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1

The Effect of Microorganisms and Inorganic Preparations Applied into the Soil and Leaves on the Yield of Winter Rape (Brassica Napus L.)

Sikorska Anna, Gugała Marek, Zarzecka Krystyna, Domański Łukasz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

27--36

EN

The research was carried out in 2018-2021 at the Agricultural Experimental Station, in Poland. The factors of the experiment were three morphotypes of winter oilseed rape: population morphotype, long-stemmed morphotype, semi-dwarf morphotype. The second factor of the experiment corresponded to three ways of using the preparations: 1. Control variant, 2. Organic preparation (Ugmax) 3. Biostimulator containing P2O5 and K2O, 4. Biostimulator containing silicon. The aim of the study was the reaction of three morphotypes of winter rape to soil and foliar application of microorganisms as well as inorganic preparations in different growing seasons. Elements of yield structure and yielding of winter rape were determined by a genetic factor. In all growing seasons, the best yielding was in the restored hybrid with the traditional type of growth, while the seed yield of the semi-dwarf form was lower by 5.8% on average, and by 10.0% on average in the population form. The number of seeds in the pod and the value of the yield index (HI) was the most favourable in the restored forms, and the thousand-seed weight and yield in the population form. The preparations applied to the soil and leaves increased the parameters of yield structure and yielding in all tested cultivars. Soil preparation with microorganisms as well as micro and macro elements applied in autumn before sowing seeds and in spring in the BBCH 21-36 phase significantly increased the number of seeds per pod by 3.4% on average; weight of a thousand seeds by 3.5% on average, seed yield by 15.7% on average, straw yield by 4.5% on average compared to the control variant. The ratio of seed yield-to-biomass yield was higher in the heterosis cultivars by an average of 9.2% compared to the population cultivar. The elements of the yield structure as well as the main and by-products were the highest in the growing season with the highest annual rainfall and the highest average air temperature.

2

Evaluating the tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes to salinity stress based on a complex of morpho-physiological and yielding traits

Touchan Hayat, Basal Oqba

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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Special Issue

119--129

EN

Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stress factors influencing crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Plants’ response to salinity stress depends on the cultivated genotype. A pot experiment was conducted to study the impact of two concentrations of sodium chloride (4 and 6 dS∙m-1) on some physiological and production traits of 58 chickpea genotypes. A genetic variation in the response of the investigated chickpea genotypes for NaCl-induced salinity stress was noted. Studied morphophysiological traits and yield components were affected under salt stress in all genotypes tested. Plant height was observed to have the lowest rate of reduction (32%, 48%) at 4 and 6 dS∙m-1, respectively. Leaf stomatal conductance decreased as salinity increased. Salinity stress conditions affected all studied yield components, but there was a genetic variation in the response of the studied genotypes. Under no stress conditions and compared to the other genotypes, the number of pods was significantly higher in BG362 genotype. The seed number was significantly higher in ILC9076 genotype. The 100 seed weight was significantly higher in the genotype ILC2664. The mean seed yield was significantly higher in ILC9354 and the harvest index was significantly higher in ILC8617. In general, salinity stress caused the reduction of all parameters. We assume that the assessment of tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes to salinity stress should be based on a complex of morpho-physiological traits and analysis of yield complement.

3

The Impact of Biopreparations and Sowing Dates on the Productivity of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

Makukha Olga

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 4

237--244

EN

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant. The introduction of such an ecofriendly element as presowing seeds inoculation with phosphate mobilizing microbial biopreparation into the growing technology is especially important in the cultivation of this crop. It is connected with an extensive use of fennel in the production of medicines, including the remedies for children. Under the moisture deficiency conditions of the southern Steppe of Ukraine, the study on the effectiveness of phosphate mobilizing biopreparations depending on the impact of sowing dates is particularly relevant. Our field experiments were carried out in 2017–2019 in the Kherson region on the dark chestnut soils typical for the southern Steppe of Ukraine. Presowing seeds inoculation with biopreparations of phosphate mobilizing bacteria Albobakteryn and Polimiksobakteryn positively affected the indicators of fennel productivity and yield quality. Among the microbial preparations studied, a preference for Polimiksobakteryn was recorded. The research findings indicate a tendency to lower the quantitative and qualitative indicators of fennel seed yield from early to late sowing. The most favourable conditions for the productive processes of fennel plants and accumulation of essential oil were ensured by the interaction of seeds bacterization with the Polimiksobakteryn biopreparation and early spring sowing at the right soil tilth stage in the third ten-day period of March. In this variant, the yielding capacity was 1.41 t/ha, the weight of 1000 seeds reached 5.61 g, the essential oil content in the seeds amounted to 6.13% in dry matter, the relative yield of essential oil being 76.1 kg/ha. The introduction of microbial preparations of phosphate mobilizing bacteria into the technology of fennel cultivation is a promising environmentally friendly approach to improving the crop productivity.

