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1

Seasonal changes in the reproductive cycle and condition index of the surf clam Mactra stultorum (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia

Derbali Abdelkarim

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 3

264--272

EN

The reproductive biology of Mactra stultorum fromthe Gulf of Gabes was investigated monthly during a one-year period (2017). This study is the first study examiningits reproductive biology during one-year in the south of Tunisia. The overall samples presented a balanced sex ratio, with males dominating among smaller individuals (< 22mm) and females predominating in larger size classes (> 34 mm). The obtained total sex ratio (F:M) was equal to 1.03:1.The size at first maturity (SL 50%) was 20.43 and 22.10 mm for males and females, respectively. The seasonal variations assessed through macro- and microscopic characteristics in the gonads of both sexes indicated a clearly defined annual reproductive cycle with a principal spawning peak during summer and a resting period during December and January. The reproduction of M. stultorum was strongly influenced by fluctuations in the seawater temperature, as reflected through the temporal variation in the gonadal cycle, condition index (CI) and tissue weight rate (TiWR). If managed properly, M. stultorum is expected to meet thedomestic market demand through artisanal fishery. The adoption and implementation of rules, such as limiting the size of clams, is required to protect this new exploitable fishery resource.

2

Life history of wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri, in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic Ocean – the importance of applying a suite of methods for fisheries assessment in data-limited situations

Kindong Richard, Wu Feng, Sarr Ousmane, Dai Libin, Tian Siquan, Dai Xiaojie

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2022

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Vol. 51, No. 1

115-132

EN

Unassessed fisheries, mostly non-targeted fisheries, are now particularly predominant in many commercial fisheries and are critical to food security in developing countries. These fisheries typically lack reliable data essential for assessing their stocks, leaving them susceptible to overfishing and declining yield over time. This study proposes a framework for determining the life history and management of such fisheries. Data on the length composition and reproduction of wahoo Acanthocybium solandri, a common bycatch species in commercial fisheries, were obtained from observers aboard Chinese longline vessels in the Eastern Atlantic between 2010 and 2020 and were used as a case study. A comprehensive methodological approach was applied using data on this species to estimate its life history parameters, to evaluate biological reference points, and to provide proxies for the stock status. The final main growth parameters obtained were: Linf = 161.21 cm FL (157.34–194.68), K = 0.47/year (0.14–0.65); estimated size at first maturity was 89.6 cm FL. As assessed by the set of methods applied, the wahoo stock state was healthy in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic Ocean. This study advises against using a single approach to determining life history parameters in data-limited fisheries, as this may affect reference points and thus management recommendations. This study provides a route whereby many easy-to-apply methods can be used to understand the status of multiple stocks in poorly managed fisheries, and thus provide management plans.

3

Stock mapping, size structure and biological parameters of the clam Polititapes aureus in the shellfish production area of the southern Tunisian waters (Central Mediterranean)

Derbali Abdelkarim, Jarboui Othman

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 2

128--136

EN

The clam Polititapes aureus is one of the most abundant shellfish species in the southern Tunisian waters. Its current exploitation status and management are becoming a major concern for fishing industry in Tunisia. The significant ecological role of the species and possible future commercial benefits require a better knowledge of its stock. This research is the first attempt to investigate its current status in an area with the largest shellfish production. The obtained results showed a scattered distribution. The stock density ranged from 0 to 124 ind. m−2, and biomass values varied from 0 to 300 g m−2. This results in a remarkable biomass of 201.2 (± 64.6) t and high abundance reaching 91.3 ± 32.9 million individuals, estimated an area of 4182 ha. The species distribution was also investigated, with the size ranging from 4.9 to 35.34 mm. The overall sex ratio (F:M) was 1.26:1, which significantly deviated different from parity (1:1). The main environmental factors were identified and several abiotic parameters were found to strongly affect the spread of the clam species. The clam reproduce well and is expected to almost meet the domestic market demand through artisanal fishery.

