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1

Influence of planting density of monogerm and multigerm red beet stecklings on the seed stalks characteristics

Jagosz B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr III/1

659--671

EN

The aim of this research was to study the effect of stecklings planting density on the seed stalk architecture, cluster yield and seed quality of 20 mono - and multigerm breeding lines and cultivars of red beet. The study included the new monogerm lines - AR79 A and AR79 B - breed in the Unit of Genetics Plant Breeding and Seed Science at the University of Agriculture in Kraków. The experiment was conducted in the years 2010 and 2011, in the open field conditions. Two planting densities of stecklings: 50×25 and 50×40 cm, were applied. Standard crop management practices, as recommended for red beet seed production under Polish conditions, were followed. The increase in plants interspacing from 50×25 to 50×40 cm led to the lower height, but twice higher number of shoots per plant, lower number of single, but higher number of bush and bush with main stem seed stalks, twice higher yield per plant as well higher thousand-seed weight and germination capacity. A large variation between genotypes in the features of seed-bearing plants, such as morphological structure, clusters yield and seed quality, were noted. Compared to other genotypes, the new monogerm breeding lines AR79 A and AR79 B formed very high, mostly bush or bush with main stem seed plants developing one of the largest numbers of unluckily, late-ripening shoots, yielded on the average level and producing the seeds of relatively low quality. The research has expanded the knowledge about the generative development of red beet. The results will facilitate Polish breeding programs aimed at the selection of monogerm red beet lines.

2

The influence of standing vegetation height on the reproductive allocation In populations of Serratula tinctoria L. (Asteraceae)

Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K., Bąba W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 1

89--99

EN

The advantage of the clonal plants over the nonclonal species in colonization of all biomes and biogeographical regions primarily is due to occurrence of two modes of reproduction. The creating of vegetative propagules with high vitality and survivability, enables the spread in the newly colonized site, while seed production increases the chances for successful recruitment of seedlings, ensuring the genetic diversity of the population. The differences in allocation into vegetative reproduction and generative propagation in relation to rising height of adjacent plants was investigated in populations of Serratula tinctoria L., occurring in Molinietum caeruleae meadows localized in Southern Poland. Each locality was represented by randomly established three permanent study plots: dominated by small meadow species (LOW), prevailed by large-tussock grasses (INTER) and overgrown by shrubs and trees (HIGH). In the years 2009–2011 the number of leaf rosettes and length of the longest leaf in rosette (as a measure of allocation in vegetative propagation), as well as height of generative stems, number of capitula per stem and number of seeds per capitulum (as indicators of investment in generative reproduction) were observed. The allocation in vegetative reproduction decreased along the gradient of vegetation height. The gradually decline of number of rosettes might be caused by lack of free space suitable for establishment of new ramets, whereas the small leaf size could be due to drastically augmentation of shading. The allocation in generative reproduction increased along the gradient of vegetation height. The placement of structures necessary for generative propagation in higher layers of herbaceous canopy, as well as considerable number of capitula and seed production might increase the chances for successful recruitment of seedlings. On the basis of obtained results combining with published data it should be assumed, that the substantial allocation in vegetative reproduction and the slight investment in generative propagation seems to be sufficient for persistence of Serratula tinctoria populations in patches dominated by small meadow species, while the considerable allocation in generative reproduction could be crucial for maintenance of population viability under competitive conditions.

3

Intra-specific diversity of seed productivity and morphological features in parasitic species Orobanche bartlingii Griseb. (Orobanchaceae)

Piwowarczyk R., Jankowska-Błaszczuk M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

