The axiom that the efficacy of supply chain entities is inextricably tied to the adoption of an appropriate management system is widely acknowledged. At the heart of such a system are managerial concepts. There is abundant literature with a variety of theories, concepts, methods, and tools aimed at managerial enhancement. However, there is a dearth of specific recommendations for their application, an understanding of their interdependencies, or discerning which concepts are causative and which are resultant in nature. The heterogeneous functions of supply chain participants preclude a universal bestpractice array of these managerial concepts. By focusing on the pivotal role of inland transport firms within the supply chain, this study delineates an array of managerial concepts apt for such enterprises, employing the fuzzy-DEMATEL method. This study's contribution is encapsulated in the identification of the structural, relational, and hierarchical configuration of managerial concepts that bolster the decision-making framework of inland transport management.
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Zintegrowany przekaz plastyczny sformułowany w obszarze różnych mediów, specyfika złożonego procesu twórczego stały się wyzwaniem dla kolejnego etapu poszukiwań związków dzieła plastycznego i przestrzeni architektonicznej. Badanie relacji hybrydycznego przekazu artystycznego z przestrzenią jego ekspozycji w ramach wystawy pt. „Zapis Przestrzeni. Metamorfozy Śladu” ujawniło nowe poziomy interpretacyjne. Realizacja wystawiennicza oparta została na fundamentalnym traktowaniu kontekstu, w jakim zapis plastyczny funkcjonuje, a idea wykorzystania pierwszoplanowej roli relacji obiektu plastycznego i otoczenia w aranżacji wystawienniczej została pogłębiona na płaszczyźnie konceptualnej i symbolicznej, zmieniając semantykę przestrzeni. Przekaz artystyczny oparty na idei poszukiwania relacji w malarstwie i w naturze, osadzony w kontekście wystawienniczym, służyć ma kreowaniu związków formalnych, znaczeniowych i symbolicznych wynikających z interakcji dzieła plastycznego i jego otoczenia.
EN
The integrated artistic message formulated in the field of various media and the specificity of the complex creative process have become a challenge for the next stage of searching for relations between the artwork and architectural space. The study of the relationship of the hybrid artistic message with the space of its exhibition as part of the exhibition entitled “Record of space. Metamorphoses of trace” revealed new levels of interpretation. The exhibition project was based on the fundamental treatment of the context in which the artistic record functions, and the idea of using the primary role of the relationship between the artistic object and the environment in the exhibition arrangement was deepened on the semantic and symbolic levels, changing the semantics of the space. An artistic message based on the idea of searching for the relationship of a trace in painting and in nature, set in an exhibition context, is to serve the purpose of creating formal, conceptual and symbolic relationships resulting from the interaction between the artwork and the place of its exhibition.
Purpose: The purpose of the article is to assess the sharing economy’s potential to impact local development, in the context of strengthening community ties and stakeholder value creation. Methodology: The article employs the methods of critical analysis of the subject literature and a case study. Findings: The authors have demonstrated that sharing economy contributes to the achievement of social, environmental and economic goals on a local scale, creating value for internal stakeholders. Sharing economy activities integrate local communities around common goals as well as strengthen the sense of local communality. Trust, collaborative consumption, local communality, and concern for the environment become the leading values, replacing approaches focused on such categories as possession or money. Practical implications: The presented examples of sharing economy indicate the necessity to involve local authorities through diagnosing the residents’ needs, spreading awareness of the availability of collaborative consumption in given territory, support of local leaders’ initiatives and initiation of own sharing economy projects. Authorities should take advantage of proven solutions recognized as paradigmatic, an example of which is Milan, whose undertakings have been recognized by the awarding of the prestigious "Earthshot Prize", the so-called "Green Nobel Prize". Social implications: The analysis shows the multidirectional benefits for the local community, emphasizes the importance of social ties, in the context of counteracting social exclusion protecting the natural environment. Originality: The Authors attempted to identify the sharing economy through the prism of social benefits for the local community, which can inspire local communities, including the local leaders and local authority representatives in particular.