4

Predicting the Potential Impacts of Trophy Hunting on Population Structure of Himalayan Ibex (Capra sibirica) in Northern Pakistan

Khan Muhammad Zafar, Begum Farida, Riaz Muhammad, Khan Babar, Karim Rehmat, Ali Karamat, Aman Safina

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

264--270

EN

We compared population structure and trophy hunting statistics of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in two community-controlled hunting areas (CCHAs) of northern Pakistan with varying duration of trophy hunting and isolated populations of C. sibirica. Based on fixed-point direct count method during winter 2016-2017, 939 ibexes were counted in Khyber and 346 in Hussaini, with a density of 7.5 and 3.2 animals km-2, respectively. Though the populations of C. sibirica at both the study sites have increased compared to the past estimates, we found variations in population structures and horn sizes, presumably as a result of trophy hunting. The sex ratios are skewed toward females in Khyber (87 males/100 females) and towards males in Hussaini (115 males/100 females). The trophy size males were 7% of the population in Khyber and 11% in Hussaini. Mean group (herd) size in Khyber was 28 (range = 1-117) and Hussaini was 20 (range = 1-79). Mean horn size of the trophies harvested in Khyber was 102 cm (± range = 91-114) compared to 108 cm (range = 99-121) in Hussaini. Stringent regulatory measures are suggested to determine the number of permits.

5

Psychoemotional strain and phenomenon of "men and women mortality ratio" in the age aspect

Kalnysh V., Nahorna A.

Journal of Ecology and Health

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2011

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R. 15, nr 5

230-236

EN

The analysis of the number of died men and women of different age per 100 000 persons of the corresponding sex from 1985 to 2002 in the city Kyiv was conducted. It is established that in the wide range of ages the phenomenon of the morbidity ratio of persons of different age is of a non-linear character. It is found the availability of the significant effect (19,6%; p<0,001) on the degree of this ratio. Four specific periods, associated with different possible mechanisms of the effect of the psychoemotional strain on the human body, have been specified in the dynamics of the sex ratio. It is established that the psychoemotional factor affects persons of different age groups specifically. In this, its effect on persons of able-to-work age, is the most threatening. A quantitative assessment of the population health of different age groups with due account of mortality ratio of persons of different sex has been proposed. The explanation of changes of sex ratio in populations, based on the theory of evolution in their development, is presented.

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę liczby zgonów kobiet i mężczyzn w różnym wieku na 100 000 mieszkańców miasta Kijów obu płci, obejmującą lata 1985-2002. Założono, że w szerokim przedziale wiekowym zjawisko wskaźnika umieralności kobiet i mężczyzn w różnym wieku ma charakter nieliniowy. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ napięcia psychoemocjonalnego (19,6%, p<0,001) na wysokość ww. wskaźnika. Cztery poszczególne okresy, związane z różnymi możliwymi mechanizmami wpływu napięcia psychoemocjonalnego na organizm człowieka, zostały określone w dynamice wskaźnika płci. Ustalono, że czynnik psychoemocjonalny wpływa w różny sposób na osoby w różnych grupach wiekowych. W szczególności, jego wpływ na osoby w wieku produkcyjnym jest najbardziej groźny. Zaproponowano ocenę ilościową stanu zdrowia ludności w różnych grupach wiekowych z należytym uwzględnieniem wskaźnika śmiertelności osób obu płci. Przedstawiono także wyjaśnienie zmian współczynnika płci w populacji, w oparciu o teorię ewolucji w ich rozwoju.

6

Emigration Acitivity of Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae L (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Conditions of Reduced Temperature

Kłyś M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 5-6

717-721

EN

The subject of the research was rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae L. – dangerous pest of grain crops storage. Research was held in a laboratory at the temperature 31 °C, optimal for this insect species, and reduced to 22 °C, and 70 5 % relative humidity (R.H.). The main research problem concerned the emigration activity of S. oryzae in conditions of temperature reduction. Population dynamics and sex structure of population were also analyzed. It was affirmed that rice weevil shows a very high emigration activity in temperatures both 31 °C and 22 °C. Whereas the temperature reduction to 22 °C causes drop of emigration activity to 40 % only in two time ranges after 60 and 120 days of raise ing. A higher female emigration was also observed.

