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EN
This study presents an experiment for investigating the residual strength and toughness of reinforced concrete, RC, and slab reinforced by a geogrid as shrinkage reinforcement along with lower tensile steel reinforcement. Three different parameters were considered, slab thickness, number of geogrid layers, and thickness of the upper concrete cover. Fifteen slab samples with sizes of 50 × 50 cm exposed to the impact load on its center before being re-load by the static load and six slab samples exposed to the static load only. The load and deflection relation were recorded through the static loading process for all specimens, where loading capacity, toughness, and toughness index were measured. The results show an enhancement in the slabs residual strength as the slab thickness and concrete cover increased. On the other hand, the residual strength of slabs has a remarkable decrease with the increase in geogrid layers. Moreover, the toughness has a positive relationship with the concrete cover and has an inverse relation with the slab thickness and the number of layers. A geogrid reduced the number and distribution of cracks and mitigated their severity, especially for double layers with the same concrete cover.
PL
W artykule omówiono sposób wyznaczania wytrzymałości resztkowych z wykorzystaniem zdolności pochłaniania energii przez fibrokompozyt. Badania przeprowadzono przez zginanie płyt o przekroju kwadratowym podpartych przegubowo na obwodzie. Określone w ten sposób wytrzymałości resztkowe cechują się znacznie mniejszym współczynnikiem zmienności niż wyznaczone wg PN-EN 14651:2007. Opisane badanie jest alternatywą dla 3-punktowego zginania belek i pozwala na wyznaczenie tej cechy z większą wiarygodnością.
EN
The article discusses the method of determining residual strength using the energy absorption capacity of fibrecomposite. The research was carried out by bending square cross-section plates simply supported at the perimeter. The residual strengths determined in this way are characterized by a much lower coefficient of variation than those determined using the normative method according to PN-EN 14651:2007. The described test is an alternative to 3-point bending of beams and allows to determine this feature with greater reliability.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań próbek wykonanych z trzech mieszanek betonowych z dodatkiem włókien polimerowych. Stwierdzono, że na maksymalną wytrzymałość na ściskanie i rozciąganie przy zginaniu nie miał wpływu rodzaj i ilość włókien. Ich wpływ był widoczny po zarysowaniu się belek w teście trzypunktowego zginania. Określono i porównano resztkowe oraz równoważne wytrzymałości na rozciąganie przy zginaniu. Ponadto opisano zależności pomiędzy ugięciem oraz rozwarciem początku i końca nacięcia w zginanych belkach.
EN
The aim of the article was to present the results of testing three speciments made of polymer fiber reinforced concretes (FRC). It was found that the maximum compressive and flexural tensile strength was not affected by the type and amount of fibres. Their influence was visible after the cracking of the beams in the three - point bending test. Residual and equivalent flexural tensile strengths were calculated and compared. Finally, the dependencies between beam’s deflection and crack mouth and tip opening displacement in the flexural tests were described.
EN
The paper deals with the influence of quality failure of matrix post-curing on the strength of such complex and difficult "new generation" materials as fiber composites, especially those with polymer matrix. The performed statistical analysis of the components determined the complexity of the layered composite structure. And the developed model of the weakest micro-volume presented in this paper has helped to describe not only the pre-dictable strength of the laminate, but also the nature of failure, taking into account the fiber stresses and/or the distribution of end strains in the structure of the composite under consideration. The strength of fibre composi-te structures based on Markov chain theory takes into account technological aspects during the curing process. The presented model was verified on the basis of literature examples and experimental data obtained during the testing process. Numerical results show good agreement with literature examples and measured data. The pre-sented model may represent a novel method that provides further insight into the curing process of epoxy re-sins.