4

Effect of the PRP fertilizers and microbiological inoculation and coinoculation in the yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) cultivation

Sulewska H., Ratajczak K., Niewiadomska A., Panasiewicz K., Szymańska G.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 3

98--103

EN

In the years 2014-2015 in Złotniki, on the fields of the Experimental-Didactic Station Gorzyń, belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Poznan, research was carried out aimed at checking the effects of using PRP fertilizers, nitragine and Bacillus subtilis inoculation in the cultivation of yellow lupine of traditional variety 'Mister'. It was shown that the use of the majority of fertilization and inoculation variants contributed to the yield reduction, the highest after the application of PRP EBV along with the B. subtilis seed inoculation. Among the tested combinations, the most beneficial effect on the elements of the yield structure was played by seed inoculation with nitragine, which significantly increased the mass of a thousand seeds, the number and mass of seeds in the plant, and not significantly fresh mass of the aboveground part and root.

PL

W latach 2014-2015 w Złotnikach, na polach Zakładu Doświadczalno-Dydaktycznego Gorzyń, należącego do Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, przeprowadzono badania, których celem było sprawdzenie efektów stosowania PRP, szczepionek mikrobiologicznych i inokulacji Bacillus subtilis w uprawie łubinu żółtego odmiany tradycyjnej ‘Mister’. Wykazano, że stosowanie większości badanych wariantów nawożenia i szczepienia przyczyniło się do obniżki plonu, największej po aplikacji PRP EBV w postaci oprysku nalistnego wraz z inokulacją nasion przed siewem. Spośród badanych kombinacji najkorzystniejszy wpływ na elementy struktury plonu odegrało szczepienie nasion nitraginą, które istotnie zwiększyło masę tysiąca nasion, liczbę i masę nasion na roślinie oraz nieistotnie świeżą masę części nadziemnej i korzenia.

5

Influence of planting density of monogerm and multigerm red beet stecklings on the seed stalks characteristics

Jagosz B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr III/1

659--671

EN

The aim of this research was to study the effect of stecklings planting density on the seed stalk architecture, cluster yield and seed quality of 20 mono - and multigerm breeding lines and cultivars of red beet. The study included the new monogerm lines - AR79 A and AR79 B - breed in the Unit of Genetics Plant Breeding and Seed Science at the University of Agriculture in Kraków. The experiment was conducted in the years 2010 and 2011, in the open field conditions. Two planting densities of stecklings: 50×25 and 50×40 cm, were applied. Standard crop management practices, as recommended for red beet seed production under Polish conditions, were followed. The increase in plants interspacing from 50×25 to 50×40 cm led to the lower height, but twice higher number of shoots per plant, lower number of single, but higher number of bush and bush with main stem seed stalks, twice higher yield per plant as well higher thousand-seed weight and germination capacity. A large variation between genotypes in the features of seed-bearing plants, such as morphological structure, clusters yield and seed quality, were noted. Compared to other genotypes, the new monogerm breeding lines AR79 A and AR79 B formed very high, mostly bush or bush with main stem seed plants developing one of the largest numbers of unluckily, late-ripening shoots, yielded on the average level and producing the seeds of relatively low quality. The research has expanded the knowledge about the generative development of red beet. The results will facilitate Polish breeding programs aimed at the selection of monogerm red beet lines.

6

Effects of silicate fertilizer on seed yield in timothy-grass (Phleum pratense L.)

