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1
Przyszłe funkcjonowanie energetyki konwencjonalnej w świetle propozycji zmian dyrektywy IED
Głowacki Eugeniusz, Żupa-Marczuk Patrycja
Energetyka
|
2023
|
nr 2
66--76
PL
W kwietniu 2023 minie rok od przedstawienia przez Komisję Europejską wniosku o zmianie dyrektywy Parlamentu i Rady 2010/75/UE w sprawie emisji przemysłowych, tzw. dyrektywy IED. W artykule autorzy rozważają, jak propozycja zmian dyrektywy IED może wpłynąć na przyszłe funkcjonowanie energetyki konwencjonalnej. Artykuł nie obejmuje wszystkich aspektów i propozycji ujętych we wniosku Komisji, natomiast uwzględniono w nim kluczowe kwestie techniczne mające wpływ na eksploatację instalacji
EN
In April 2023 it will have been a year since the European Commission presented its proposal for a revised Directive 2010/75/EU of the Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions (the Industrial Emissions Directive or IED). The article discusses how the proposed amendments to the Industrial Emissions Directive may affect the future functioning of conventional power generation. The article does not cover all the aspects and suggestions included in the EC proposal, yet focuses on key technical issues that have an impact on operation of installations.
2
Content available Numerical evaluation of urea-mixing devices for close-coupled selective catalytic reduction systems
Kaźmierski Bartosz Grzegorz, Kapusta Łukasz Jan
Combustion Engines
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2023
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R. 62, nr 2
84--93
EN
The following research presents a numerical evaluation of existing and conceptual urea-mixing devices used in close-coupled (to the engine) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. The analysis was aimed at the assessment of urea-mixing devices that could considerably enhance the reduction of nitrogen oxides from the diesel-engine combustion process under a wide range of operating conditions, including cold starts. The analysis showed that replacing blade-equipped static mixers with perforated stationary mixing devices may provide a more uniform spatial distribution of ammonia at the inlet to the SCR catalyst and reduce pressure drops generated by mixing devices. Moreover, the conceptual mixing devices, based on combinations of the blade and perforated mixers to develop intensive turbulence, enabled the increase of the mixing length leading to effective decomposition of the urea-water solution (UWS), and provided uniform spatial distribution of ammonia, even for the small-sized mixing systems. However, the intensive mixing was often associated with a significant rise in the pressure drop.
3
Content available Comparative analysis of the heat balance results of the selected Tier III-compliant gas-fuelled two-stroke main engines
Korlak Kamil
Combustion Engines
|
2023
|
R. 62, nr 2
24--28
EN
Two-stroke engines are distinguished by the highest overall efficiency among all main engines. This is not only due to the low speed, and large piston stroke, but also to the high combustion temperature, which results in an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Technical solutions applied to bring main engines into compliance with current NOx emission standards set by the Tier III limits include the use of SCR and EGR systems, the implementation of the Otto cycle, and the application of liquified natural gas (LNG) as the low-emission fuel. Impact of the available Tier III-compliant technologies on the heat balance results is analysed using the example of the currently most popular dual-fuel main engines, i.e. WinGD X92DF and MAN G95ME-C10.5-GI. The possibilities of waste heat recovery in the electricity generation process and thereby improving the ship energy efficiency are discussed.
4
Content available Assessment of retrofit devices for the Horizon 2020 Cleanest Engine and Vehicle Retrofit Prizes
Giechaskiel Barouch, Suarez-Bertoa Ricardo, Melas Anastasios, Selleri Tommaso, Maggiore Maurizio
Combustion Engines
|
2022
|
R. 61, nr 3
7--34
EN
The Horizon 2020 prizes aimed at the development of retrofit and engines that would reduce pollution. The Retrofit prize had a winner, while the Engine prize not. In this paper we present the innovations that were tested at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, and not awarded. One was a “condensation” aftertreatment device, two were devices inserted in the fuel supply system, and one a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx system. The testing of the “condensation” aftertreatment device showed that it could not with-stand the high exhaust gas temperatures. The results of the two fuel systems showed that they could not control efficiently the NOx emissions. The reductions of the pollutants were negligble for the levels that the prizes were aiming. The SCR system did not achieve any significant reduction of NOx, probably due to a malfunction of the device.