EN
The experimental tests presented in this work concern the impact resistance test and residual strength properties after an impact performed by a drop tower INSTRON CEAST 9340. The authors prepared samples of a composite material with a polymeric matrix L285 and H285 hardener, reinforced with eight ply fabric of carbon fibre. Two shapes of the impactor (spherical and V-shape) were used to perform the testing. The samples were impacted by three values of energy (10, 15, 20 [J]). Three-point bending tests were performed to the residual strength of the samples subjected to impact tests and compared to samples which had not been damaged earlier. The study showed differences in the influence of the shapes of the impactor on the nature of the composite damage. After the test, conclusions were drawn about the influence of the shape of the impactor on the area of composite damage and its character. Also, its influence on residual strength was described. Despite the clear differences in the area of damage to composites impacted by different impactors, this does not have a significant influence on the residual strength.
PL
Przedstawione w pracy badania eksperymentalne dotyczą badania udarności oraz właściwości wytrzymałości szczątkowej po uderzeniu wieżą zrzutową INSTRON CEAST 9340. Autorzy przygotowali próbki materiału kompozytowego z osnową polimerową L285 i utwardzaczem H285, wzmocnionego tkaniną ośmiowarstwową z włókna węglowego. Do badań wykorzystano dwa kształty impaktora (kulisty i V). Próbki były poddawane działaniu trzech wartości energii (10, 15, 20 [J]). Próby zginania trzypunktowego przeprowadzono do wytrzymałości szczątkowej próbek poddanych próbom udarności i porównano z próbkami, które wcześniej nie uległy uszkodzeniu. Badania wykazały różnice we wpływie kształtów impaktora na charakter uszkodzenia kompozytu. Po przeprowadzeniu badań wyciągnięto wnioski dotyczące wpływu kształtu impaktora na obszar uszkodzenia kompozytu i jego charakter. Opisano również jego wpływ na wytrzymałość resztkową. Pomimo wyraźnych różnic w obszarze uszkodzeń kompozytów pod wpływem różnych impaktorów, nie ma to istotnego wpływu na wytrzymałość szczątkową.
EN
More eco-friendly and green concretes are needed to lower the climatic and environmental impacts of the growing demand for concrete. Despite the growing interest in using natural zeolite (NZ) in cement-based materials as an eco-friendly alternative for ordinary Portland cement (OPC), there is limited knowledge regarding the post-fire mechanical properties of natural zeolitic concrete (NZC). Hence, the development of a global model is desired to better explore the strength behavior of NZC after exposure to elevated temperatures. This study focused on the post-fire behavior of low-to-high-strength NZC specimens using a novel evolutionary method. Therefore, a widespread experimental program was designed to perfectly investigate the post-fire compressive strength of NZC. The experimental results were then used to develop an evolutionary-based machine learning (ML) model. To do so, the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) method was hybridized with a new metaheuristic algorithm, the Horse herd Optimization Algorithm (HOA). Besides, the results of five different ML models, namely standalone MARS, M5P model tree (M5P), extreme learning machine (ELM), Gaussian process regression (GPR), and gene expression programming (GEP) were employed for comparison with the performance of metaheuristic-based MARS (Meta-MARS) model. Further external validation was conducted to show the superior performance of the Meta-MARS model. Also, a parametric study was conducted to demonstrate the robustness of the developed model. Moreover, an uncertainty analysis inspired by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method was applied to the prediction results. Results of the modeling provided new insight into the post-fire behavior of NZC and agreed well with the experimental results. The satisfactory post-fire performance of NZC is promising and shows the climatic, environmental, and economic advantages of utilizing natural pozzolans.