Radkowski A., Radkowska I.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 1

169--180

EN

A field experiment was conducted in the years 2012-2014, at the Plant Breeding Station in Polanowice near Krakow (220 m a.s.l.). The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) on seed yield and quality of timothy-grass (Phleum pratense L.) of “Egida” cultivar. A univariate field experiment in randomized block design was repeated four times, and the area of the experimental plots was 10 m2. The soil on the experimental plots was a loess derived haplic phaeozem of bonitation class I. The experimental factor was spraying with a silicon formulation in the form of Optysil® fertilizer at three doses: 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 dm3·ha-1. During the growing season, the plants were evaluated for their height, leaf greenness index (SPAD) and general condition. After harvesting, the seed yield and quality were assessed. The study revealed a significant effect of silicon on plant height, general condition and yield and quality of the seeds. The plants treated with silicon showed lower infestation rate with pathogens and pests than the control ones. Foliar fertilization with the highest dose of the silicon formulation (0.8 dm3·ha-1) caused a significant increase in seed yield as compared with control. The effects were also satisfactory in the plants treated with the formulation at 0.5 dm3·ha-1. The seeds obtained from silicon-treated plants were bigger, as revealed by the weight of 1000 seeds, and exhibited higher germination ability than the control seeds.

7

The yield of Silphium perfoliatum L. depending on the conditions of cultivation

Shalyuta B. V., Kostitskaya E. V.

Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 22, No. 2

91--97

EN

The article presents the results of two-year studies on the influence of the method of sowing and the level of nitrogen application on the yield of seeds of Silphium perfoliatum L. - a new fodder crop for the conditions of Belarus. Silphium is precious for the nutritive value of green mass. According to the literature sources, dry matter contains 16-28% of protein, more than 60% of nitrogen-free extractives, 13- 23% of sugars, high content of mineral substances, a small amount of fiber, adequate calcium and phosphorus, carotene, vitamin C. Mineral composition of Silphium contains 17.6% of dry matter, including 152.3 mg·kg-1 of ash. Macro elements: calcium - 18.1, phosphorus - 2.55, manganese - 4.48, potassium - 24.03, sodium - 0.40, sulphur - 0.40 mg·kg-1 of mg·kg-1 of dry matter. The mass of 1000 seeds was from 23.7 to 25.5 g. The seed germination was good and varied from 75% to 84%. It has been established that the best way to sow the Silphium is planting seedlings according to the 70x30 scheme. This option ensured the yield of seeds of 3.6 and 3.7 c/ha. The applying of increased doses of nitrogen fertilizers N90 and N120 and sowing seeds ensured the yield of seeds ranging from 3,6 to 3,9 c·ha-1.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki dwuletnich badań nad wpływem metody wysiewu i poziomu zastosowania azotanu na plonowanie nasion rożnika przerośniętego (Silphium perfoliatum L.) - nowej rośliny paszowej w warunkach panujących na terenie Białorusi. Rożnik jest cenną rośliną ze względu na wartości odżywcze zielonej masy. Według dostępnych źródeł, sucha masa zawiera 16-28% białka, więcej niż 60% związków bezazotowych wyciągowych, 12-23% cukrów, wysoką zawartość substancji mineralnych, małą ilość błonnika, taką samą ilość wapna i fosforu, karotenu, witaminy C. Rożnik w swoim składzie mineralnym zawiera 17.6% suchej masy, w tym 152.3 mg·kg popiołu. Makro pierwiastki: wapń - 18.1, fosfor - 2.55, mangan 4.48, potas - 24.03, sód - 0.40, siarka - 0.40 mg·kg-1 na mg·kg-1 suchej masy. Waga 1000 nasion wynosiła od 23.7 do 25.5 g. Kiełkowanie nasion było dobre i wynosiło of 75% do 84%. Ustalono, że najlepszym sposobem wysiewu rożnika jest sadzenie sadzonek zgodnie ze schematem 70x30. Ten wariant zapewniał plon nasion wynoszący 3.6 i 3.7 c·ha-1. Zastosowanie zwiększonych dawek nawozów azotowych N90 i N120 oraz wysiew nasion zapewniły plon nasion od 3.6 do 3.9 c·ha-1.