PL

Obiektem badań był wołek ryżowy Sitophilus oryzae L. - groźny szkodnik magazynowanego ziarna zbóż. Badania prowadzono w laboratorium w temperaturze 31 oC optymalnej dla tego gatunku owada i w obniżonej do 22 oC, oraz w wilgotności względnej powietrza 70 š 5 % r.h. Główny problem badawczy dotyczył aktywności emigracyjnej wołka ryżowego w warunkach obniżonej temperatury. Analizowano także dynamikę liczebności i strukturę płciową populacji S. oryzae. Stwierdzono, że wołek ryżowy wykazuje bardzo dużą aktywność emigracyjną zarówno w temperaturze 31 oC, jak i 22 oC. Obniżenie temperatury do 22 oC powoduje spadek aktywności emigracyjnej do 40 % tylko w dwóch przedziałach czasowych po 60 i 120 dniach prowadzenia hodowli. Zaobserwowano również większą emigrację samic.

7

Incrase reproductive health risks after Chernobyl across Europe

Scherb H., Voigt K.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2010

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Vol. 4, No. 1

9--14

EN

To investigate possible reproductive health risks after Chernobyl in Europe, we carried out time trend analyses and spatial-temporal analyses of pertinent reproductive health indicators based on logistic regression. Long-term dose dependent impacts of radioactive fallout after Chernobyl on stillbirths, birth defects, and the human sex odds at birth have been found. For example, from nearly all published data concerning Down’s syndrome, long term increases after Chernobyl may be seen. Significant ecological relative risks for stillbirths and birth defects are in the range of 1.005 to 1.020 per kBq/m2 137Cs. A relative risk coefficient of 1.010 per kBq/m2 137Cs translates to a preliminary relative risk coefficient of 1.60 per mSv/a. Furthermore, there are striking jumps or broken sticks in the secular human birth sex odds trends in 1987 in practically all central and eastern European countries. No jumps or less pronounced jumps in the sex odds trends are visible in less exposed western European countries and in the USA. German district by district data imply a sex odds ratio of 1.015 per mSv/a.

PL

W celu zbadania wpływu katastrofy w Czarnobylu na zdrowie noworodków w Europie przeprowadzono analizę trendów w czasie i analizę przestrzenno-czasową podstawowych wskaźników zdrowia nowonarodzonych dzieci, wykorzystując regresję logistyczną. Stwierdzono, że długoterminowe działanie dawki radioaktywnego opadu po katastrofie w Czarnobylu ma wpływ na zwiększoną liczbę martwych urodzeń, wady wrodzone i płeć człowieka. Na podstawie przeglądu literatury dotyczącego zespołu Downa, można wnioskować, że po katastrofie w Czarnobylu nastąpi wzrost liczy osób z tym zespołem. Znaczne ekologiczne względne ryzyko wystąpienia martwych porodów i wad wrodzonych jest w zakresie od 1,005 do 1,020 kBq/m2 137Cs. Względny współczynnik ryzyka 1,010 kBq/m2 dla 137Cs odpowiada przybliżonemu względnemu współczynnikowi ryzyka równemu 1,60 mSv/a. Ponadto stwierdzono dysproporcje w płci u dzieci urodzonych w 1987 roku w niemal wszystkich krajach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Nie zaobserwowano takich tendencji w krajach Europy Zachodniej oraz w USA. Na podstawie danych z Niemiec podano, że współczynnik nierówności płci wynosi 1,015 na 1 mSv/a.

8

Effects of site conditions on sexual dimorphism and sex ratio in lowland populations of Aruncus sylvestris Kostel. (Rosaceae)

Marciniuk J., Marciniuk P., Rymuza K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

249-257

EN

Studies on sexual dimorphism in reference to vegetative features and on the sex ratio in different environmental conditions were carried out in lowland populations of dioecious species Aruncus sylvestris. It was shown that female individuals of Aruncus sylvestris produced higher flowering shoots, longer inflorescences, more leaves and longer and broader leaves than the male ones. All listed differences were statistically significant. In populations of Aruncus sylvestris growing in optimum ecological conditions (fertile and wet soil, half-light) the sex ratio M/F is close to 1:1. Changes of ecological conditions along the gradient of fertility, habitat moisture (estimated by the types of phytocoenoses) and intensity of solar radiation caused marked drift of sex structure towards the male domination. Light intensity was the crucial factor for the sex ratio in studied populations. Populations growing in half-light showed sex ratio M/F [is approximately equal to] 1:1 irrespective of habitat. Those growing in shade and in full light showed significant shift to male dominance. The largest deviation from 1:1 sex ratio (M/F [is approximately equal to] 1.0:0.2) was observed in extremely unfavorable habitat conditions (full sun irradiance, dry soil, strong competition from Elymus repens (L.) Gould). Obtained results demonstrated that female individuals of Aruncus sylvestris had markedly higher habitat requirements compared with the male ones.