EN
Expanded polystyrene is widely used as a material for packaging, in modern construction as a heat and sound insulation layer, in thermal insulation systems for buildings, as well as tanks and pipelines. It is additionally used in foundry engineering for the production of models which are gasified during the production of castings from ferrous and non-ferrous alloys under the contact with liquid metal. The use of expanded polystyrene products is associated with waste generation, both in production and in consumption. About 40–50 kg/person of polystyrene waste is generated per year. The peculiarity of polymeric wastes is their resistance to aggressive environments. They do not rot and the destruction processes in natural conditions proceed rather slowly, with the formation of harmful substances that poison the environment. Therefore, the problem of the processing of waste from polymeric materials is of great importance, not only from the standpoint of environmental protection, but also due to the fact that in conditions of a shortage of polymer raw materials, this waste becomes a powerful raw material resource. This article describes the prospects for recycling expanded polystyrene wastes in foundry engineering. In this work, the properties of molding and core sands containing a combined binder, consisting of a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes in turpentine and clay were investigated, and their main characteristics (weight during stretching and crumbling) were determined. Molding and core mixtures, which contain only a binder in the form of a solution of expanded polystyrene in turpentine, have a crude strength of not more than 0.01 MPa. The introduction of a mixture of clay in the amount of 2–3% allows a crude strength of the mixture of up to 0.05 MPa to be obtained. After drying, the investigated mixtures containing a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes and clay have a tensile strength of up to 2.1 MPa. Mixtures into which a solution of polystyrene wastes and clay was introduced have an insignificant gas capacity and satisfactory gas permeability.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań elementów zginanych zbrojonych prętami na bazie kompozytów FRP narażonych na działanie podwyższonej temperatury. Pełnowymiarowe betonowe belki były narażone na ogień, a następnie ich rezydualna nośność została określona w 4-punktowym badaniu na zginanie.
EN
The article describes the results of experimental tests on bending elements reinforced with composite FRP bars subjected to elevated temperatures. Full-size concrete beams were tested in fire conditions and then their residual load-bearing capacity was tested in a 4-point bending test.
EN
In this paper, the combined effects of natural aging and fatigue loads are considered to assess the residual strength of wind turbine rotor blade composites under actual service environments. Firstly, a comprehensive environmental factor (CEF) methodology is adopted to quantify the combined effects of environmental factors on residual strength. Meanwhile, the artificial accelerated aging test data are used to determine the weight coefficients of the CEF. Subsequently, a two-variable function is presented to characterize the relationship among residual strength, aging time and the CEF. The natural aging test data are utilized to estimate the unknown parameters of the two-variable function. Finally, the combined effects of natural aging and fatigue loads are considered, and a residual strength model is proposed to analyze the strength degradation behaviors of the wind turbine rotor blade composites. The results indicate that fatigue loads have negative effect on the residual strength, while natural aging has both positive and negative effects on the residual strength.
EN
This article presents calculation results for shear capacity which were obtained using SFRWSC's residual strengths in accordance with fib Model Code and RILEM standards. Shear capacity was calculated in two variants: for constant cross-section of a specimen and for constant ratio of flexural reinforcement. The article also presents residual strength test results for SFRWSC with varying steel fibre content and shows the influence of fibre content on the composite's residual strengths. It has been proved that SFRWSC, which is an ecological composite and whose properties are similar or better than those of ordinary concrete, can be useful in the production of structural elements with regard to shear capacity. Additionally, one has observed that SFRWSC's strength characteristics, which are used in structural design, are determined more accurately in fib Model Code than in RILEM standard. Furthermore, the issue of minimum conventional shear reinforcement should be emphasized as RILEM recommendation sets no conditions for reducing or omitting this reinforcement.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń nośności na ścinanie przy zastosowaniu wytrzymałości resztkowych analizowanego materiału wg fib Model Code i RILEM. Obliczenia nośności na ścianie wykonano w dwóch wariantach: przy stałym przekroju elementu oraz przy stałym stopniu zbrojenia na zginanie. Zaprezentowano także wyniki badań wytrzymałości resztkowych dla fibrokompozytu o różnej zawartości włókien stalowych wytworzonego na bazie piasków odpadowych takiego fibrokompozytu. Przedstawiono wpływ zawartości zbrojenia rozproszonego na jego wytrzymałości resztkowe. Wykazano, że opracowany ekologiczny fibrokompozyt na bazie piasków odpadowych, którego właściwości są zbliżone lub lepsze niż betonu zwykłego, może być przydatny do wykonywania elementów konstrukcyjnych w aspekcie nośności na ścinanie. Ponadto stwierdzono, że norma fib Model Code bardziej wnikliwie niż norma RILEM określa cechy wytrzymałościowe fibrokompozytu, które następnie wykorzystuje się do wymiarowania elementów konstrukcyjnych. Dodatkowo należy podkreślić kwestię minimalnego zbrojenia konwencjonalnego na ścinanie. Rekomendacja RILEM nie wskazuje żadnych warunków zredukowania bądź pominięcia tego zbrojenia.