8

Konopie oleiste (Cannabis sativa L. var. oleifera) uprawiane na nasiona do produkcji oleju i biogazu

Burczyk H.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2016

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R. 24, nr 4

109--116

PL

Konopie znane są jako rośliny włókniste uprawiane na włókno, ale dające niskie plony nasion (0,8-1,2 Mg·ha-1), które są przeznaczane głównie na materiał siewny lub olej spożywczy. Dużą zaletą konopi jest dobrze rozwinięta część wegetatywna, umożliwiająca dobre wykorzystywanie energii słonecznej i asymilacji CO2. Z uwagi na palowy system korzeniowy, konopie mogą pobierać wodę i składniki pokarmowe z głębszej warstwy gleby. Biorąc pod uwagę zalety konopi, postanowiono w 2007 r. wyhodować w Zakładzie Doświadczalnym Pętkowo nową formę konopi oleistych dających wysokie plony nasion na olej spożywczy. Po 7 latach intensywnych prac hodowlanych uzyskano interesujący ród nr P/08N (o nazwie Henola), który w 2014 r. zgłoszono do badań rejestrowych w Centralnym Ośrodku Badania Odmian Roślin Uprawnych. Równocześnie przeprowadzono w latach 2013-2015 doświadczenia polowe w Zakładzie Doświadczalnym Stary Sielec dotyczące plonowania oraz wpływu gęstości siewu (20, 40 i 60 kg·ha–1) nowego rodu Henola, w warunkach nawożenia (kg·ha-1): 40 N, 30 P2O5 i 80 K2O). Wyniki doświadczeń potwierdzają możliwość otrzymywania wysokich plonów nasion w miarę wzrostu gęstości siewu (średnio 4,4 Mg·ha-1 w warunkach wysiewu 60 kg·ha-1) o zawartości oleju w nasionach ok. 28% i plonie oleju ok. 1,25 Mg·ha-1. Kwiatostany konopi oleistych zawierają 0,32% olejku eterycznego oraz 0,013% tetrahydrokannabinolu (THC) i 0,07% kannabidiolu (CBD). Plony słomy konopi oleistych są oczywiście o połowę niższe od plonów z konopi włóknistych i wzrastają w miarę zwiększania gęstości siewu średnio z 14,5 do 18,0 Mg·ha-1 powietrznie suchej masy. Słomę można wykorzystać do produkcji biogazu lub przeznaczyć na opał w formie pelletu. Powyższe wyniki doświadczeń potwierdzają możliwość uzyskiwania wysokich plonów nasion konopi oleistych. Poza tym uzasadniają konieczność kontynuowania hodowli zachowawczej i określenia zasad agrotechniki w celu poprawienia wydajności i jakości plonu nasion i oleju.

EN

So far, hemp has been known as a fibre plant, grown for fibre, but with low seed yield (0.8- 1.2 Mg·ha-1), used mainly as planting seed or for edible oil production. Hemp has a considerable advantage of developing a large vegetative part of the plant which facilitates high use of solar energy and assimilation of CO2. Owing to its taproot system, hemp can absorb water and nutrients located in the deeper soil layers. Given these advantages of hemp, in 2007, the Pętkowo Experimental Station (ZD Pętkowo) endeavored to breed a new form of oilseed hemp with high seed yield for edible oil. After seven years of intensive breeding efforts an interesting line no. P/08N (named Henola) was obtained and submitted for registration tests at the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU). Simultaneously, field trials were conducted at the Stary Sielec Experimental Station (ZD Stary Sielec) in 2013- 2015, intended to examine the yield and the influence of sowing density (20, 40 and 60 kg·ha-1) of the new Henola line (fertilization in kg·ha-1: 40 N, 30 P2O5 and 80 K2O). The results confirm that high seed yield is feasible as sowing density increases (average of 4.4 Mg·ha-1 with sowing density of 60 kg·ha-1); the proportion of oil in the seeds amounts to ca. 28% and oil obtained amounts to ca. 1.25 Mg·ha-1. Inflorescence of oilseed hemp contains 0.32% of essential oil, 0.013% of THC and 0.07% of CBD. Straw yield is half that of fibrous hemp and it increases as sowing density goes up on average from 14.5-18.0 Mg·ha-1 of dry mass. The straw may be used to produce biogas or pellet fuel. The above results of the trials confirm that high yield of oilseed hemp is feasible. They also justify the necessity to continue the maintenance breeding and determine the principles of agricultural technology in order to improve the yield and quality of seed and oil crops.