723--738

EN

Parasitic plants are characterized by production of a large number, of one of the smallest seeds in the world’s flora, of length less than 1 mm, frequently called ‘dust seeds’. The paper presents detailed data concerning the seed productivity and their size as well as morphological diversity of a very rare and endangered parasitic species Orobanche bartlingii (Orobanchaceae). O. bartlingii occurs from central and eastern Europe to China, although it is very rare and sporadic, totally absent in large parts of Europe. In Poland, O. bartlingii occurs mostly in the Silesia-Cracow Upland, sporadically in the Małopolska Upland and in the Noteć valley. Libanotis pyrenaica is the most frequently reported as the host plant of the Bartling’s broomrape. O. bartlingii in Poland prefers thermophilous fringe vegetation of the Geranion sanguinei (Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei class) and Prunetalia spinosae alliances (Rhamno-Prunetea class), xerothermic grasslands of the Festucetalia valesiacae order, usually with the saxicolous Festucetum pallentis association (Festuco-Brometea class). The studies were conducted at the most abundant population of the species in the Silesia-Cracow Upland (S Poland). The populations of species are located in the Podzamcze near Ogrodzieniec, on the highest elevation of the Silesia-Cracow Upland, the Janowski Mountain (515.5 m). The working hypothesis of this study was that: (i) Orobanche bartlingii seeds coming from the same ovary differ in size and dimension, (ii) the slope exposure where Orobanche plants grew influences the seed productivity as well as some morphological traits. We examined the diversity of some morphological traits: the length of shoot (A) and corolla tube (B), the number of flowers per shoot (C). The aim of the studies was to show the seed dimensions and individual productivity, i.e. numbers of seeds per fruit (D), percentages of smaller seeds in ovaries (E), total number of seeds per plant (F). We also analyzed the data as well as the correlation between measured traits for all population and independently for plants growing on different slope exposure. The O. bartlingii seeds differ in terms of size and dimension. In each individual we found smaller oval seeds and bigger, more oblong ones. We state that the exposure does not have a significant impact on the (A, B, C, F traits) but individuals from N exposure featured a significantly lower percentage of smaller seeds in ovaries. We noted that more fertile individuals, i.e. those producing more seeds per individual contain smaller number of small seeds. The number of seeds per individual ranged from 1,870 to 627,250 with the coefficient of variation of about 99%. We found that higher individuals were characterized by a greater number of flowers, a higher seed production, a longer corolla tube and a higher number of seeds in the ovary no matter on which slope exposure they grew. Knowledge of the biology of endangered species, especially fertility and morphological diversity in microhabitat is essential for their protection.

4

Differences between snap bean cultivars in seed productivity and quality in organic cultivation

Szafirowska A.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 59, nr 4

89--93

EN

The aim of studies was to select the most suitable cultivars of snap bean for seed production under organic conditions. Seed cultivation in organic farms is rather troublesome because of the scarcity of efficient disease and pest control agents. On the other hand the legumes species are very much wanted in this kind of farms. The research was conducted on organic experimental field in the Institute of Horticulture at Skierniewice during 2012-2013. Ten open pollinated cultivars were examined as fallows: five yellow pod ones Furora Polana, Galopka, Korona, Tampa and Tara and five green pod Delfina, Eliza, Paulinera, Sandra and Syrenka. In general the yellow pod cultivars yielded better in both years of studies. Among them the highest yield was obtained from cv. Furora Polana and Tampa, but the lowest from cv. Tara. In the group of green pods cv. Syrenka yielded the best while the worst Eliza and Sandra. Seed parameters such as germination percentage, seedling and seed health differed between cultivars. Two of them distinguished themselves in the highest quality parameters. There were cv. Tampa with germination in average 89,4% and cv. Tara 83.3%. Seeds of some cultivars germinated below standards for this species. The seeds of three cultivars San-dra, Syrenka and Paulinera never reached the required minimum of germination.

