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1

Structure and succession of periphyton in an urban reservoir : artificial substrate specificity

Trbojević I., Jovanović J., Kostić D., Popović S., Krizmanić J., Karadžić V., Simić G. S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 4

379--392

EN

Substrate specificity of the periphyton community is usually underestimated in both periphyton ecology and biomonitoring studies, thus different kinds of both natural and artificial substrates (of organic and inorganic origin) are employed. Periphyton colonization and successional trajectories are particularly debatable processes when different kinds of substrates are considered. In our field experiment, we deployed four kinds of artificial substrates (two inorganic ones – glass and ceramic, and two organic ones – willow and yew wooden tiles) for the development of periphyton in an urban reservoir referred to as Lake Savsko (Belgrade, Serbia). We comparatively investigated the structure, colonization process, diversity and successional trajectories of periphyton. We also assessed the relationship between the dynamics of algae growth forms (ecological groups) on different substrates and selected abiotic limnological factors. Our objective was to determine whether the type of substrate affects periphyton characteristics at various levels and whether an artificial substrate potentially affects the bioindication capacity of ecological groups. We concluded that all substrates behave similarly at the level of structure and colonization phases, but when considering diversity and successional trajectories, the substrate specificity was demonstrated. Our results suggest that communities developed on inert substrates (glass and ceramic) could provide more realistic insight into complex environmental changes.

2

The importance of ciliates as a trophic link in shallow, brackish and eutrophic lakes

Rychert K., Wielgat-Rychert M., Myszka M., Krawiec K., Szczurowska D., Bochyńska M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 4

767--776

EN

The importance of ciliates as a trophic link, which is defined as a fraction of the energy bound by primary producers that is transferred through the ciliate community, was assessed in the pelagic zones of shallow, eutrophic, and estuarine lakes. The study was conducted in Lake Gardno and Lake Łebsko located in northern Poland. Each of these lakes is characterized by very high mean annual ciliate biomasses of 115 μg C-1 (Lake Gardno, April 2006 – April 2007), 107 μg C L-1 (Lake Gardno, February 2007 – February 2008), 85 [mu]g C L-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – November 2007), and 127 μg C L-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – September 2008). Ciliate production was estimated using allometric equations and was compared to primary production measured with the light-and-dark bottles method. Annual, depth-integrated ciliate secondary production corresponded to 9 and 11% (Lake Gardno, two consecutive years studied) and 12% (Lake Łebsko, the same value for two growing seasons studied) of primary production. These values exceed the majority of other estimates in the literature, which indicates the high importance of ciliates in such highly-productive, shallow lakes.

3

Ecological status of shallow Lake Gorbacz (NE Poland) in its final stage before drying up

Zieliński P., Ejsmont-Karabin J., Grabowska M., Karpowicz M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.2

1-12

EN

The article assesses the ecological status of shallow Gorbacz Lake (NE Poland) in the last stage before complete drying up. For last few years hydrological regime of the lake catchment has been changed dramatically which was caused by functioning nearby peat mine and longer autumn drought periods for following years. Progressing macrophytes succession leaded complete emergent macrophytes overgrowth of the lake beginning from 2000. The analyses include records of previous samples and data for morphology, water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrophytes. The trophic status of Gorbacz Lake was verified compare to the previous studies. The results indicate that even with minimum amount of water Gorbacz Lake itself still keeps its dystrophic character with increasing of water color and of DOC, biogenic substances, chlorophyll a concentrations. Humic State Index (HSI) and hydrochemical dystrophy index (HDI) confirm the dystrophic status of the lake with values 71.3 and 76.2 respectively. Both typical phytoplankton representatives of eutrophic and dystrophic waters were recorded. Very high diversity of desmids in the telmatoplankton, indicates the observed process of shallowing in the reservoir. Planktonic crustacean fauna was represented by small filtrators. Rotifera community was strongly dominated by Trichocerca simonei. The article concludes with the main causes of the observed changes and some future remarks for the lake state.

4

Kierunki zmian sukcesyjnych składu fitocenotycznego i struktury roślinności wodnej i szuwarowej w Jeziorze Długim (Ziemia Lubuska)

Pronin E., Pełechaty M., Pukacz A.