9

Effects of Lowered Temperatures on the Migration Activites of the Grain Weevil Sitophilus granarius L (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

Kłyś M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 10

1349-1354

EN

The subject of our study was the grain weevil Sitophilus granarius L. In this work based on laboratory research, it has been presumed that lowering environment temperatures can have an effect on emigration and immigration processes, and thus on the spread of this pest. The control culture was conducted at a temperature of 28 oC. The environment temperature of the experimental cultures was changed weekly, and consecutively set at: 25 oC, 10 oC, 21 oC and 25 oC. In conditions facilitating the migration of adult S. granarius specimens, the lowered temperature of the surroundings reduced the population’s migration activity, and a particular drop in female migration activity was observed. Females are more sensitive to the effects of lower temperatures.

PL

Obiektem badań był wołek zbożowy Sitophilus granarius L. W badaniach laboratoryjnych przyjęto założenie, że obniżenie temperatury środowiska może wywierać wpływ na procesy emigracji i imigracji, a tym samym na rozprzestrzenianie się tego szkodnika. Hodowle kontrolne prowadzono w temperaturze 28 oC. W hodowlach eksperymentalnych co tydzień zmieniano temperaturę środowiska, stosując kolejno: 25 oC, 10 oC, 21 oC i 25 oC. W warunkach umożliwiających migracje osobnikom dorosłym S. granarius obniżenie temperatury otoczenia spowodowało zmniejszenie aktywności migracyjnej populacji, a szczególnie spadek aktywności migracyjnej samic. Samice są bardziej wrażliwe na oddziaływanie niskich temperatur.

10

Effect of lactic acid added to feeding medium on some biological features of fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Mitrus J., Koczkodaj D.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 11

1293-1300

EN

There is a large number of chemicals known to act as food preservatives. But there are only few of them in use which in law doses have antibiotic activity, do not influence physical properties or food taste, and they are save for the consumer. Acids constitute a large group among chemicals approved as food preservatives. It is evident that the effect of food preservatives depends on their applied concentration. However, the dose of food preservative should be in limits that are approved for the consumer's safety. The aim of the presented studies was the estimation of influence of lactic acid (LA), widely used in food preservation, on the body weight, fertility and sex ratio of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogasler). In the experiments, a wild tribe of the fruit fly was used. The fly was grown over ten generations on standard feeding medium lo which lactic acid was added at the concentration of 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 %. A control population was grown on medium without lactic acid. The experi-ments were carried out in three independent repetitions. The results were elaborated statistically by the use of Duncan test. A statistical verification of deviation of the predicted sex ratio (1:1), including all generations of control and experimental groups, was made using X2 test. The obtained results have shown that added doses of LA did not affect females' fertility, body weight or sex ratio of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogasler). It could be stated that LA is a very profitable additive, due lo its antimicrobial properties and improving quality of food for fruit fly.