5
Content available Ammonia CI engine aftertreatment systems design and flow simulation
Kuta Kacper, Nadimi Ebrahim, Przybyła Grzegorz, Żmudka Zbigniew, Adamczyk Wojciech
Combustion Engines
|
2022
|
R. 61, nr 3
3--10
EN
Investigation of exhaust emissions and ammonia flow behavior in the exhaust system incorporating with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit is discussed. An aftertreatment system is designed to work without additional urea injection. This study is focused on obtaining optimal parameters for catalysis. Its effectiveness is considered as a function of basic parameters of exhaust gases mixture and SCR material characteristics. A 3D geometry of SCR with porous volume has been simulated using Ansys Fluent. Moreover, a 1D model of ammonia dual-fuel CI engine has been obtained. Results were focused on obtaining local temperature, velocity, and exhaust gases composition to predict optimal probes placement, pipes insulation parameters, and characteristic dimensions.
6
Content available A conceptual design and numerical analysis of the mixerless urea-SCR system
Kaźmierski Bartosz, Górka Krzysztof, Kapusta Łukasz Jan
Combustion Engines
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2021
|
R. 60, nr 4
12--20
EN
In the present study, an innovative design of a urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system without conventional mixing elements was developed. The aim was to obtain a high degree of urea decomposition, and uniform ammonia distribution at the inlet to the catalyst, while minimising the liquid film deposition and keeping the compact design. The concept of the design was based on creating high turbulence and elongating the flow paths of the droplets. The design was verified through a series of numerical simulations based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach and a discrete droplet model (DDM) spray representation. The analysis included various operating conditions as well as subcooled and superheated sprays. A uniform ammonia distribution was achieved regardless of the operating points and spray properties. Additionally, in the case of a flash-boiling injection, a further reduction of the wall film was observed.
7
Content available Experimental research and CFD analysis of flow parameters in a SCR system for the original part and WALKER’s replacement
Kurzydym Damian, Klimanek Adam, Żmudka Zbigniew
Combustion Engines
|
2019
|
R. 58, nr 4
13--20
EN
The article presents the results of experimental research and their comparison with CFD simulations for the original selective catalytic reduction system and WALKER replacement. The research was performed to develop the WALKER universal mixer. The SCR prototype without mixer and with the proposed mixer were tested and compared with the original VW part. The next step was reverse engineering, which consisted in scanning the tested parts with a laser and processing their point cloud in Leios2 program. Reverse engineering has allowed the reconstruction of 3D geometry of the tested parts in the Catia v5 program and then preparation their models for computational fluid dynamics. Numerical simulations were carried out in the Ansys Fluent program, thanks to which several quantities were determined e.g. uniformity index of gas flow through the monolith and coefficient of variation as a measure of mixing degree, which have a significant impact on the design of the mixer and the SCR system.
8
Content available remote Dedicated type-2 fuzzy logic systems: a novel approach to DeNOx filtration systems
Niewiadomski A., Kacprowicz M.
Journal of Applied Computer Science
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2018
|
Vol. 26, nr 2
117--130
EN
The paper presents some novel research on applications of Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems to support the Selective Catalytic Reduction process (SCR). The aim of the research is to design and test higher order fuzzy logic systems and their genuine modifications to manage data in DeNOx systems responsible for controlling emission of nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2). Since in real applications, it is still performed under the supervision of a human expert, the scope is to replace, at least partially, his/her participation with dedicated type-2 fuzzy logic systems. As the result, it is shown that the proposed systems with new means of learning fuzzy IF-THEN rules allow us to compute parameters much closer to those determined by experts, even in a comparison to some earlier approaches based on traditional fuzzy logic.
9
Diagnostyka instalacji SCR
Werner G.
Energetyka Cieplna i Zawodowa
|
2017
|
Nr 5
124--128
PL
Od kilku lat w krajowej energetyce eksploatowane są instalacje katalitycznego odazotowania spalin. Dla pierwszych z wybudowanych instalacji SCR kończy się okres obowiązywania gwarancji i zaczyna moment, w którym operatorzy w całości odpowiedzialni będą za ich eksploatację. Czas ten w większości przypadków pokrywa się z zakończeniem gwarancji żywotności technologicznej katalizatorów.