Ekologia i Technika

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2011

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R. 19, nr 4

173-182

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy była charakterystyka roślinności wodnej i szuwarowej płytkiego, polimiktycznego, poddanego presji antropogenicznej Jeziora Długiego zlokalizowanego w pobliżu Rzepina (Ziemia Lubuska - środkowo-zachodnia Polska). Zostały omówione możliwe kierunki sukcesji na podstawie analizy różnorodności fitocenotycznej makrofitów w latach 2003 i 2009. W prezentowanej pracy podjęto próbę określenia przyczyn zmian składu syntaksonomicznego zbiorowisk hydromakrofitów Jeziora Długiego, jak również przedstawiono prognozy stanu roślinności badanego zbiornika wodnego na najbliższe lata. Mimo, że jezioro jest intensywnie wykorzystywane, odnotowano wzrost powierzchni łąk ramienicowych, reprezentowanych przez dwa zespoły: Charetum tomentosae oraz Nitellopsidetum obtusae. Natomiast zmniejszyły się powierzchnie fitocenoz Ceratophylletum demersi (zbiorowiska uważanego za wskaźnik eutrofizacji wód) oraz Potameium luceniis. Sytuacja ta może sugerować dobrą jakość wody, będącą wynikiem wewnątrz-biocenotycznych powiązań prowadzących do poprawy przezroczystości wody. Ten stan jest do pewnego stopnia niezależny od stężenia fosforu, promuje występowanie roślinności zanurzonej, której oddziaływanie utrzymuje korzystny stan czystowodny. Roślinność szuwarowa natomiast w Jeziorze Długim stanowi stabilny element roślinności występującej w jego obrębie. Odnośnie roślinności o liściach pływających w 2009 r. odnotowano, wcześniej niestwierdzone zbiorowisko Nymphaeetum albo-candidae, budowane przez rzadki gatunek Nymphaea borealis.

EN

The aim of the paper was to characterize the short-term changes in the water and rush vegetation of a shallow, polymyctic and anthropogenically impacted Długie Lake, located near Rzepin (Ziemia Lubuska Region, mid-Western Poland). A possible directions of succession were discussed on the basis of the phytocenotic diversity of macrophyte vegetation, analyzed in the years 2003 and 2009. Although the lake is intensely used for recreational purposes, the areas of characean meadows, represented by two charophyte associations: Charetum tomentosae and Nitellopsidetum obtusae., increased. By contrast, the areas of phytocoenoses of Ceratophylletwn demersi (claimed to be an indicator of eutrophication) and Potametam lucentis decreased. This may suggest good water quality being a result of intrabiocoenotic interrelationships leading to an improvement of water clarity. This state (so called clear-water state) is to a certain extent independent on the phosphorus concentrations and promote occurrence of submerged vegetation that - in return - maintain clear waters. Rush vegetation was a stable component of the lake's vegetation. Interestingly, among floating-leaved communities Nymphaeetum albo-candidae, that is ranked among rare association and built by a rare nymphaeid Nymphaea borealis was noted newly in 2009.

5

Factors controlling pelagic production and respiration in a shallow polymictic lake

Wielgat-Rychter M., Rychter K., Ficek D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

379-385

EN

Shallow lakes, defined as 'nonstratifying', polymictic water bodies are usually eutrophic and highly productive, and more turbid than deeper lakes due to bottom sediment resuspension. Gross primary production (GPP) and total planktonic community respiration (TCR) were measured in a very shallow (on average 1.2 m deep) and large (area 25 km2), polymictic, eutrophic Lake Gardno (Baltic coastal lake, Northern Poland) with the light-and-dark bottle method. The aim was to compare GPP to TCR ratio in the pelagic zone in a course of a year and identify factors governing these processes. Identified factors governing GPP were light conditions and temperature, with Q[10] = 2.23 in the 2-24.5[degrees]C temperature range, whereas TCR was driven by water temperature (Q[10] = 2.15 in the same temperature range) and by organic matter content in water. TCR was correlated with total suspended matter (effect of bottom sediment resuspension due to wind action in a very shallow lake), however not with chlorophyll content. During two-year measurement period (years 2006 and 2007), annual GPP amounted to 402 and 471 g C m[^-2], and TCR amounted to 192 and 223 g C m[^-2] respectively. Lake Gardno pelagic system seemed to be net autotrophic on annual basis; GPP to TCR ratio = 2.1. Part of the organic matter produced in pelagial is probably deposited in bottom sediments decomposed there. Wind induced resuspension increases matter content in water (measured here as TSM content) and thus contributes to pelagic respiration processes (TCR).