PL

Celem prowadzonych badań było wytypowanie odmian fasoli szparagowej najbardziej przydatnych do produkcji nasion w uprawie ekologicznej. Produkcja nasion w systemie ekologicznym jest obarczona trudnościami związanymi z niedostatkiem skutecznych środków ochrony roślin. Z drugiej strony rośliny motylkowate są zalecane do uprawy w gospodarstwach ekologicznych. Badania prowadzono na ekologicznym polu doświadczalnym Instytutu Ogrodnictwa w Skierniewicach w latach 2012-2013. Do badań wzięto dziesięć odmian ustalonych fasoli, pięć żółtostrąkowych: Furora Polana, Galopka, Koro-na, Tampa i Tara oraz pięć zielonostrąkowych: Delfina, Eliza, Paulinera, Sandra i Syrenka. W obu latach badań żółtostrąkowe odmiany plonowały lepiej niż zielonostrąkowe. Wśród tych pierwszych najlepiej plonującymi w obu latach badań były Furora Polana i Tampa, a najgorzej plonowała Tara. W grupie odmian zielonostrąkowych najwyższy plon dała Syrenka, a najniższy Eliza i Sandra. Parametry jakości nasion, takie jak energia i zdolność kiełkowania, udział siewek i nasion chorych, były zróżnicowane w zależności od odmiany. Dwie odmiany wyróżniały się najwyższymi parametrami kiełkowania: Tampa - ze średnią zdolnością kiełkowania 89,4% i Tara - 83.3%. Nasiona niektórych odmian kiełkowały poniżej wymaganej normy dla tego gatunku. Nasiona trzech odmian: Sandra, Syrenka i Paulinera w żadnym roku nie osiągnęły wymaganego minimum kiełkowania.

5

Seed productivity in relation to other shoot features for endangered parasitic plant Orobanche picridis F.W. Schultz (Orobanchaceae)

Piwowarczyk R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 1

55--64

EN

Parasitic plants species of the genus Orobanche produce a very high number of small dust-like seeds. The seed shape of Orobanche sp. is ellipsoid to globose, ca. 0.3 x 0.4 mm. Orobanche picridis F.W. Schultz is a sub-Mediterranean-sub-Atlantic species. It has the NE range limit in Poland and Ukraine. The species is seriously endangered in Poland and neighbouring countries. O. picridis occurs only in southern Poland (34 localities). It prefers habitats on chalky rendzina, especially S-facing. It colonizes abandoned fallows and wastelands, field margins, initial xerothermic grasslands. They are mostly ecotone communities, in semi-ruderal xerothermic pioneer communities belonging to the DaucoPicridetum (Artemisietea vulgaris class). The aim of this study was to determine potential and real seed productivity in Orobanche picridis and correlations between the characteristics of the shoots. Research hypothesis is to show that the studied traits of shoots show the highest correlation with the production of seeds. The paper presents investigations into potential and real seed productivity of Orobanche picridis for the first time. Investigations were conducted in 2010 at three most abundant localities of O. picridis in southern Poland in the Wyżyna Małopolska upland (S Poland) - Wesołówka (Przedgórze Iłżeckie foreland), Pińczów, and Pęczelice (Niecka Nidziańska basin). Research into the number of seeds produced per fruit and per shoot is discussed. Strict correlations between seed productivity and shoot features, i.e. shoot height, inflorescence length, number of fruits and corolla tube length were observed. The number of seeds in a single ovary in O. picridis varied and ranged from 457 to 3 246. The mean number of seeds per shoot is 55 172 based on the data collected at the three sites and ranges between 8 911 and 151 050. Seed productivity depends significantly on the size of a plant, that is on the shoot height, correlation coefficient r = 0.7, inflorescence length, r = 0.6, number of flowers and fruits per plant, r = 0.6, and on the flower size, r = 0.5.

6

Causes of variation in generative reproduction of Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce in N-Poland populations

Kosiński I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

443--456

EN

Seed production, seedling establishment and survival into the generative phase are important stages in the life cycles of clonal species. The aim of this study was to assess the variation of generative reproduction and factors affecting its size in the natural populations of Polygonatum odoratum. It was hypothesized that: (a) seed output in a population is strongly affected by biotic and abiotic environmental factors, and weakly related to population abundance, (b) seeds’ ability to germinate and seedlings’ survival depend on the seed size. The field studies were conducted in five populations of Polygonatum odoratum in 2000–2011. Sex allocation in flowers was estimated as the number of hermaphrodite flowers on shoots and ovules in ovaries. Generative shoots, flowers and fruits on them were recorded in each population. The type and size of damage to plants by large herbivores and insects were recorded. The three sowing experiments were conducted in order to estimate seedling performance and survival. The populations differed significantly in the fraction of hermaphrodite flowers and ovule number. The number of generative shoots and flowers on them as well as the seed output significantly differentiated the populations and patches. In the first year of study, the mean seed output ranged from 0.3 to 123.7 m-2, and it markedly decreased in two populations, where there was no seed at last years of study. Generative shoots were often grazed by roe-deer, leaves were eaten by Phymato cera aterrima and flowers were infested by Con tarinia polygonati larvae. Seedling emergence was significantly correlated with the mean seed mass. Seven-year-old individuals were able to reach generative phase. In conclusions, the results suggest that the generative shoots provide a long-term inflow of seeds to the population. Under experimental conditions, substantial survival enabled the plants to potentially reach generative maturity. In studied populations, the most important reason for dynamic of seed output was animal pressure (in order – grazing, flower infestation and defoliation). The effect of these biotic factors was visible in a short period – in the current year. In contrast, the impact of abiotic factors (e.g. lighting), was appeared in a longer period.