9

Impact of the agro-environmental factors on the seed yield and yields components productivity of Latvian original hemp

Stafecka I., Stramkale V., Stramkalis A., Kroica I., Ivanovs S.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 61, nr 4

164--167

EN

In the European Union, including Latvia there is an increasing interest in cultivation and production of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibres as well as seeds. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate N fertilization and sowing rate suitable for seed yield productivity of hemp cultivar ‘Purini’ in Latvian environmental conditions. Research was carried out to study the effect of the environmental factors in the cultivation years 2012 - 2013 and 2015, genotype (‘Purini’), nitrogen fertilizer doses (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ∙ ha-1), seeding density (50, 70, 90 and 110 kg ∙ ha-1) in one vegetation period on hemp seed yield. In this case agronomically important traits, such as seed yield, 1000 seed mass and seed oil contents also were taken into account. Investigation has been conducted in the Agricultural Scientific Centre of Latgale in field trials. Yield parameters of hemp varied both by years and by treatments. Correlations showed statistically positive significant relationships between seed yield and nitrogen rate increasing in all years. Seed yield of hemp ranged from 0.83 to 2.39 t ∙ ha-1. In 2015 optimal plant seed density rate of 50 kg ∙ ha-1 by seed yield 2.05 t ∙ ha-1.

PL

W Unii Europejskiej, w tym na Łotwie wzrasta zainteresowanie uprawą i produkcją włókna i nasion z przemysłowych konopi (Cannabis sativa L.). Celem badań była ocena wpływu nawożenia azotem i normy wysiewu odpowiedniej dla produktywności uprawy odmiany konopi 'Puriņi' w łotewskich warunkach środowiskowych. Badania zostały przeprowadzone, by zbadać oddziaływanie czynników środowiskowych w latach uprawy 2012-2013 i 2015, genotyp ('Purini'), dawki nawozu azotowego (0, 30, 60 i 90 kg ∙ ha-1), gęstość siewu (50, 70, 90 i 110 kg ∙ ha-1) na plon nasion konopi w jednym okresie wegetacyjnym. W tym przypadku agronomicznie ważne cechy, takie jak: plon nasion, masa 1000 nasion i zawartość oleju w nasionach zostały również uwzględnione. Badania polowe przeprowadzono w Rolniczym Centrum Naukowym w Łatgalia. Parametry plonu konopi różniły się zarówno w poszczególnych latach jak i przeprowadzonymi zabiegami. Korelacje pokazały statystycznie pozytywne znaczące związki pomiędzy plonem nasion a normą nawożenia azotem (wzrost we wszystkich latach). Plon nasion konopi wynosił od 0.83 do 2.39 t ∙ ha-1. W 2015 optymalny wskaźnik gęstości siewu wyniósł 50 kg ∙ ha-1 a plon nasion 2.05 t ∙ ha-1.

10

The effect of flat covers on the growth and yield of broad beans (Vicia faba ssp. Major)

Franczuk J., Rosa R., Kosterna-Kelle E., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska A., Tartanus M., Chromińska K.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/4

1733--1744

EN

The experiment was carried out in 2007-2009, in the central-eastern Poland. The investigated factors were kind of covers: the control without covering, perforated foil with 100 holes per 1m2 and polypropylene fibre weighing 17·g·m-2, and broad beans cultivars - ‘White Windsor’, ‘Bizon’ and ‘Bachus’. Broad bean seeds were sown at the beginning of the second decade of April, at 50 × 10 cm spacing. Directly after sowing the field was covered by covers, which were left on the plants for 3 weeks. After removing the covers the height of plants was measured. Broad bean was harvested at the stage of milk maturity of seeds. The height of broad bean plants and the number of pods per plant were determined prior to the harvest. During the harvest the weight of pods and the yield of fresh seeds were determined and productivity of seeds was calculated from the weight of pods. Biometric parameters of pods and seeds i.e. length of pods, the number of seeds per pod and length, width and thickness of seeds were measured. It was found that the broad bean covering contributed to increase in the height of plant and yield as well as improvement of the biometric parameters of pods and seeds compared to the control object without covering. The highest yield of pods and seeds was produced by ‘Bizon’ cv. Plants covered by polypropylene fibre yielded best. The seeds of grown cultivars were characterized by similar parameters. Polypropylene fibre covering favoured formation of pods and seeds in the pods but did not cause changes in the seed parameters.

11

Effects of foliar application of titanium on seed yield in timothy (Phleum pratense L.)