6

The influence of emergent and submerged macrophyte beds on ciliate communities in a shallow lake

Mieczan T.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2010

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Vol. 39, No.4

107-115

EN

Relationships between ciliates and the presence of emergent and submerged vegetation were studied in a shallow lake in eastern Poland. Samples were collected in zones of Phragmites, Typha, Batrachium, Elodea, Stratiotes and from the open water zone. The abundance and biomass of ciliates were significantly higher at sites with structurally most complex plants than in the open water or sparsely vegetated sites. The redundancy analysis indicated that bacterial abundance and total organic carbon were the most influential variables that determine the distribution of ciliates. However, chlorophyll a and Ptot have a lesser influence on the distribution of these microorganisms. Based on differences in macrophyte structure, two groups of habitats with similar patterns of size-related ciliate distribution were distinguished. The first group consisted of three vegetation zones of sparse stem structure and the open water zone, the second group comprised submerged macrophyte species, which were more complex.

7

Influence of Ceratophyllum demersum L. on phytoplankton structure in a shallow eutrophic lake

Celewicz-Gołdyn S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2010

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Vol. 39, No.3

121-128

EN

Phycological analyses were conducted in the shallow, eutrophic Lake Rosnowskie Duże (western Poland). Water samples were collected in 2002 and 2003 during the growing season from the submerged vegetation zone (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) and comparatively from the emergent vegetation zone (Typha angustifolia L.) and the pelagic zone. Phytoplankton was dominated by Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyceae, and Cyanoprokaryota. In comparison with other zones, the highest values of abundance and biomass of Chlorophyta were recorded in the submerged vegetation zone. Additionally, Ceratophyllum demersum was found to inhibit diatom development, which is probably connected with the secretion of allelopathic substances by this plant. The aim of the current study was to analyze the influence of Ceratophyllum demersum L. on the structure of phytoplankton in a shallow, eutrophic lake.

8

Functioning of the Lake Rusałka ecosystem in Poznań (western Poland)

Gołdyn R., Szeląg-Wasielewska E., Kowalczewska-Madura K., Dondajewska R., Budzyńska A., Podsiadłowski S., Domek P., Romanowicz-Brzozowska W.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2010

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Vol. 39, No.3

65-80

EN

Lake Rusałka is a shallow, artificial, strongly eutrophic reservoir. Thermal stratification is weak and comprises only about 8% of the bottom surface. In summer, the epilimnion is oversaturated with oxygen due to intensive phytoplankton growth (chlorophyll a up to 80.2 μg l^-1), while conditions in the hypolimnion are anaerobic. The high concentration of ammonium nitrogen and low N:P ratio stimulated intense growth of cyanobacteria in the period from June to November. The domination of rotifers in the metazooplankton and low diversity and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates was the cause of low top-down pressure of these organisms on the phytoplankton. The most advantageous restoration measures were identified to improve water quality and make the recreational use of the lake possible.

9

Epiphytic chironomids on rigid hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) - the relation between the community structure and lake status

Tarkowska-Kukuryk M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2010

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Vol. 39, No.4

117-133

EN

Studies on the role of Ceratophyllum demersum L. as a substratum for epiphytic midges in relation to lake status were conducted within two shallow polymictic lakes of Polesie Lubelskie. Lake Skomielno is classified as macrophyte dominated (MD), clear water state and Lake Syczyńskie represents phytoplankton dominated (PD), turbid water state. The results demonstrated that lake status is a determinant of community composition of epiphytic chironomids. Both species richness and abundance showed significantly higher values in the macrophyte dominated lake. The studied ecosystems differ in the composition of dominant chironomid taxa. In the clear state lake, the group of dominants included four taxa: Psectrocladius sp. (gr. sordidellus), Glyptotendipes sp., Ablabesmyia phatta and Paratanytarsus austriacus, the contribution of which changed during the studied months. In the turbid state lake two midge taxa dominated: Cricotopus sp. (gr. sylvestris) and Endochironomus albipennis. The CCA ordination showed the important differences between the studied lake types. In the MD lake, four environmental factors (temperature, chlorophyll-a, total P, P-PO4) influenced mostly the distribution and composition of epiphytic chironomids. In the MD lake, five variables (periphyton biomass, total suspension, N-NH4, total P, pH) affected the structure of midges.

10

Aspekty środowiskowe rekultywacji jezior metodą inaktywacji fosforu - Jezioro Witobelskie (Wielkopolski Park Narodowy)

Sobczyński T., Joniak T.