10
Content available The influence of the injection frequency on the urea selective catalytic reduction systems performance
Rogóż R., Jaworski P., Kapusta Ł. J., Teodorczyk A.
Combustion Engines
|
2017
|
R. 56, nr 3
73--77
EN
This study presents the influence of the UWS injection frequency on a close coupled SCR systems performance. The investigation was performed with the CFD tool AVL Fire. In the paper the analysis of four different UWS injection frequencies in the three different operating points of diesel engine was shown. The assessments of the system performance was referred to the ammonia distribution at catalyst intake and wall film formation inside the investigated geometry, as these are considered as crucial in such a configuration. The results showed that injection frequency affects both factors on different level depending from the flow conditions. In addition, the wall film crystallization risk was discussed basing on the obtained wall film characteristics.
11
Content available Directions in vehicle efficiency and emissions
Johnson T. V., Joshi A.
Combustion Engines
|
2016
|
R. 55, nr 3
3--8
EN
This paper provides a general review of light-duty (LD) and heavy-duty (HD) regulations, engine technology, and key emission control strategies. The US is placing a stronger emphasis on laboratory emissions, and the LD regulations are about an order of magnitude tighter than Euro 6, but Europe is focusing on real-world reductions. The California HD low-NOx regulation is advancing and may be proposed in 2017/18 for implementation in 2023+. The second phase of US HD greenhouse gas regulations propose another 25-30% tightening beyond Phase 1, beginning in 2021. LD and HD engine technology continues showing marked improvements in engine efficiency. LD gasoline concepts are closing the gap with diesel. HD engines are demonstrating more than 50% BTE using methods that can reasonably be commercialized. LD and HD diesel NOx technology trends are also summarized. NOx storage catalysts and SCR combinations are the lead approach to meeting the LD regulations. Numerous advanced NOx technologies are being evaluated and some promise for meeting the California HD low NOx targets. Oxidation catalysts are improved for both diesel and methane oxidation applications. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are the lead approach to reducing particles from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. They reduce PAH emissions, and catalyzed versions can be designed for low back pressure. Regeneration largely occurs during hot decelerations.
12
Content available Koncepcja systemu redukcji tlenków azotu z ognioszczelnego napędu spalinowego
Kaczmarczyk K.
Maszyny Górnicze
|
2015
|
R. 33, nr 1
23--28
PL
W artykule omówiono koncepcję systemu redukcji tlenków azotu powstałych w wyniku pracy silnika spalinowego z zapłonem samoczynnym, stanowiących szczególne zagrożenie w podziemnych wyrobiskach kopalnianych. Przedstawiono metody konwersji tlenków azotu stosowane z powodzeniem w aplikacjach powierzchniowych. Sformułowano wymagania stawiane napędom pracującym w wyrobiskach zagrożonych wybuchem metanu i pyłu węglowego, uwzględniając potencjalne problemy związane z zastosowaniem metody selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej.
EN
The concept of reduction of nitrogen oxides emitted from diesel engine, which are especially hazardous in underground mine workings, are discussed. Methods of conversion of nitrogen oxides, successfully used in the surface application, are presented. The requirements put to the driving systems operating in mine workings threatened by methane and/or coal dust explosion hazard are formulated considering the method of selective catalytic reduction.
13
Content available Impact of flameproof exhaust system on efficiency of selective catalytic reduction
Kaczmarczyk K., Brzeżański M.
Combustion Engines
|
2015
|
R. 54, nr 4
26--33
EN
Ecological problems associated with operation of diesel engine in underground excavation areas are discussed. Characteristic features of diesel drives operating in excavation zones threatened by explosion hazard, including technical problems with use of selective catalytic reduction, are presented. The results of stationary tests of flameproof diesel drive, in which selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was used, are given.
PL
W artykule omówiono problemy ekologiczne związanie z pracą silnika z zapłonem samoczynnym w wyrobiskach podziemnych. Przedstawiono cechy charakterystyczne spalinowych układów napędowych pracujących w wyrobiskach zagrożonych wybuchem, uwzględniając problemy techniczne związane z zastosowaniem metody selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej. Zaprezentowano wyniki przeprowadzonych badań stanowiskowych ognioszczelnego, spalinowego układu napędowego, w którym zastosowano metodę selektywnej redukcji katalitycznej tlenków azotu.