Radkowski A., Radkowska I., Lemek T.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 4

691--701

EN

Titanium is one of a plant biostimulators. It stimulates life processes, growth and development, as well as affects physiological and biochemical pathways, often increasing biomass production and enhancing yield. An open field experiment was conducted in the years 2011-2013 in Polanowice, Poland to investigate the effects of titanium foliar fertilization on the growth of timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.). This single-factor, randomized block design study was performed in four replicates on research plots with the area of 10 m2 each. The substrate was black loess soil (chernozem) typical for top class farmland. Titanium fertilization via leaf spray was performed with a water solution of Tytanit® at three doses of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 dm3 · ha−1. Foliar fertilization with the highest dose of Tytanit® significantly increased seed yield, thousand grain weight and germination capacity. Moreover, the middle dose of Tytanit® (0.4 dm3 · ha−1) was enough to observe a positive effect on the sample.

PL

Doświadczenie prowadzono w latach 2011-2013 na terenie Stacji Hodowli Roślin w Polanowicach pod Krakowem (220 m n.p.m.). Celem eksperymentu było zbadanie wpływu tytanu (Ti) na plon i jakość nasion tymotki łąkowej odmiany ʽEgidaʼ. Jednoczynnikowe doświadczenie polowe założono metodą losowanych bloków, w czterech powtórzeniach, powierzchnia poletek doświadczalnych wynosiła 10 m2. Na polu doświadczalnym występował czarnoziem zdegradowany wytworzony z lessu, zaliczany pod względem bonitacyjnym do klasy I. Czynnikiem doświadczenia był oprysk biostymulatorem wzrostu w postaci nawozu Tytanit® w trzech dawkach: 0,2, 0,4 i 0,8 dm3 · ha–1. Zastosowanie nawożenia dolistnego Tytanitem® w najwyższej dawce (0,8 dm3 · ha–1) spowodowało istotny wzrost plonów nasion, masy tysiąca nasion oraz zdolności kiełkowania w stosunku do obiektu kontrolnego. Zadowalające efekty uzyskano już w obiektach, gdzie aplikowano Tytanit® w dawce 0,4 dm3 · ha–1.

12

Zależność plonowania grochu siewnego od wybranych właściwości gleby

Jaskulska I., Jaskulski D., Kotwica K.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2011

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T. 11, z. 2

83-93

PL

W zróżnicowanych warunkach glebowych ukształtowanych pod wpływem wieloletniego nawożenia organicznego i mineralnego oraz naturalnej ich zmienności badano zależność plonowania grochu siewnego od uziarnienia gleby, zawartości węgla organicznego, pH oraz zasobności w przyswajalne formy makroelementów. Oceniono cechy biometryczne, elementy plonowania i plon nasion grochu siewnego (Pisum sativum L.). Przeprowadzono ocenę zmienności i analizy: czynnikową, korelacji, regresji prostej i wielokrotnej. Na podstawie badań stwierdzono duże zróżnicowanie właściwości gleby, zwłaszcza na obiektach nienawożonych i nawożonych obornikiem wraz z mineralnymi formami azotu, fosforu, potasu oraz magnezu i regularnie wapnowanych. Warunki glebowe najbardziej różnicowały obsadę roślin grochu siewnego, liczbę strąków na roślinie i masę nasion w strąku. Plon nasion zależał od składu granulometrycznego gleby oraz zawartości materii organicznej. Korzystnie na jego poziom wpłynęła większa zawartość ziaren frakcji drobniejszych niż piaskowa oraz zawartość węgla organicznego w glebie.

EN

The relationship between pea yielding and soil texture, soil organic carbon, pH and available nutrients were analysed under various soil conditions developed as a result of long-term organic and mineral fertilisation and their natural variation. Biometric properties, yielding components and the pea seed yield were assessed. Results were tested with the factorial and variation analysis, correlation, linear and multiple regression analysis. A high variation of soil properties was found, especially between unfertilised treatments and those fertilised with FYM with mineral forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium and regularly limed. Soil conditions differentiated most the density of pea plants, the number of pods per plant and the seed weight per pod. The seed yield depended on soil texture and on the content of organic matter. Higher content of grain fractions finer than sand and organic carbon content in the soil favoured pea yielding.

