: 1) numbers of all macrofauna and particularly of some taxa (Symphyla, Chilopoda, coleopteran larvae and imagines and some dipteran larvae), 2) biomass of all macrofauna, of soil fauna (Group I) and of coleopteran larvae, 3) share of zoophages in all macrofauna and in dipteran larvae, 4) share of phytophages in coleopteran larvae communities, 5) average individual biomass, 6) taxonomic richness and the biodiversity (H'), 7) similarity of composition and domination structure of all macrofauna and of dipteran larvae to those in forest communities. The decrease of density of dipteran larvae, particularly of Chironomidae and Sciaridae and the share of saprophages in all macrofauna and in dipteran larvae was also observed. Successional stages of more numerous invertebrate taxa in newly established woodlots are described. Dipteran larvae were the pioneers in colonising newly established shelterbelts, particularly larvae from two families: Chironomidae and Sciaridae. Their combined contribution to the total density of dipteran larvae was 92%.

8

Nematofauna of the shelterbelts in the agricultural landscape

Wasilewska L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 2

99-113

EN

Trophic structure, number and density of taxa, generic diversity, and maturity indices were compared for soil nematode communities inhabiting a 170-year-old shelterbelt, 6-year-old shelterbelt, and a maize field adjacent to the younger shelterbelt. The study was conducted in an area of long-term research near Turew (Wielkopolska Region, West Poland). Sampling sites in the crop field were located at distances of 0.5 m, 10 m and 50 m from the younger shelterbelt. In the soil of shelterbelts more taxa occurred in comparison with the cropland, the index of generic diversity was higher, the dominance of nematodes of the class Secernentea (r-strategists s.l.) over Adenophorea (K-strategists s.l.) was lower, community maturity indices and bacterivore maturityindex were higher, and the ratio of plant parasite index to maturity index was lower, providing evidence for a more advanced stage of succession in the shelterbelts. In the maize field, fungivorous and plant feeding nematodes predominated, with a strong dominance of one of the taxa pathogenic to plants (Pratylenchus). The effect of 6-year old shelterbelt on nematode community in maize crop field was observed in the field part closes to the shelterbelt.

9

Importance of young shelterbelts for breeding avifauna in agricultural landscape (Turew area, West Poland)

Kujawa K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

433-443

EN

Protection of high biodiversity in an intensively farmed areas is strongly related to managing the diverse structure of a landscape, for example by planting shelterbelts. The study was aimed at recognition of avifauna dynamics in young (with the age 1-4 years at the beginning of the study) shelterbelts (N=9) and at estimation of their importance of farmland birds. Bird density was estimated by mapping method in successive years 1996-2001 and the data were combined and analysed in respect to age of shelterbelts. Eighteen breeding species were found (5-8 pairs km^-1), among them most abundant were Corn Bunting (Militaria calandra) (with dominance of 33%), Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) (19%) and Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) (12%). No trend in the changes of species richness and total density was recorded. The density of species preferring building nests and?or feeding in herb layer (like Yellow Wagtail, Skylark Alauda arvensis and Whinchat Saxicola rubetra) decreased during study period while the density of species associated to higher layers of vegetation like Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella), Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) increased. According to earlier study, bird species richness and abundance in studied young shelterbelts were lower than in several dozens years old ones. However, in relation to species colonization both classes of shelterbelts (species building their nests on the ground or in low shrubs), young shelterbelts were as important as old ones.

10

Importance of midfield shelterbelts for over-wintering entomofauna (Turew area, West Poland)

Karg J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

421-431

EN

The studies on the role of recently established shelterbelts as refuges available for wintering insects were carried out in the years 1994-2002. Soil and litter samples were taken (the material being sorted manually) from five young (up to 7 years old) and two older midfield shelterbelts, from the ecotone zones and from the adjacent croplands. A high numbers (250-400) ind. m^-2) of insects, which biomass varied between 950 and 2300 mg dry wt. m^-2, were found to overwinter in young (4-7 years old) shelterbelts. The insects formed communities (dominated by Coleoptera) represented by over 50 families. Effects of the shelterbelt's age, the presence or absence of litter, specific composition of trees and the location of sampling plots within the shelterbelt on winteringinsects are discussed.

11

Enchytraeids (Oligochaeta) in the agricultural landscape

Nowak E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 2

115-122

EN

Enchytraeids are the most important detritophages in farmlang. Their density, species composition, and body lenght were assessed in four crop fields and adjacent shelterbelts in Turew area (Wielkopolska, West Poland). The density in crop fields varied between 3000 and 13000 ind. m^-2, whereas in woodlots from 7000 to 15000 ind. m^-2. In the absence of earthworms in cultivated fields, enchytraeids contributed to 2-5% of the total biomass of soil invertebrates. Enchytraeid species living in crop fields were not specific of this habitat. The community occurring in the ecotone (between the woodlot and field) was similar to that in the crop fields with respect to the species composition, and to the youngest woodlots with respect to the abundance and body size. Over the last 25-year period, numbers and diversity (H') of enchytraeids in investigated fields did not change but the size of an average individual decreased.

12

Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of young midfield shelterbelts

Sobczyk D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

449-453

EN

The study was carried out in 1999-2000 in midfield shelterbelts located in mosaic agricultural landscape near village Turew (West Poland) with the aid of transect method (total length amounted to 4520 m). Five shelterbelts (transect length - 3070 m) have been planted in 1993 and one shelterbelt (transect length - 1450 m) in 1998. Al the shelterbelts have been planted on arable land. Twenty seven species of butterflies (imagines) were recorded during the study period. Pieris napi and Prapae dominated in all shelterbelts. Their dominance in 6-7 years old shelterbelts amounted to 30 and 24%, respectively, while in younger one (1-2 years old) - 34 and 32%. Total mean density of butterflies in older shelterbelts was equal to 91.9 ind. km^-1 of transect (width 5 m) - and was about 40% higher than in the younger one. Lower dominance of Aphantopus hyperantus (8%) observed in 6-7 years shelterbelts (when compared to several tens years ones) was most likely caused by small share of grasses and perennial dicotyledons,which are important for this species. The butterflies recorded in shelterbelts may be assigned to four ecological groups: ubiquistic species (7spp.), species typical for open area (10 spp.), species linked to afforestations (3 spp.) and woodland (7 spp.). In all studied shelterbelts most abundant were ubiquistic species and open areas species (Pieris rapae and P. napi) with no respect to age of shelterbelt. Also some rare species with higher environmental demands were recorded, i.e., Polyommatus amandus and Carterocephalus palaeon, which have not been previously observed in the study area.

13

Biocenotic function of the mid-field woodlots in West Poland : study area and research assumptions

Ryszkowski L., Karg J., Bernacki Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 3

269-281

EN

A study of development of newly planted and its impact on some ecological processes (plant biomass decomposition, insects diversity enrichment, corridor effect for mammals) were conducted in Turew agricultural landscape (West Poland). The aim and general background of study was described. Study area was characterized.