Ekologia i Technika

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2010

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R. 18, nr 5

243-250

PL

Rekultywacja jezior metodą inaktywacji fosforu polega na wytrąceniu z wody rozpuszczonych fosforanów mineralnych przez koagulanty chemiczne na bazie związków glinu lub żelaza. W efekcie związki sedymentują do osadów, gdzie pozostają unieruchomione. Redukcja stężeń jonów fosforanowych wydatnie ogranicza produkcję pierwotną fitoplanktonu, którego liczebność i struktura taksonomiczna ulegają dużym przemianom. Ubocznym skutkiem tej metody są niekiedy gwałtowne spadki odczynu pH wody. Trwałość chemicznego związania fosforanów warunkowana jest głównie przez właściwości tlenowe i odczyn środowiska wodnego. Przedmiotem opracowania była ocena możliwości rekultywacji płytkiego, przepływowego, a przy tym hipereutroficznego Jeziora Witobelskiego metodą chemicznej inaktywacji (koagulacji) fosforanów przy użyciu preparatów na bazie związków żelaza (PIX 113) i glinu (PAX 18). Laboratoryjnie określono optymalną środowiskowo dawkę obu substancji oraz przetestowano wpływ zmian odczynu pH wody na trwałość związania fosforanów z koagulantem. Wykazano znaczący stopień naturalnego zbutorowania wód jeziora, będącego barierą ochronną chroniącą przed zakwaszeniem wskutek użycia koagulantów. Przedstawiono aspekty środowiskowe proponowanej metody rekultywacji.

EN

The reclamation of lakes with method of phosphorus inactivation depends on precipitation from water the dissolved mineral phosphates by coagulants including the aluminum or iron compounds. The sedimentation of phosphates to bottom sediments is the effect. The reduction of PO4 concentration reduced the primary production, and the number and the structure of phytoplankton come under the large changes. The side-effect of this method may be large and rapid decrease of water reaction. The chemical stability of phosphates bottoms is conditioned by water environment features. This regards mainly from the pH fluctuation and the oxygen concentration in subbottom layer. The theme of this study was analyze the directions of physical-chemical water properties transformations in hypereutrophic Witobelskie Lake in aspect there reclamation with PIX 113 and PAX 18. Optimum dose in laboratory was stated for both substances. The influence of the water pH changes on chemical stability the bonds coagulants and phosphate was tested. In examined lake the natural large of water alkalinity was stated, that provides protection before the acidifying. The environmental aspects were introduced for proposed method of reclamation.

11

The diurnal distribution of the zooplankton community of the littoral zone of Lake Wielkowiejskie (Wielkopolski National Park, Poland)

Kuczyńska-Kippen N., Milecka E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2009

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Vol. 38, No.2

91-98

EN

The main aim of this study was to analyze the diel distribution of zooplankton communities within the zones of Nymphaea albae, Myriophyllum verticillatum, and Typha angustifolia, and, compared to that, in the open water area of a lake. It also aimed to analyze the relationship between zooplankton densities and the concentration of physicochemical factors and chlorophyll a content. A total of 149 zooplankton taxa were noted, and, despite the narrow range of the research in the analyzed lake, some rare species were noted, among which two - Colurella sinistra and Lecane inopinata – were recorded for the first time among Polish fauna. The rush zone was taxonomically the richest, while the open water area was the poorest. The highest number of individuals was observed in the Myriophyllum bed, while the lowest was noted in the zone dominated by Nymphaea alba. The highest densities of zooplankton occurred at dusk, while the lowest occurred during the day, irrespective of the sampling station. Because Lake Wielkowiejskie is a shallow and macrophyte-dominated water body, the differences in the diurnal distribution of zooplankton communities may suggest horizontal migrations between the pelagic zone and the phytolittoral, as well as between particular macrophyte stands. A positive correlation between the densities of some zooplankters and the concentration of chlorophyll a was found, while a negative relationship with the concentration of nitrites was recorded for Lecane quadridentata and Alonella nana.

12

Interactions of con-generic Lecane species (Rotifera) within different macrophyte patches in a shallow lake