7

Reproductive potential of the alien species Asclepias syriaca (Asclepiadaceae) in the rural landscape

Csontos P., Bozsing E., Cseresnyes I., Penksza K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

383-388

EN

In the beginning of its introduction Common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L. was used in Hungary as ornamental plant. After escaping from cultivation it has become wide spread during last decades of the 20th century. Nowadays, it covers large areas especially on sandy soils, and its further appearance is expected on dry, deforested and degraded areas. Two neglected fields and one abandoned vineyard were selected. For sampling two quadrates of size 4 m[^2] were used at each stand. The stands were characterized by the following variables: density of stems, percentage of reproductive stems, average number of inflorescences, average number of fruits, fruits per all inflorescences on a stem, pods per fruited inflorescences on a stem, average number of seeds per fruit. In the same quadrates the soil seed bank was studied at two depths (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm). The results showed that the density of stand, percentage of reproductive specimens and average number of fruits were significantly higher on the neglected fields than on the abandoned vineyard. In the neglected fields large number of seeds were detected in the upper soil-layer (2.7-18.6 x 10[^3] seeds m[^-2]), but in the lower soil-layer much fewer seeds were found and only in one of the fields. Common milkweed seeds were almost completely missing from both soil layers of the abandoned vineyard. However, the seeds recovered from the soils practically did not germinated, indicating that seeds of earlier years sets have lost viability, i.e. the studied stands of A. syriaca did not form a persistent soil seed bank. Nevertheless, the fresh seed production of the neglected field populations, that can reach 7-10 thousands seeds m[^-2], may cause a very strong propagulum load not only in the site but also on the surrounding areas.

8

Z dotychczasowych badań nad możliwością uprawy nasion roślin warzywnych w systemie ekologicznym

Sadowski Cz., Lenc L., Korpal W.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 51, nr 2

150-153

PL

Celem badań było określenie możliwości uprawy roślin warzywnych na nasiona w aspekcie fitopatologicznym. Wykazono możliwość otoczkowania nasion z wykorzystaniem biopreparatu opartego na grzybie Trichoderma viride dla ochrony siewek przed chorobami zgorzelowymi. Przy zachowaniu odpowiedniej technologii, w jednej otoczce znajdowało się 250 żywych jednostek tworzących kolonie grzyba (jtk). Najlepszy efekt uzyskano zaprawiając nasiona w wodnej zawiesinie biopreparatu i dodając pozostałość zawiesiny po zaprawianiu do komponentów w trakcie otoczkowania. Ważnym elementem jest czystość mikrobiologiczna stosowanych komponentów. Opryskiwanie biopreparatami w okresie wegetacji celem ochrony przed chorobami dawało zróżnicowane wyniki. Najlepszy efekt uzyskano w ochronie cebuli przed mączniakiem rzekomym (Peronospora destructor) stosując kilkakrotne opryskiwanie Bioseptem. Zebrane nasiona buraka ćwikłowego i marchwi jadalnej zasiedlone były licznie przez patogeny grzybowe. W trakcie czyszczenia większość zasiedlonych przez patogeny nasion została wyeliminowana ale ubytki byty znaczne.