EN
A new model, accurate and easy-to-apply, has been proposed to predict the residual strength for metal plates intact or with different damage degrees. In this model, we introduced the damage degree factor (DDF) to quantify the initial damage condition of a plate. The middle crack tension (M(T)) tests and multiple site damage (MSD) tension tests were performed on plate specimens in aluminum alloy LY12-CZ and 2524-T3, respectively. For various damage degrees, the predicted results of this new model showed an improved correlation with test results compared to the net section yield criterion, K-apparent criterion and Duong’s method.
EN
In this work, the compressive residual strength tests results, Compression After Impact (CAI), are presented. The specimens were made of carbon-epoxy prepreg E722-02 UHS 130-14. Two variants of specimens were tested: samples undamaged and samples with damage that was centrally introduced by a drop-weight impact, as per the ASTM D7136/7136M standard. An impactor with potential energy equal to 15J and the type of support required by the standard were used. The size of impacted damages, defined as an area of damage on a plane perpendicular to the impact direction, and the equivalent diameter were specified using the flash thermography method. The tests were performed using the fixtures manufactured according to the ASTM D7137/7137M standard. The specimens were compressed to determine the residual strength. This value was afterwards used to specify the force levels for the fatigue tests. The fatigue tests were carried out under force control – with a sinusoidal shape, stress ratio R equal to 0.1 and frequency f 1Hz. Maximum force in a loading cycle Pmax was being increased after each thousand of cycles N until its value was close to the residual strength determined in the previously mentioned tests. In this work, the following relationships were presented: force-displacement P-δ for both static and fatigue tests and displacement-loading cycles δ-N for fatigue tests. A method of conducting the fatigue tests of CFRP composite was proposed, in which both the CAI specimens and CAI fixture were used. This allowed researchers to accelerate making initial comparisons between the two groups of specimens with damages – grouped relative to the way of conditioning.
EN
The paper focuses on investigation of properties of two most widely used self-set sand binder systems APNB and FNB across the Globe, for making molds and cores in foundries to produce castings of different sizes involving wide range of metals and alloys, ferrous and nonferrous. This includes study of compression strength values of samples made out of molding sand at different binder addition level using new, mechanically reclaimed (MR) and thermally reclaimed (TR) sand. Strength values studied include dry strength (at room temperature) at specified intervals simulating different stages of mold handling, namely stripping and pre heating, followed by degraded strength after application of thinner based zircon wash by brush, subsequent lighting of, then checking strength both in warm (degraded strength) & cold (recovered strength) conditions. Throughout the cycle of mold movement from stripping to knock out, strength requirements can be divided into two broad classifications, one from stripping to closing (dry strength) and another from pouring to knock out (hot & retained strength). Although the process for checking of dry strength are well documented, no method using simple equipments for checking hot & retained strength are documented in literature. Attempts have been made in this paper to use some simple methods to standardize process for checking high strength properties using ordinary laboratory equipments. Temperature of 450°C has been chosen by trial & error method to study high temperature properties to get consistent & amplified values. Volume of gases generated for both binders in laboratory at 850°C have also been measured. Nature of gases including harmful BTEX and PAH generated on pyrolysis of FNB and APNB bonded sands are already documented in a publication [1]. This exercise has once again been repeated in same laboratory, AGH University, Poland with latest binder formulations in use in two foundries in India.
PL
Opisano wykorzystane w badaniach metody modyfikacji uwodnionego krzemianu sodu jako spoiwa krzemianowego masy formierskiej. Określono zmianę wytrzymałości końcowej masy formierskiej z zastosowanymi spoiwami krzemianowymi oraz efektywność zmian wytrzymałości końcowej w funkcji temperatury wygrzewania badanych próbek masy formierskiej. Stwierdzono, że najkorzystniejszym spoiwem w aspekcie zmiany wytrzymałości końcowej masy formierskiej jest spoiwo krzemianowe modyfikowane chemicznie dodatkiem organofunkcyjnym oraz spoiwo geopolimerowe, natomiast najkorzystniejszą efektywność zmian wytrzymałości końcowej masy formierskiej zapewnia spoiwo krzemianowe modyfikowane chemicznie dodatkiem organofunkcyjnym.