Kuczyńska-Kippen Natalia

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 1

91-100

EN

The research on the distribution of species of the Lecane genus among different types of macrophytes (including rushes, nymphaeids and two zones of submerged macrophytes) in comparison with open water was carried out for three years in a shallow lake (Lake Budzyńskie, western Poland; an area - 17.4 ha, maximum depth - 2.7 m and a mean depth - 1.4 m) in order to determine the possibility of their competition and of co-existence. The distinct species of submerged macrophytes create separate vegetation beds and patches in the lake. The size of a particular macrophyte bed did not exceed the area of 5 m. Zooplankton samples were collected between 1997 and 1999 (from April to October, at about 2-week intervals) in the shallow part (approx. 1m deep) of a lake. Nymphaeids were only sampled during the 1998 and 1999. Samples were taken at each site using a plexiglass core sampler ([the empty set] 50-mm). Subsamples of a volume of about 1.5 l from the surface layer (0-1.5 m) were sampled from randomly chosen places within each macrophyte patch. Six Lecane species were analysed (Lecane bulla (Gosse), L. closterocerca (Schmarda), L. flexilis (Gosse), L. furcata (Murray), L. luna (Miiller) and L. lunaris (Ehrenberg)). L. bulla dominated at most of the examined stations each year. Detailed seasonal analysis of the abundance of particular species of the Lecane genus in most cases revealed the replacement character of their occurrence. The sudden increase in the numbers of one species caused a simultaneous decrease of another within the same macrophyte stand. A distinct replacement pattern was observed for L. bulla, which was replaced by L. closterocerca or L. luna and for another two pairs of species (L. closterocerca with L. furcata and L. flexilis with L. luna). At the same time, pairs of species such as L. closterocerca-L. lunaris (statistically positive correlation was found in the case of Chara bed - r[s] = 0.70; P = 0.007), L. flexilis-L furcata (within Typha - r[s]= 0.58; P = 0.048) and also L. luna-L. furcata (in the Myriophyllum bed - r[s]= 0.80; P = 0.001) exhibited a similar pattern of seasonal changes without, however, revealing the exchange occurrence between each other. The pattern of species replacement within a genus is an example of the competitive exclusion of closely related species. The nature of the seasonal distribution of species of the Lecane genus, replacing each other over a period of time, may be connected with the niche overlap of particular species, which results in time segregation. Exploitative competition cannot be excluded when describing such behaviour.

13

Balance and circulation of nutrients in a shallow coastal Lake Gardno (North Poland)

Trojanowski J., Trojanowski C.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2007

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Vol. 33, no. 1

45-57

EN

In 2002 the circulation of nutrients and their balance was studied in a large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Gardno. It was determined that throughout a year 1516 Mg of total nitrogen and 155 Mg of total phosphorus reach the lake. Approximately 67% of nitrogen and 87% of phosphorus reaching the lake flows out of it, the rest remains in the lake. About 45% of the total loss of nitrogen results from denitrification, and about 53% from sedimentation. The greatest effect on the circulation of nutrients in Lake Gardno is exerted by the mixing of water caused by strong winds resulting in the upward movement of the surface layers of bottom sediments. This causes increased resuspension and sedimentation, which mask similar processes resulting from the outer load of nutrients and from autochtonie processes and products, which are one or two orders of a magnitude smaller.

PL

W 2002 roku w jeziorze Gardno badano krążenie substancji biogenicznych w profilu pionowym i horyzontalnym oraz oszacowano bilans tych składników. Eutroficzne jezioro Gardno leży w strefie przybrzeżnej Bałtyku i charakteryzuje się dużą powierzchnią oraz niewielką głębokością (średnio 1,6 m). Stwierdzono, że w ciągu roku do jeziora dostaje się 1516 Mg azotu ogólnego i 155 Mg fosforu ogólnego. Z tego 67% azotu i 87% fosforu wypływa z niego poprzez odpływ, a reszta pozostaje w jeziorze. Z pozostającego w jeziorze azotu 45% uwalnia się poprzez proces denitryftkacji, a 53% ulega sedymentacji. Największy wpływ na krążenie związków tych dwóch pierwiastków ma mieszanie się wody wywołane silnymi wiatrami. Przemieszczające się masy wody porywają wierzchnią warstwę osadów dennych i mieszają się z nią. Powoduje to zwiększenie resuspensji i sedymentacji, maskując podobne procesy wynikające z zewnętrznego ładunku substancji biogenicznych oraz procesów i produktów autochtonicznych, które co do wielkości są o jeden, dwa rzędy mniejsze.

14

Do physical-chemical water properties reflect the macrophyte and open water induced spatial heterogeneity of a shallow lake?

Pełechaty M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.4

369-386

EN

The aim of this study was to determine if water properties reveal spatial variability related to the presence or absence or types and structures of vegetation in a shallow lake with a long period of water overturn (Lake Jarosławieckie, Wielkopolski National Park, midwestern Poland). Results of a two-year study indicate the absence of statistically significant differentiation among the studied macrophyte communities and open water areas. Temporal changes appeared to be more significant. With the exception of temperature, pH, and conductivity, studied properties showed lower values during the vegetative seasons in comparison with those in spring (total phosphorus) or both spring and fall (total nitrogen). Spatial versus temporal heterogeneity and the differentiation of water properties are discussed in light of data from the literature regarding other lakes.

15

Skład i struktura przestrzenna roślinności płytkowodnego jeziora Imielno (Pojezierze Lubuskie) na tle stanu trofii

Pełechaty M., Antonowicz R., Pełechata A., Pukacz A.