PL

Znanych jest wiele związków chemicznych o działaniu abiotycznym, do konserwowania żywności. Jednak używane są tylko nieliczne substancje, które w dopuszczalnych dawkach w sposób ogólny lub wybiórczy uniemożliwiają rozwój drobnoustro-jów, nie wywołując zmian organoleptycznych i fizycznych żywności i nie oddziałując szkodliwie na człowieka. Wśród sub-stancji dozwolonych do konserwowania żywności znaczną liczbę stanowią kwasy. Wydaje się oczywiste, że oddziaływanie środka konserwującego ujawni się tym szybciej i wyraźniej, im większa jest jego dawka. Dawka substancji konserwującej, którą człowiek pobiera z pożywieniem, powinna mieścić się w wyznaczonych normach i nie działać szkodliwie. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena wpływu szeroko stosowanego w żywności kwasu mlekowego na masę ciała, plenność i strukturę płci muszki owocowej Drosophila melanogaster. W doświadczeniu użyto muszek szczepu dzikiego (Dz), które hodowano przez 10 pokoleń na pożywce standardowej (kontrola) oraz z dodatkiem trzech stężeń kwasu mlekowego (E270: 1.5, 2.0; 2.5 %). Wszystkie hodowle były w trzech powtórzeniach. Uzyskane wyniki opracowano za pomocą analizy wariancji oraz testu Duncana. Statystyczną weryfikację odchyleń od przewidywanego stosunku płci 1:1, łącznie dla wszystkich pokoleń grupy kontrolnej, jak i grup doświadczalnych, przeprowadzono za pomocą testu X2. Analiza otrzymanych da-nych wykazała, iż zastosowane dawki kwasu mlekowego nie wpływały statystycznie istotnie na plenność samic, masę ciała i strukturę płci Drosophila melanogaster. Można stwierdzić, że kwas mlekowy jest korzystnym dodatkiem do pożywki muszki owocowej, gdyż nie zakłóca jej podstawowych procesów życiowych.

11

Effect of increased temperatures on the population dynamics of saw-toothed grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinamensis L (Coleoptera, Cucujidae)

Kłyś M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 1-2

75-80

EN

The study included the saw-toothed grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. kept in stores and granaries. The aim of the laboratory experiments was to analyse the effect of the short-termed and periodically increased temperatures on the population dynamics of this species. The control and experimenta1 cultures were kept in a thermostat at a temperature of 30°C and relative humidity (r.h.) of 70 %. Semolina was used as a substrate in all the cultures. In the first variant of the experiments, seven days before the assessment the cultures were exposed to a short-termed effect (0.5 h) of the temperature increased to 35°C. In the second variant, the cultures were exposed to the effect of the temperature increased to 35°C in the same way, but for 24 hours. It was found out that the increase in temperature, both short-term and periodical causes a decrease of a population size. The elevated temperature, especially lasting for 24 hours also causes an increase of the population morta1ity. Moreover, it was found out that the females are more sensitive to the effect of temperature rises.

PL

Badaniami objęto spichrzela surynamskiego Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. - owada żyjącego w produktach zbożowych przechowywanych w magazynach i spichlerzach. Celem badań laboratoryjnych była analiza wpływu krótkotrwałego i okresowego działania podwyższonych temperatur na przebieg procesów populacyjnych tego gatunku. Hodowle kontrolne i eksperymentalne prowadzono w termostacie w temperaturze 30°C i wilgotności względnej 70 %. Jako substrat we wszystkich hodowlach zastosowano kaszę mannę. W pierwszym wariancie eksperymentu hodowle co cztery tygodnie, siedem dni przed terminem kontroli, poddawano krótkotrwałemu (0,5 godz.) oddziaływaniu podwyższonej do 35°C temperatury. W drugim wariancie eksperymentu hodowle poddawano w taki sam sposób oddziaływaniu temperatury podwyższonej do 35°C, ale przez okres 24 godzin. Stwierdzono, że podwyższenie temperatury zarówno krótkotrwałe, jak i okresowe powoduje zmniejszenie liczebności populacji. Podwyższona temperatura, zwłaszcza działająca przez okresy 24-godzinne powoduje także wzrost śmiertelności populacji. Ponadto stwierdzono, że samice są bardziej wrażliwe na podwyższanie temperatury.

12

Effect of sodium benzoate (E211) and sodium citrate (E331) on chosen biological characters of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Mitrus J., Koczkodaj D.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2007