EN
The article discusses the ways of modification of hydrated sodium silicate as a silicate binder of moulding sands which were applied in the studies. It determines the change in the residual strength of the moulding sand with used silicate binders as well as the effectiveness of the changes in the residual strength as a function of the annealing temperature of the examined moulding sand samples. It was established that the most advantageous binder with regards to changes in the residual strength of the moulding sand is a silicate binder chemically modified with an organofunctional addition as well as a geopolymer binder, whereas the most beneficial effect of the changes in the residual strength of the moulding sand is ensured by a silicate binder chemically modified with an organofunctional addition.
PL
Zmiany mikrostruktury, podstawowych właściwości wytrzymałościowych oraz odporności na pełzanie austenitycznej stali X8CrNiTi18-10 (T321H) po długotrwałej eksploatacji w warunkach pełzania. Opis procesu degradacji tej stali podczas długotrwałego pełzania. Ocena wpływu rodzaju i ilości występujących wydzieleń oraz struktury dyslokacyjnej na odporność na pełzanie (resztkowa wytrzymałość na pełzanie, szybkość pełzania) i stopień wyczerpania. Model degradacji mikrostruktury w wyniku eksploatacji w warunkach pełzania w odniesieniu do stopnia wyczerpania. Sekwencja kolejnych stadiów rozwoju procesu wydzieleniowego stali X8CrNiTi18-10 eksploatowanej w warunkach pełzania w zależności od stopnia wyczerpania. Klasy struktury w zależności od stopnia rozwoju procesów wydzieleniowych i struktury dyslokacyjnej w powiązaniu ze stopniem wyczerpania. Sposób klasyfikowania stanu materiału na podstawie zmian w strukturze w oparciu o procesy składowe w odniesieniu do stopnia wyczerpania. Metodologia oceny austenitycznej stali X8CrNiTi18-10 po eksploatacji w warunkach pełzania na podstawie oceny stanu mikrostruktury. Stan mikrostruktury i poziom właściwości użytkowych po eksploatacji w warunkach pełzania a stopień wyczerpania.
EN
Changes in microstructure of basic strength properties and creep resistance of austenitic steel X8CrNiTi18-10 (T321H) after long-term service under creep conditions. Description of degradation process for this steel during long term creep. Evaluation of the effect of the type and quantity of the occurring precipitation and the form of dislocation structure on creep resistance (residual creep resistance, creep rate) and exhaustion degree. Microstructure degradation model as a result of use under creep conditions in relation to exhaustion degree. Sequence of subsequent development stages of precipitation process for the X8CrNiTi18-10 steel service under creep conditions depending on exhaustion degree. Structure class depending on the development stage of precipitation processes and dislocation structure In relation to exhaustion degree. Classification of the state of material pertaining to changes in structure based on constituent processes in relation to exhaustion degree. Evaluation methodology for austenitic steel X8CrNiTi18-10 after service under creep conditions based on the assessment of the state of microstructure. State of microstructure and level of essential characteristics after use under creep conditions vs exhaustion degree.
PL
W artykule omówiono metody obliczania nośności na ścinanie fibrobetonu z wykorzystaniem wytrzymałości resztkowych. Scharakteryzowano również właściwości fibrokompozytu na bazie piasków odpadowych, opracowanego przez Katedrę Konstrukcji Betonowych i Technologii Betonu Politechniki Koszalińskiej. Obliczono jego nośność na ścinanie dwiema metodami: RILEM TC-162-TDF oraz fib Model Code. Celem obliczeń było wykazanie, że opracowany ekologiczny fibrokompozyt może być przydatny do wykonywania elementów konstrukcyjnych w aspekcie nośności na ścinanie.