13

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Quantity of Seed Yield of Selected Poa pratensis L. Cultivars

Grygierzec B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 8

1019-1024

EN

The paper presents a compilation of results obtained from field and laboratory experiments conducted in 2005–2007 at the Malopolska Plant Breeding Station in Skrzeszowice near Krakow (220 m a.s.l) on three forage cultivars of Poa pratensis (Skrzeszowicka, Duna and Balin). The investigations aimed at determining the effect of mineral fertilization mainly with nitrogen on the quantity of seed. The studies analysed three nitrogen fertilizer doses (60, 90 and 110 kg N ha–1) which were used as a whole or divided into two or three parts. Moreover assessed were several dates of nitrogen application: early spring, “under the panicle” and the autumn date. Both the dose of nitrogen and the date of its application significantly affected the number of plants per 1 m2. Mineral fertilization with nitrogen dosed 110 kg N ha–1 and divided into two parts resulted in about 5 times greater seed yields than in the objects without fertilization obtained from Balin cultivar (577.4 kg ha–1) and Skrzeszowicka cultivar (543.9 kg ha–1). A significantly lower crop yield was produced by Duna cultivar (245.2 kg ha–1).

PL

Praca zawiera zestawienie wyników badań polowych i laboratoryjnych przeprowadzonych w Stacji Małopolskiej Hodowli Rooelin – HBP w Skrzeszowicach koło Krakowa (220 m n.p.m.) w latach 2005–2007 z trzema pastewnymi odmianami wiechliny łąkowej (Skrzeszowicka, Duna, Balin). Badania miały na celu okreoelenie wpływu nawożenia mineralnego, głównie azotem, na wielkooeć plonu nasion. W badaniach uwzględniono trzy dawki nawożenia azotem (60, 90 i 110 kg N ha–1), które stosowano jednorazowo bądź dzielono na dwie lub trzy części. Ponadto ocenie poddano kilka terminów stosowania azotu: wczesnowiosenny, na początku kłoszenia i termin jesienny. Wielkooeć dawki azotu, jak również termin jego stosowania wpłynął na ilości roślin na 1 m2. Pod wpływem nawożenia mineralnego azotem w dawce 110 kg N ha–1 dzielonej na dwie części uzyskano w odniesieniu do obiektów nie nawożonych około 5-krotnie wyższe plony nasion u odmiany Balin (587,4 kg ha–1) oraz u odmiany Skrzeszowickiej (543,9 kg ha–1). Istotnie niższym plonowaniem odznaczyła się odmiana Duna (245,2 kg ha–1).

14

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Seed Production of Lolium perenne L. Turfgrass Cultivars

Grygierzec B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 12

1675-1682

EN

The paper contains the results of field and laboratory experiments on three Lolium perenne L. turfgrass cultivars (Gazon, Nira and Sandra) at Malopolska Plant Breeding Station (HBP) in Skrzeszowice near Krakow (220 m a.s.l.) conducted in the years 2006–2008. The analyses assessed the effect of doses of mineral fertilization with nitrogen (60, 90 and 120 kg N ha–1) applied at early spring, the start of the earing stage and autumn on the seed yield. The highest yield was monitored by the inflorescence shoot density of cv. Nira (1895 shoots/m2), cv. Gazon (1976 shoots/m2) and cv. Sandra (2098 shoots/m2). Fertilization dose of 90 kg N ha–1 applied three times effected the most considerably the number of spikelets per ear and the efficiency of seed settling on the ear: from 73 % (cv. Nira) to 76 % (cv. Sandra). The highest seed yield was obtained as a result of the 120 kg N ha–1 fertilizations applied three times.

PL

Praca zawiera zestawienie wyników badań polowych i laboratoryjnych przeprowadzonych w Stacji Małopolskiej Hodowli Roślin - HBP w Skrzeszowicach koło Krakowa (220 m n.p.m.) w latach 2006-2008 z trzema gazonowymi odmianami życicy trwałej (Gazon, Nira, Sandra). W badaniach poddano ocenie wielkość dawki nawożenia mineralnego azotem (60, 90, 120 kg N ha-1) oraz termin jego stosowania (wczesnowiosenny, początek kłoszenia i jesienny), na wielkość plonu nasion. W przeliczeniu na 1 m2 uzyskanie największego plonu nasion zapełniała obsada pędów kwiatowych: 1895 u odmiany Nira, 1976 u odmiany Gazon oraz 2098 u odmiany Sandra. Nawożenie azotem w dawce 90 kg N ha-1 zastosowanej w trzech terminach: wczesnowiosennym, na początku kłoszenia i jesiennym najbardziej zwiększało liczbę kłosków w kłosie oraz efektywność osadzania nasion w kłosie od 73 % u odmiany Nira do 76 % u odmiany Sandra. Największy plon nasion uzyskano pod wpływem dawki 120 kg ha-1, zastosowanej w trzech terminach: wczesnowiosennym, na początku kłoszenia i jesiennym.