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Vol. 14, nr 8

847-853

EN

Searching of new methods for enhance of food quality, and extension of its shelf-life, in food industry various additives are used. Sodium benzoate is a widely used as food preservative for extending shelf-life of sauces, ketchups and soft drinks. Sodium citrate is applied as a acid regulator, stabilizer or an antioxidant. Usually it is added to jams, jellies, cheeses, and sausages. Both additives are often used simultaneously. The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) can be used for studies confirming safety of additives for food. In experiments the wild tribe of Drosophila melanogaster was used. The influence of two doses of sodium benzoate (E211) and sodium citrate (E331) added simultaneously to feed of fruit fly on its biology were investigated. Two concentrations of the feed additives were tested - lower: 0.8 mg o kg-1 of (E211), and 2.0 g kg-1 of E331, and higher: 1.6 mg kg-' of E211 and 4.0 g kg-' of E33. Simultaneously added to feed sodium benzoate (E211) and sodium citrate E331 (at doses: 0.8 mg o kg-' and 2.0 go kg-', and 1.6 mg . kg-' end 4.0 go kg -', respectively) had no effect on fertility in most of studied generations of wild tribe fruit fly. Used doses of E211 and E331 had no influence on population of most generations of fruit fly too, as well as on body weight of males and females. Only in two generations number of females and males was higher than in control population. Studied additives have no effect on inheritance of wild tribe of Drosophila melanogaster.

PL

W poszukiwaniu nowych metod technologicznych, pozwalających na podniesienie jakości produktu oraz przedłużenie jego trwałości, w przemyśle spożywczym stosowane są dodatki do żywności. Warunkiem stosowania danego dodatku do żywności jest stwierdzenie braku jego wpływu na zdrowie konsumentów. Wydaje się, że muszka owocowa (Drosophila melanogaster) może być dobrym obiektem dla prowadzenia tego typu badań. Celem przeprowadzonych dwuletnich eksperymentów była ocena wpływu benzoesanu sodu (E211) i cytrynianu jednosodowego (E331) na biologię dzikiego szczepu muszki owocowej. Badania prowadzono przez dziesięć pokoleń Drosophila. Benzoesan sodu jest powszechnie używanym konserwantem dodawanym m.in. do sosów, keczupów i napojów. Cytrynian jednosodowy jest stosowany jako regulator kwasowości, stabilizator oraz przeciwutleniacz. Najczęściej dodaje się go do dżemów, marmolad, galaretek, serów topionych, kiełbas i konserw mięsnych. Podczas przedstawionych badań zastosowano dwa stężenia powyższych dodatków do żywności: 0,8 mg o kg-' i 1,6 mg o kg- 1 benzoesanu sodu (E211) oraz 2,0 go kg-' i 4,0 go kg-' cytrynianu jednosodowego (E331). Z analizy otrzymanych danych wynika, iż przy dawkach minimalnych zalecanych (0,8 mg - kg-' E211 i 2,0 go kg-' E331) w żywności substancje te nie wpływały znacząco na plenność samic, masę ciała i strukturę płci Drosophila melnogaster.

13

Influence of selected herb species on the population of saw-toothed grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinainensis L. (Coleoptera, Cucujidae}

Kłyś M.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr 6

535-540

EN

The subject of the study was the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis L., which is a dangerous pest for stored grains and food products. In this study, based on laboratory work, a hypothesis has been postulated which states that the introduction of foreign chemical substances, in the form of powdered herbs garden sage (Salvia offrcinalis L.), wormwood (Arlemisia absinthium L.), lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), into the substrates (food) may have an inhibitory effect on the development, as well as causing a decrease in the population number of O. surinamensis. The data yielded suggest that the introduction of the complex organic chemical substances present in powdered herbs to the substrates causes a reduction in the population of 0. surinamensis. These substances have feeding-inhibitory characteristics, which act on this species of insects. Particularly the influence of mint, womnwood and salvia have an inhibitory effect on population development.

PL

Badano spichrzela surynamskiego Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. - groźnego szkodnika magazynowanego ziarna zbóż i produktów spożywczych. Stwierdzono, że wprowadzenie do substratu (pokarmu) sproszkowanych ziół: szałwii lekarskiej (Salvia officinalis L.), bylicy piołun (Artemisio absinthium L.), lawendy wąskolistnej (Lavandula officinalis L.) i mięty pieprzowej (Mentha piperita L.) stanowi czynnik hamujący rozwój, a tym samym obniża liczebność populacji O. sw-inamensis. A zatem substancje chemiczne zawarte w tych ziołach powodują zmniejszenie liczebności populacji O. surinamensis. Związki te wykazują właściwości antyfiadantów dla tego gatunku owada. Szczególnie działanie mięty, piołunu i szałwii inhibituje rozwój tej populacji.