14
Modelowanie procesów redukcji tlenków azotu w spalinach bloków węglowych
Chmielniak T., Pilarz P.
Rynek Energii
|
2014
|
Nr 5
63--69
PL
W pracy przedstawiono główne metody wtórne odazotowania spalin – selektywną redukcję niekatalityczną (SNCR) oraz selektywną redukcję katalityczną (SCR). W części badawczej przedstawiono wyniki modelowania reaktora SCR z zastosowaniem kodu Ebsilon Professional®. W szczególności przeanalizowano wpływ umiejscowienia reaktora SCR w ciągu technologicznym oczyszczania spalin na proces redukcji tlenków azotu. Obliczeniom poddano trzy lokalizacje instalacji: High-dust SCR, czyli lokowanie katalizatora między podgrzewaczem wody a podgrzewaczem powietrza, spaliny w tym przypadku nie są jeszcze odpylone; Low-dust SCR, polega na odazotowaniu spalin oczyszczonych w elektrofiltrze; Low-dust Tail-end SCR – to instalacja redukująca stężenie NOx ze spalin odpylonych i odsiarczonych. Zbadano również wpływ składu spalin na proces redukcji NOx – wpływ O2 i H2O na efektywność reaktora oraz wpływ stężenia NOx na temperaturę procesu.
EN
This paper presents the main methods of NOx reduction – a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The research part include the SCR reactor modeling using the code of Ebsilon Professional®. In particular, analyzed the effect of the location: High-dust SCR means that a catalyst is placed between the feedwater heater and the air preheater, exhaust gases are dusty; Low-dust SCR – flue gases are dust-free; Low-dust Tail-end SCR – this system reduces NOx after the electrostatic precipitation and desulphurization. Examined also the impact of the O2 and H2O on the efficiency SCR and the effect of NOx concentration in flue gases in the process temperature.
15
Content available Potentials for NOx and CO2 reduction of combined NSC + passive SCR system in Diesel passenger car application
Wittka T., Holderbaum B.
Combustion Engines
|
2014
|
R. 53, nr 2
68--76
EN
The stringent pollutant and CO2 emission limitation in upcoming legislation norms for Diesel passenger car applications force the introduction of exhaust aftertreatment systems with maximum purification and energetic efficiency. The state-off-the-art technologies for NOx reduction, NOx storage and reduction catalyst (NSC) and selective catalytic reduction catalyst (SCR), show challenges for robust performance under strongly extended emission relevant operation conditions from cold start to high engine load and speed. One technical solution is the combination of NSC and passive SCR. This paper presents the experimental results obtained in the EUproject “Powerful”. On engine test bench and demonstrator vehicle, an exhaust aftertreatment system combining NSC, passive SCR and fuel reformer technology was developed and experimentally investigated steady-state and on road. The engine independent NSC operation offers potentials for lowered fuel consumption penalty by avoiding engine rich operation. The intrinsic NH3 formation during the NSC regeneration is used for additional NOx conversion on the passive SCR and reduces NOx and CO2 emission.
16
Content available Combination of LNT and SCR for NOx reduction in passenger car applications
Maunula T.
Combustion Engines
|
2014
|
R. 53, nr 2
60--67
EN
The removal of NOx and particulate emissions in light-duty diesel vehicles will require the use of aftertreatment methods like Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with urea and Lean NOx Trap (LNT) (Euro 6 and beyond). A new concept is the combination of LNT + SCR, which enables on-board synthesis of ammonia (NH3), which reacts with NOx on the SCR catalyst. The main application for this kind system will be lighter passenger cars, where LNTs may be used instead of full urea-SCR system. That particular combinatory system was investigated by developing platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) containing LNTs and SCR catalysts in this study. In the use conditions, the maximum temperature may reach temperatures up to 800°C and NOx reduction reactions should proceed without NO2 assistance in the SCR position after LNT and DPF. PtRh/LNT with the total loadings of 85 g/cft (2.8 g/L) and higher resulted in a high NOx efficiency above 80–90% with a broad operation window in the laboratory simulations. In the experimental conditions, a higher NH3 concentration after LNT was essential to simulate well the operation of SCR catalysts. The developed Cu-SCR catalyst showed a high hydrothermal durability up to the ageing temperature of 800°C and a wide operation window without the NO2 assistance (NO only in feed). Fe-SCR and V-SCR catalysts were more dependent on NO2. A studied concept had an air injection after LNT to keep SCR condition always in lean side, where the SCR reaction was promoted by oxygen resulting in high reduction selectivity to nitrogen (N2) without NH3 emissions. The simulations in reaction conditions and system design resulted in the proposals for the optimal design and main reaction mechanism in DOC + DPF + LNT + SCR systems.