Ekologia i Technika

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2005

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R. 13, nr 3

117-124

PL

W latach 2001-2004 przeprowadzono badania składu i struktury przestrzennej roślinności makrofitowej jeziora Imielno na Pojezierzu Lubuskim. Wykonano także analizy składu i struktury zbiorowiska fitoplanktonu oraz parametrów fizyczno-chemicznych wody w centralnej, najgłębszej części jeziora. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było stwierdzenie czy badane elementy abiotyczne i biotyczne pozwolą jednoznacznie określić stan troficzny badanego jeziora. Jezioro Imielno (pow. 21.3 ha, gł. maks. 7.9 m, gł. śr. 3.6 m) jest dogodnym obiektem do tego typu badań, gdyż jest to płytkie, nie stratyfikowane w pełni jezioro, co udokumentowano przeprowadzonymi analizami w profilu pionowym jeziora, a w tego typu zbiornikach - zgodnie z teorią alternatywnych stanów stabilnych w jeziorach płytkich - zjawiska ekologiczne, zwłaszcza te związane z relacjami troficznymi, przebiegają odmiennie niż w głębokich, w pełni stratyfikowanych ekosystemach. Badane jezioro, pomimo śródleśnej lokalizacji, podlega presji antropogenicznej związanej z użytkowaniem rekreacyjnym w postaci "dzikich" kąpielisk, co może przyczyniać się do jego eutrofizacji, oraz wykorzystywane jest wędkarsko, z czym m.in. wiąże się mechaniczne usuwanie roślin w pasie fltolitoralu, zaburzające naturalne mechanizmy konkurencji pomiędzy makrofitami. Uzyskane wyniki analiz fizycznochemicznych oraz skład i struktura zbiorowiska fitoplanktonu pozwoliły jednoznacznie stwierdzić eutroficzny charakter zbiornika. Wyniki te znalazły swoje odbicie także w roślinności makrofitowej, której skład i struktura przestrzenna także są typowe dla jezior zasobnych w związki biogenne. Analiza fitoplanktonu i makrofitów pozwoliła stwierdzić, iż badane jezioro reprezentuje stan przejściowy pomiędzy stanem czystowodnym z dominacją makrofitów i stanem mętnowodnym z dominacją fitoplanktonu, zbliżony do drugiego z wymienionych stanów, co udokumentowano zarówno niewielką powierzchnią zajętą przez makrofity zanurzone, jak też wysoką biomasą fitoplanktonu i równocześnie niską widzialnością. W badanym jeziorze większość wykorzystanych wskaźników pozwoliła na jednoznaczne określenie stanu trofii, za wyjątkiem obecnych w jeziorze gatunków i zbiorowisk ramienic, uznawanych za indykatory wód mało żyznych. Jednak w badanym jeziorze rośliny te występowały na stanowiskach silnie wypłyconych, co uznawane jest za przejaw adaptacji do pogarszających się warunków świetlnych, w których mogą przetrwać ramienice o niewielkich plechach, a takie właśnie stwierdzono w badanym jeziorze. Warto zaznaczyć, iż zauważono rozprzestrzenianie się ramienic, zwłaszcza ramienicy delikatnej Chara deli-catula, na stanowiskach, gdzie wcześniej zostały mechanicznie usunięte rośliny naczyniowe. Sugeruje to ważną rolę nie tylko stanu trofli, ale także konkurencji międzygatunkowej w ekologii tych coraz rzadszych makroglonów.

EN

Physico-chemical, phytoplankton and macrophyte analyses were undertaken in years 2001-2004 in order to estimate the state of trophy of a shallow Lake Imielno (mid-Western Poland, Lubuskie Lakeland). The lake's area is 21.3 ha, with the maximal and mean depths of 7.9 m and 3.6 m, respectively. The question of interest was if all abiotic and biotic indicators would give similar information on the lake's trophy status. Lake Imielno belongs to the group of shallow lakes with no fully developed vertical stratification (as evidenced with the results of temperature measures). In accordance with the theory of alternative stable states trophic relationships in shallow lakes are different from those in deep water bodies. This is why in eutrophic, mcrophyte-dominated shallow lakes macrophyte composition might indicate lower trophy state. Although mid-forest location, the studied lake is subject to some anthropopressure as it is used for recreation (bathing and angling), which might result in acceleration of eutrophication processes and macrophyte removal from shallow parts of the phytolittoral. All indices involved pointed to eutrophic status of the lake and suggested rather turbid-water state with high phytoplankton biomass and low visibility. From amongst macrophyte species and communities charophytes occurrence in the studied lake maight be assumed as rather inconsistent with the rest of results as charophytes are supposed to indicate poor and clear water bodies. However, in the studied lake small charophyte species were found at very shallow sites, wich is interpreted as an adaptation to worse light conditions in eutrophic waters. Interestingly, charophyte development was also observed at localities where vascular plants were removed by anglers. Such results suggest that for charophyte occurrence not only trophy but also interspecific competition is important ecological factors.