14

Waligóra-Borek K., Sapota M. R., Forycka K.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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Vol. 34, No.3

57--68

EN

In the Polish costal zone of the Baltic Sea two similar looking gobies – sand goby and common goby occur. In quantitative investigation both species are often taken as an one, because of difficulties in distinguish them. There are a few methods to differentiate sand goby and common goby - body pigmentation, shape of head and pigmentation of a spleen (Ławacz 1965). During the investigation it was proofed that compared species differ from each other also in biological characteristic. In the Gulf of Gdańsk spawning-season starts for sand goby in March and ends in September, for common goby it lasts from March to August. They have different sex ratio, but they have similar range of a HSI and GSI coefficients. Those differences and similarities are important for future investigations because they show that sand goby and common goby should be separated in studies

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Breeding characteristics of the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) - one of the most abundant goby species in the costal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk region (southern Baltic Sea)

Waligóra-Borek K., Sapota M. R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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Vol. 34, No.4

47--55

EN

The reproduction aspect of the biology of Pomatoschistus minutus was investigated on fish collected in the Gulf of Gdańsk from March to October 2002. The study zone was from the shore to a depth of about 1 m. The sand goby is common in the investigated area from July to October, but it migrates to deeper water in the colder months. The highest numbers of individuals were observed in September. The spawning season of the sand goby in the Gulf of Gdańsk is from April to August. It is so long because this species is batch spawner. The study confirmed a dependence between the HSI and GSI indexes as well as the dependence between relative fecundity and fish length.

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Feeding inhibitors in pest control : effect of herb additions to food on the population dynamics of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera, Bostrychidae) /

Kłyś M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

575-581

EN

The populations of Rhyzopertha dominica, a dangerous pest in stored grains were investigated. This laboratory study assumed the hypothesis that the introduction of poowdered leaves of Salvia officinalis L. and Artemisia absinthium L. containing feeding inhibitors into grain may delay the development and therefore reduce population size of R. dominica. These herbs were powdered and added at 0.5 g of herb per 40 g wheat. The research was conducted in optimum conditions of temperature and humidity (28 stopni C and relative humidity 60%). The insects used in the experiment were initially obtained from mature individuals of uniform age and were bred in glass containers with base area 28 cm^2 covered with gauze. The experiments were continued for 310 days and the herb supplements were renewed each month. The results of the study show that the introduction of chemical substances contained in the powdered leaves of S. officinalis and A. absinthium into an optimal substrate (wheat) infested with R. dominica decreases its population size. These substances have properties that inhibit the feeding of this insect species.

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The parasitic Hymenoptera in a beech forest on limestone. 2, study of the sex ratios and their dependence on ecological factors

Ulrich W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1998

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Vol. 46, no 3

291-310

EN

The sex ratio of the parastic Hymenoptera of a beech forest on limestone near Gottingen (FRG) was studied using ground-photo-eclectors. Judged from the mean sex ratios the parasitoids could be separated into 4 groups. Parasitoids of miners and gall-makers had the highest sex ratios (30 to 40% males) and less than 5% of the species were thelytokous. The species which attack soil-living sapro- or mycetophagous Diptera as well as the parasitoids of ectophytophages had (on average) 20 to 30% males and only 1.5% of them were thelytokous. Parasitoids of sap-suckers and egg-parasitoids usually had sex ratios below 20% males and 29% of them were thelytokous. The lowes sex ratios (below 10% males) and the highest number of thelytokous species (30%) were found among hyperparasitoids and parasitoids of soil-living Staphylinidae. No clear trend was detectable between the sex ratio and the density of the species. The density fluctuations and the degree of aggregation of the species influenced the sex ratio. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that K-selected parasitoid species have higher sex ratios on average. Koinobiontic species (mostly parasitoids of gall-makers and miners) had (on average) significantly higher sex ratios if their host lives in the herb or crown layer (32% versus 21%). They also produced more males if they are univoltine (32% versus 22%) and hibernate as larvae or pupae (30% versus 17%). After a MANOVA-analysis the voltinism turned out to be the main infuencing factor. There was a trend towards higher percentages of males in the summer generation.