17
Content available Research on the ammonia concentration in the exhaust gas of the self-ignition engines
Gis W., Żółtowski A., Grzelak P.
Combustion Engines
|
2013
|
R. 52, nr 3
575--580
EN
In the article there was reviewed the principle of operation of the SCR type catalitic reactors and explained the reason, why ammonia appears in the exhaust gas. The principles of analyzers to measure the concentrations of ammonia in the exhaust gases was reviewed. There were examined changes in EU regulations on the emissions of vehicles engines in comparison to UNECE Regulation No. 49, series 05 of amendments.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zasadę działania reaktorów katalitycznych typu SCR oraz wyjaśniono przyczynę, dla której w spalinach pojawia się amoniak. Dokonano przeglądu zasady działania analizatorów do pomiarów stężeń amoniaku w spalinach. Przeanalizowane zostały zmiany wprowadzone w rozporządzeniach UE dotyczących emisji zanieczyszczeń z układów wylotowych silników pojazdów w porównaniu z Regulaminem EKG ONZ nr 49, seria 05 poprawek.
18
Content available remote Influences of biocomponents (RME) on emissions of a Diesel engine with SCR
Czerwiński J., Stępień Z., Oleksiak S., Otto A.
Nafta-Gaz
|
2011
|
R. 67, nr 3
198-207
EN
SCR (selective catalytic reduction) is regarded as the most efficient deNO[x] - system. In combination with a Diesel particle filter (DPF) it represents a very important step towards zero emission Diesel fleet. The present paper informs about the results obtained with SCR and with blend fuels containing different share of RME (B7, B20, B30 and B100). The investigations were performed according to the procedures of the international network project VERTdePN. Also a combined system (DPF + SCR) was included in the investigations. Beside the legally limited exhaust emission components some non-legislated like NO2, N2O, NH3 and nanoparticles were measured at stationary and dynamic engine operation.
PL
SCR (selective catalytic reduction - selektywna redukcja katalityczna) uznana jest za najskuteczniejszy system ograniczania emisji NO[x]. W połączeniu z filtrem cząstek stałych (DPF), układ stanowi istotny krok w kierunku osiągnięcia zerowej emisji pojazdów z silnikami Diesla. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań uzyskane przy zastosowaniu układu SCR i paliw zawierających różny udział RME (B7, B20, B30 i B100). Badania prowadzone były zgodnie z międzynarodowymi procedurami VERTdePN, przy czym obejmowały również system stanowiący połączenie DPF + SCR. W ustalonych i nieustalonych warunkach pracy silnika brano po uwagę zarówno limitowane składniki spalin, jak również niektóre nienormowane, jak NO2, N2O, NH3 i nanocząstki.
19
Content available remote Badania katalitycznej redukcji tlenku azotu amoniakiem na karbonizacie z osadów ściekowych
Stelmach S., Figa J., Jastrząb K.
Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska
|
2004
|
T. 7, nr 2
185-199
PL
Zaprezentowano rezultaty badań katalitycznej redukcji tlenku azotu amoniakiem na złożu karbonizatu wytworzonego z osadów ściekowych. Mechanicznie odwodniony, przefermentowany osad ściekowy, pochodzący z oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych, poddano suszeniu na powietrzu do wilgotności ∼ 50%, a następnie wytłoczono z niego cylindryczne granulki. Granulki te, po dosuszeniu na powietrzu do zawartości wilgoci ok. 7%, zostały poddane pirolizie w złożu stałym. Próbkę suchego granulatu o wielkości 600 g umieszczono w retorcie stalowej, a retortę wprowadzono do zimnego pieca, który po włączeniu nagrzewano z szybkością ok. 15°C/min do temperatury 700°C. Piroliza prowadzona była w atmosferze azotu, a próbkę w temperaturze końcowej przetrzymano przez 30 minut. W uzyskanym karbonizacie oznaczono zawartość popiołu i wytrzymałość mechaniczna, a ponadto wykonano dla niego charakterystykę struktury mikroporowatej na podstawie izotermy adsorpcji-desorpcji azotu. Karbonizat ten poddano następnie testowi katalitycznej redukcji tlenku azotu według procedury opracowanej w Katedrze Chemii i Technologii Nieorganicznej Wydziału Chemicznego Politechniki Śląskiej w Gliwicach. Syntetycznie wytworzony gaz o składzie: 82,8% obj. N2, 6,0% obj. O2, 11,0% obj. H2O, 0,1% obj. NO oraz 0,1% obj. NH3 przepuszczano w temperaturze 120°C przez złoże karbonizatu z osadów ściekowych o objętości 300 cm³ z natężeniem przepływu 0,450 Analiza zawartości NO w spalinach opuszczających kolumnę prowadzona była za pomocą automatycznego analizatora URAS 10E. Wyznaczony dla badanego karbonizatu z osadów ściekowych średni stopień redukcji NO, po ustaleniu stanu stacjonarnego, wyniósł 0,114. Uzyskany rezultat porównano z wynikami takich samych badań wykonanych dla komercyjnych koksów aktywnych. Przeprowadzony test wykazał, iż karbonizat z osadów ściekowych charakteryzuje się zdolnością katalitycznej redukcji tlenku azotu tylko nieznacznie niższą od komercyjnych koksów aktywnych. Na tej podstawie można rozważać możliwość wykorzystania karbonizatów z osadów ściekowych w charakterze substytutu komercyjnych koksów aktywnych wykorzystywanych w procesie katalitycznej redukcji NOx za pomocą amoniaku.
EN
Publication presents the testing results of nitrogen oxide (NO) catalytic reduction with ammonia on sewage sludge char bed. The char used at this study has been produced from mechanically dewatered, digested municipal sewage sludge. The sewage sludge has been firstly dried with ambient air up to moisture contents about 50%. Initially dried sewage sludge has been directed to extrusion, to produce cylindrical granules. Raw cylindrical granules of sewage sludge have been further dried with ambient air up to moisture contents about 7%. The 600 g sample of dried, granulated sewage sludge has been used for char production. The sample was placed at the retort made of steel, which was inserted into cold furnace. Then the furnace was turned on and heated with heating rate about 15°C/min, up to final temperature 700°C. Pyrolysis was performed at nitrogen atmosphere and the sample of sewage sludge has been pyrolysed at final temperature by 30 minutes. Obtained char has been analyzed to establish its ash contents and mechanical strength and also its microporous structure has been determined on the basis of nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. The char has been used for testing its catalytic properties in relation to NO reduction with ammonia, according to procedure elaborated at Chemistry and Inorganic Technology Chair of Silesian Technical University. Artificially prepared flue gas with composition: 82.8% N2, 6.0% O2, 11.0% H2O, 0.1% NO and 0.1% NH3 (by volume), has been passed through the 300 cm³ char bed, at temperature 120°C and with flow rate 0.450. The NO contents at the outlet of the column was controlled with automatic analyzer URAS 10E. Average NO catalytic rate determined for tested sewage sludge char was equal 0.114. This result was compared with other results obtained for commercial active cokes. It should be stated that results of NO catalytic reduction with ammonia obtained for sewage sludge char is only a little lower than the same results found for commercial active cokes. Thus, it is possible to assume that sewage sludge chars could be used as a catalyst at industrial catalytic reduction of NOx from flue gases with ammonia.
20
Content available remote Determination of the rate regime of the catalytic process of reducing of nitrogen oxide by means of ammonia on the active coke
Jastrząb K., Szarawara J.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
|
2002
|
Vol. 4, nr 3
13-17
EN
The paper presents the results of investigation concerning the determination of the rate of controlling the stage of the process reduction of nitrogen oxide by means of gaseous ammonia on the Polish active coke AKP-5. The influence of the scale factor, the grain diameter and temperature on the degree of the reduction of nitrogen oxide have been investigated. From the obtained results it is clear that the process takes place in the kinetic region and the optimum temperature of this process is 120°C. Apparent activation energy of reduction of nitrogen oxide on active coke has been calculated
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