EN
The article describes the method for calculating shear capacity fiber concrete using residual strengths. Characterized physical parameters fiber composite based on waste sand developed by the Koszalin University of Technology. For the test material were calculated shear capacity in two ways: RILEM TC-162-TDF and fib Model Code. Point of the calculations was face that ecological fiber composite can be use to produce structural elements in case of shear capacity.
PL
W artykule omówiono metodę wyznaczania wytrzymałości resztkowych fibrokompozytu na bazie piasku odpadowego o różnej zawartości włókien stalowych. Przedstawiono zależności ugięcie – szerokość rozwarcia rysy CMOD uzyskane w badaniu, a następnie porównano je z zależnością normową i wynikami badań innych autorów. Wykazano, że istnieje zgodność pomiędzy wartościami doświadczalnymi a normowymi.
EN
The publication describes the method of determining the residual strength of steel fiber reinforced composite based on waste sand containing different fiber amounts. Deflection-crack mouth opening displacement CMOD relationship was shown and compared with standardized relationships and results of other authors. It has been shown that there is good agreement between the experimental and standardized values.
PL
W artykule omówione zostały podstawowe informacje na temat fibrobetonu oraz wpływ dodatku włókien stalowych na jego właściwości mechaniczne. Porównano różne podejścia normowe dotyczące badania głównych parametrów wytrzymałościowych charakteryzujących fibrobeton – wytrzymałości równoważnej i resztkowej przy zginaniu. W ramach przeglądu opisane zostały między innymi wytyczne z norm europejskich, amerykańskich i japońskich. Dodatkowo przedstawiono własne doświadczenia związane z badaniem elementów fibrobetonowych pod kątem parametrów wytrzymałościowych.
EN
This paper presents basic information about fiber-reinforced concrete and influence of steel fiber addition on its mechanical properties. Various standard methods referring to main flexural strengths tests are compared. In the overview there are guidelines from different places such as: European countries, America and Japan. Additionally, own experiences gained during tests of fiber-reinforced concrete mechanical properties are presented.
EN
The paper presents analysis of the residual strength and geometric structure (roughness) of post-failure surfaces of sandstones from Śmiłów and andesites from Wdżar Mountain. The analysis was carried out on the roughness of the surface distribution of samples obtained by extension and shearing tests of rocks. The morphology of these surfaces was characterized by statistical parameters and 2D and 3D maps, from investigations conducted using a Hommel Tester T8000 profilometer.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań wytrzymałości końcowej Rctk próbek masy formierskiej wykonanej ze stałym udziałem składników wiążących uwodnionego krzemianu sodu o różnej wartości wskaźnika struktury WB, utwardzanego w procesie estrowym. Zakres temperatury badań wynosił od 300°C do 1000°C, co 100°C. Stwierdzono istotną zależność pomiędzy wartością wskaźnika struktury WB i wytrzymałością końcową Rctk próbek masy formierskiej. Masy formierskie wykonane z udziałem uwodnionego krzemianu sodu o małej wartości wskaźnika struktury WB < 1,4 posiadają korzystniejsze właściwości związane z usuwaniem rdzenia z odlewu i odlewu z formy, w zakresie temperatury nagrzewania formy od około 600°C do około 900°C, w porównaniu do analogicznych właściwości w przypadku zastosowania uwodnionego krzemianu sodu charakteryzującego się wskaźnikiem struktury WB ≥ 1,4.
EN
Results of Rctk residual strength tests are presented for samples of moulding sands prepared with a stable content of soluble sodium silicate binding agents of different WB structure indicator values, hardened in the ester process. The test temperature range was 300°C to 1000°C, with 100°C steps. A notable relation between the WB structure indicator values and Rctk residual strength of moulding sand samples was observed. Moulding sands prepared with soluble sodium silicate with low values of WB structure indicator < 1.4 have more advantageous properties related to removing cores from castings and castings from moulds, in the mould heating temperature range from approx. 600°C to approx. 900°C, compared to similar properties when using soluble sodium silicate with a WB structure indicator of ≥ 1.4.
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