16

Subfossil chironomid assemblages as paleoenvironmental indicators in lake faulersee (Germany)

Rohrig R., Beug H., Trettin R., Morgenstern P.

Studia Quaternaria

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2004

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Vol. 21

117-127

EN

Remains of chironomid larvae from cores of the ancient Lake Faulersee in northern Germany were examined. Pollen, radiocarbon datings, and geochemical data were used to develop the chronology of the Late-Glacial Period in Lake Faulersee and to validate interpretations made by chironomid data. Factors influencing the composition of the subfossil chironomid assemblages were assessed. Our data indicate fluctuations of temperature, lake-level, and trophic state in the Late-Glacial. Furthermore, we explain a discontinuous sequence found in the cores of Lake Faulersee pertaining to a refilling event about 5,800 cal years before present (BP).

17

Eutrophication problems and their potential solutions in the artificial shallow lake Altmuhlsee (Germany)

Schrenk-Bergt Ch., Kraule D., Prawitt O., Lewandowski J., Steinberg Ch.

Studia Quaternaria

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2004

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Vol. 21

73-86

EN

Lake Altmühlsee in Middle Franconia, Germany, was constructed as part of a water transportation system and flooded in 1986 by River Altmühl. Supply of nutrient rich water resulted in a hypertrophic state characterized by low Secchi depth (<0.5 m in summer). Massive blooms of phytoplankton in summer were mainly caused by cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa) and by chlorophytes (Oocystis ssp., Monoraphidium ssp., Planktosphaeria gelatinosa), respectively. Fish assemblage was characterized by the dominancie of planktivorous bream. Hence, zooplankton community mostly consisted of small-bodied cladocerans due to predation pressure by fish. Investigations of the phosphorus (P) cycle of Lake Altmühlsee revealed high P-turnover rates in the water body and at the immediate sediment-water interface, an outstanding importance of external P-load, and a minor importance of the internal P-load. The lake supports recreational and social functions which, however, are restricted due to the low water quality. Improvement of water quality is necessary to increase attractiveness. Our study presents some proposals for an effective and economically justifiable water quality management, especially, biomanipulation in accordance to the holder of the fishing rights and local establishment of macrophytes.

18

Próba oceny stanu ekologicznego jezior o różnej morfometrii i typie miksji

Pukacz A., Pełechaty M., Pełechata A.

Ekologia i Technika

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2004

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R. 12, nr 4

9-108

PL

Celem badań była próba interdyscyplinarnej oceny stanu ekologicznego oraz porównanie zastosowanych kryteriów w dwóch różnych pod względem morfometrii i typu miksji śródleśnych ekosystemach jeziornych (jeziora Grzybno i Czyste Małe koło Ośna Lubuskiego, Pojezierze Lubuskie). Jeziora reprezentują przeciwstawne typy morfometryczne i miktyczne: głębokie Jezioro Grzybno jest ekosystemem stratyfikowanym, podczas gdy usytuowane w tej samej rynnie, sąsiednie Jezioro Czyste Małe jest płytkie, niestratyfikowane i polimiktyczne. Jeziora zostały porównane pod względem różnorodności siedliskowej według kryteriów zaproponowanych przez Radwana i Sender (1999) oraz różnorodności biologicznej reprezentowanej przez zbiorowiska fitoplanktonu oraz makrofitów. Z uwagi na "gorsze" cechy morfometryczne (mniejsza powierzchnia i głębokość) oraz polimiktyczny charakter Jezioro Czyste Małe charakteryzuje się niższą różnorodnością siedliskową niż jezioro Grzybno, chociaż poziom trofii, klasa czystości wód i widzialność nie różnią badanych jezior. Dodatkowo struktura fitoplanktonu Jeziora Czystego Małego wykazała charakter "bardziej eutroficzny" niż w jeziorze Grzybno. Przeciwnie do tych wyników, wysoka różnorodność fitocenotyczna makrofitów oraz obecność rzadkich i typowych dla jezior różnorodność niskiej trofii zbiorowisk, zwłaszcza ramienic sugeruje bardzo dobry status ekologiczny Jeziora Czystego Małego. Sytuacja ta pozostaje w bezpośrednim związku z teorią alternatywnych stanów stabilnych w jeziorach płytkich. W eutroficznym Jeziorze Czystym Małym stan czystowodny, odzwierciedlony w takiej samej, jak w jeziorze Grzybno wysokiej widzialności (uznawanej za jeden z przejawów dobrego stanu ekologicznego jezior), kształtowany i utrzymywany jest przez roślinność makrofitową, której zróżnicowanie fitocenotyczne i powierzchnia fitocenoz uzależnione są od morfometrii jeziora. Uzyskane wyniki sugerują, iż dla obiektywnej i trafnej interpretacji stanu ekologicznego jezior, zwłaszcza płytkich, należałoby uwzględnić zarówno możliwie szerokie spektrum parametrów biotycznych i abiotycznych, jak również i wzajemne relacje pomiędzy nimi.