15

Options of using Zn-contaminated soil for the production of some agricultural crops

Losak T., Richter R., Hlusek J.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2004

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Vol. 11, nr 7

639--645

EN

Soil samples were taken from the top (ploughing) layer of soil contaminated with Zn for a long period. In dependence on the source of contamination, Zn contents (estimated in 1 mol. dm-3 HCI solution) were 45-60, 127-131, 186-194 and 263-298 mg · kg-1. The effect of increased Zn levels on yields and health status of seeds of winter rape and of ryegrass hay was studied in a vegetation pot trial. The yields of seeds of winter rape increased proportionally to the level of Zn in the soil. The highest yields were obtained on the soil, which contained 186 mg Zn · kg-1. A further increase of the Zn level in the soil resulted in the depression of both seed and straw yields. The content of Zn in seeds increased in dependence on the level of Zn in soil and increased from 50.8 to 84.6 mg · kg-1. The content of Zn in the straw increased too, viz. from 50.9 to 203 mg · kg-1. Higher levels of zinc in the soil showed a more marked effect on the Zn content in straw than in seeds. In seeds, the Zn content decreased with the increasing level of zinc from 37.1 to 19.4%. The content of available zinc in the soil bad no statistically significant effect on dry matter yields of ryegrass, but bad a positive effect only on the production of dry matter in the period among the individual cuts. The highest increase in dry matter production was monitored in the variant with a content of 127 mg Zn · kg-1 in the soil in the first and second cut. The Zn level in the soil was seen to have a marked effect on the Zn concentration in the plants. The lowest Zn concentration appeared in the 1st cut. From the 2nd cut the Zn level increased to a favourable level, however in no case did it exceed a high to toxic level. On soil with a higher level of Zn the selection of a suitable crop is inevitable if we are to produce a healthy and safe product.

PL

Próbki gleby pobrano z wierzchniej (ornej) warstwy gleby zanieczyszczonej Zn przez dłuższy okres. W zależności od źródła zanieczyszczenia, zawartości Zn (oznaczona w roztworze 1 mol HCI · dm-3) wynosiły 45-60,127-131,186-194 i 263-298 mg · kg-1. Wpływ wzrastających poziomów Zn na plony i stan zdrowotny nasion rzepaku ozimego i siana z rajgrasu badano w wazonowym doświadczeniu wegetacyjnym. Plony nasion rzepaku ozimego wzrastały proporcjonalnie do poziomu Zn w glebie. Największe plony uzyskano na glebie, która zawierała 186 mg Zn · kg-1. Dalszy wzrost poziomu Zn w glebie skutkował zmniejszeniem ilości plonu zarówno nasion, jak i słomy. , Zawartość Zn w nasionach wzrastała w zależności od poziomu Zn w glebie od 50,8 do 84,6 mg · kg-1. Zawartość Zn w słomie także wzrastała, mianowicie z 50,9 do 203 mg · kg-1. Wyższe poziomy cynku w glebie wykazały znaczny wpływ na zawartość Zn w słomie i nasionach. W nasionach zawartość Zn obniżyła się ze wzrostem poziomu cynku od 37,1 do 19,4%. Zawartość przyswajalnego cynku w glebie nie miała statystycznie znaczącego wpływu na plon suchej masy rajgrasu, ale miała pozytywny wpływ tylko na produkcję suchej masy w okresie pomiędzy poszczególnymi pokosami. Największy wzrost produkcji suchej masy obserwowano w wariancie z zawartością 127 mg Zn · kg-1 w glebie w pokosach pierwszy i drugim. Poziom Zn w glebie wydawał się mieć wyraźny wpływ na zawartość Zn w roślinach. Najmniejszą zawartość Zn obserwowano w pierwszym pokosie. Od drugiego pokosu poziom Zn wzrastał do korzystnego poziomu, jednak w żadnym przypadku nie przekraczał wysokości poziomu toksycznego. Na glebie z wyższym poziomem Zn dobór odpowiedniej rośliny jest niezbędne, jeśli chce się wytwarzać zdrowe i bezpieczne produkty.