EN

The aim of studies was evaluation of possibility of vegetable seed production from the phytopathological point of view. It was found that there is a possibility of seed coating with biopreparation based on fungus Trichoderma viride in order to protect seedlings from rot diseases. When a proper technology was used, 250 living cfu (colony forming units) were present in single coat. The best results were obtained after seed treatment with water suspension of biopreparation with addition of remains of suspension after treatment into components of coats. Microbiological cleanliness of coat components is also of a great importance. Sprayings with biopreparations during cropping season resulted in differentiated degree of pathogen development limitation. The best results were obtained in the case of downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) of onion after several sprayings with Biosept. Harvested seeds of red beet and carrot were numerously settled with fungal pathogens. During cleaning of seeds, most of them was removed but losses were considerable.

9

Rozwój postępu biologicznego traw pastewnych w Polsce w drugim 50-leciu XX wieku

Martyniak J.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2004

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T. 4, z. 2a

219-231

PL

W pracy oceniono postęp biologiczny traw pastewnych w latach 1951-2000. Analizowano rozwój hodowli odmian i nasiennictwa oraz jego introdukcji przez wprowadzenie nowych odmian do praktyki rolniczej. Analizie poddano obszerne dane liczbowe z lat 1951-2000. Na początku lat 50. po zniszczeniach wojennych, stan polskiej hodowli traw był skromny. Do 1960 r. wykorzystując materiały przedwojenne zdołano ją w 1/4 odbudować. W tym czasie na użytkach zielonych i gruntach ornych uprawiano ponad 30 bardzo dobrych polskich odmian populacyjnych 17 gatunków. W latach 1961-1980 wyhodowano 34 nowe odmiany, które były wykorzystywane do zagospodarowywania pomelioracyjnego dużych obszarów użytków zielonych. W latach 80. i 90. do produkcji wprowadzono 56 odmian bardziej wyspecjalizowanych, zarówno do określonego użytkowania jak i warunków siedliskowych. W sumie w latach 1951-2000 wykreowano 122 polskie odmiany traw pastewnych. Nasiennictwo rozwijało się równolegle z hodowlą. Był to jego "złoty okres". Nasiona produkowano na potrzeby krajowe i na eksport. Areał uprawy traw na nasiona przekraczał 65 tys. ha rocznie, a produkcja 30 tys. ton. Od 1991 r. notuje się drastyczny regres reprodukcji. Areał uprawy zmniejszył się do ok. 10 tys. ha, a produkcja do ok. 5 tys., czyli do poziomu z lat 50. Struktura reprodukcji została zawężona do trzech gatunków: Lolium perenne L., Festuca rubra L. i Poa pratensis L. Eksport niemal całkowicie wygasł i rozpoczął się import. Polska z eksportera nasion traw stała się ich importerem (ok. 30% pokrycia potrzeb). Introdukcja i wykorzystanie potencjału postępu genetycznego traw były w drugiej połowie XX w. przeważnie większe niż w przypadku innych grup roślin uprawnych i przekraczały 60%, a dopiero w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu zmniejszyły się poniżej 50%.

EN

Biological progress in the breeding of fodder grasses and in seed production in the period of 1951-2000 years was analysed. At the beginning of the fifties breeding of grasses in Poland collapsed but to the sixties it was rebuilt; above 30 Polish varieties from 17 species were introduced to agriculture. Between 1961 and 1980 34 new varieties were bred and in the eighties 30 new varieties were introduced. These varieties were more suitable for cultivation under different habitat conditions. After 1990 additional 26 new varieties were registered. In total in the period 1951-2000 122 Polish varieties of fodder grasses were created. In the second half of the XX century the seed production in Poland developed together with breeding. The cultivation covered over 65 thousand hectares, and the production exceeded 30 thousand tons. It was the "golden age" for seed production. In that period Poland exported grass seeds - even outside Europe . After 1991 drastic regress reduced seed cultivation to 10 thousand hectares and seed production to 5 thousand tons. The reproduction was limited only to: perennial ryegrass, red fescue and smooth stalked meadow-grass. Poland became the importer of about 30 % of seed grasses. In the second half of the century introduction and utilization of genetic potential of grasses were higher than those of the other crop plants. The use of genetic potential of grasses was equal to 60 % and decreased to 50 % in the last ten years.