EN

The aim of the study was to estimate the ecological status of two lakes localized on the area of Lubuskie Lakeland (Lake Grzybno and Lake Czyste Małe near Ośno Lubuskie). The lakes represent different types of morphometry and mixing: deep (13.9 m) Lake Grzybno is vertically stratified whereas Lake Czyste Małe is a good example of shallow lakes with no properly developed thermal stratification. Both lakes were compared regarding habitat diversity and biodiversity exemplified with phytoplankton diversity and phytocoenotic diversity in the group of macrophytes. Due to "worse" morphometric features (area and depth) and so polymictic character Lake Czyste Małe scored "worse" habitat diversity than Lake Grzybno, although such parameters as water visibility were comparable in both studied lakes. Additionally, phytoplankton analyses pointed to "worse" trophic conditions in Lake Czyste Małe. By contrast, phytocoenotic diversity of macrophytes present in Lake Czyste Małe suggested "very good" ecological status. In accordance with the theory of alternative stable states in shallow lakes macrophyte vegetation in Lake Czyste Małe seems to be the facto to control phytoplankton assemblage and hence visibility. It was assumed that not only wide range of abiotic factors and biotic indices but also interrelationships among them should be applied in the determination of ecological status of lakes.

19

Charakterystyka cech siedliskowych w zbiorowiskach makrofitów i śródjezierzu płytkowodnego Jeziora Zbąszyńskiego

Pełechaty M., Kałuska I.

Ekologia i Technika

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2003

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R. 11, nr 6

18-24

PL

W sezonie letnim 2000, a następnie wiosną i latem 2001 roku przeprowadzono badania właściwości fizyczno-chemicznych wody i podłoża w siedliskach roślinności makrofitowej oraz w wolnym od roślinności śródjezierzu Jeziora Zbąszyńskiego na Pojezierzu Lubuskim. Celem tych badań było stwierdzenie czy istnieją różnice siedliskowe pomiędzy zbiorowiskami makrofitów oraz pomiędzy nimi a śródjezierzem. W tym celu próbki pobrano wzdłuż trzech transektów przecinających zbiorowiska roślinności szuwarowej i wodnej i kończących się w najgłębszym miejscu śródjezierza. Stwierdzono istnienie pewnych różnic pomiędzy stanowiskami badawczymi, bardziej wyrażone w przypadku cech podłoża niż wody, co potwierdza wcześniejsze doniesienia literaturowe. Przewodnictwo elektrolityczne i odczyn w wodzie oraz odczyn w podłożu okazały się parametrami nie wykazującymi różnic pomiędzy badanymi stanowiskami. Równocześnie stwierdzono brak silnych korelacji pomiędzy rozpatrywanymi cechami wody i podłoża. Wykazano także, iż sezonowe różnice wartości cech siedliskowych były wyraźniejsze niż różnice przestrzenne i dotyczyły przede wszystkim cech wody.

EN

The objectives of the study were habitats occupied by different macrophyte communities as well as macrophyte free habitats of a shallow lake ecosystem. Field investigations were carried out in the summer season 2000 and repeated in spring and summer 2001 in Lake Zbąszyńskie (Lubuskie Lakeland). The aim of the study was (1) to find out if there exist habitat differences among macrophyte communities, and between them and the mid-lake section of the study lake, (2) to define the water and substratum properties differing the studied habitats. As a result some differences between sampling sites were found, and the substratum properties appeared to differ the studied habitats more visibly. No strong correlations between the water and substratum habitats were found as to evidence the above findings. Noteworthy, seasonal habitat differences were much higher than the spatial ones.

20

Small scale distribution and composition of phytoplankton in a shallow lake

Wojciechowska W., Solis M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 1

87-89

EN

Studies were carried out in shallow, eutrophic lake Pereszpa during vegetation season 1996. Samples were taken from the pelagic and littoral zone, where the distance between sampling sites were small (200-300 m). It was revealed in both zones quantitative and qualitative differentiation of phytoplankton during spring-summer period and homogeneity of its community in autumn.