Purpose: In this paper, the authors analyze the importance of knowledge in modern socioeconomic relations. The main objective of this paper is to show the prospects for development of knowledge-based inter-organizational cooperation between universities and companies in the chemical sector. Design/methodology/approach: The authors recognized that it is reasonable to adopt the research strategy of methodological pluralism. Therefore, the study used an integrated research approach, which included both direct interpretive and positivist research procedures. This required qualitative and quantitative research. Literature studies include Polish and foreign publications. Findings: As a conclusion for the results of the study, it should be stated that the value derived from knowledge positively influences the establishment and subsequent strengthening of the ties between universities and companies. This knowledge (in particular, solutions in the area of digital technologies that focus on monitoring and automation of processes, data integration, and big data analytics, as well as data protection and cybersecurity) can be applied in the process of formation of long-term relationships between universities and companies. In addition, as demonstrated in the article, inter-organizational cooperation between a university and a chemical company requires ensuring symmetry in the partners’ structures and management methods, as well as overcoming differences in their organizational cultures. Other conditions that should be taken into account in order to successfully shape long-term relationships are organizational proximity, cognitive proximity, institutional proximity, and social proximity. Originality/value: The added value of the article is to show the prospects for the development of inter-organizational cooperation and to determine the importance of the impact of knowledge on the cooperation of universities and chemical enterprises.
Purpose: to present the possibilities of using the CSI (Customer Satisfaction Index) method to manage relations with customers as one of the stages of managing company’s stakeholders. Project/ methodology/ approach: the studies were carried out in two stages. The first stage comprising a direct interview was used to identify the criteria used by the customers of agricultural products when choosing a supplier. In the second stage, after the criteria were grouped with the use of questionnaires, their order of importance was determined. Findings: the method of reaching to the customers used in the study relies on the application of the main criteria that they take into account in their decisions. These are: freshness, flavour, price and appearance of the product. Perception of these criteria is important for the studied entity on account of the specific location of the sales point. Study Limitations/Implications: the proposed method was tested with respect to the selected business entity. In the next stages, it is necessary to test its application in other industries in order to receive a broader range of the picture about perception of key stakeholders by the organisation. The results show critical points to which the company resources should be assigned in order to improve customer satisfaction and loyalty. Practical Implications: the received results may be a prompt for the studied company and may indicate directions of development of stakeholder management, along with the areas that should be improved in this respect. Independent and uniform measurement characteristics of the studied model constitute a useful tool for carrying out a systematic comparative analysis in time. It also provides information about the weak and strong sides of the company in the opinions of its customers. Social Implications: the paper indicates the possibility of reciprocal impact of the main sides of the process: the customer and the company. The studies indicate the possibility of using the CSI method for the first stage of managing the relations with the customers, namely learning the degree of validity of various criteria when purchase decisions are made. Thanks to the use of the CSI method, it is possible to determine an efficient strategy of impact on the customers, using the criteria that are of major importance for them. Originality/Value: the authors made an attempt at using a tool from the realm of the CSI quality management for the process of managing a company’s stakeholders. This is possible by learning the importance of the individual criteria which are guiding the customers’ purchase decisions. This may inspire the companies to use the tool in the process of stakeholder management.
The main aim of the article is an empirical verification of the channels through which the transfer of knowledge and technology from technical universities to enterprises takes place. The specific objective is to indicate the forms in which scientists can transfer knowledge and technology to enterprises in the field of sustainable solutions. In order to identify the features of the hidden dimensions of the university-enterprise relationship, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used. The factor analysis showed that there are 3 channels through which scientists from technical universities establish relations with enterprises: the consulting and educational channel, the scientific and information channel, and the research and commercialization channel. In each of these channels, forms of knowledge and technology transfer have been identified that may relate to environmental topics for enterprises.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest empiryczna weryfikacja kanałów, którymi odbywa się transfer wiedzy i technologii z uczelni technicznych do przedsiębiorstw. Celem szczegółowym jest wskazanie form, w jakich naukowcy mogą transferować wiedzę i technologię do przedsiębiorstw, m.in. w zakresie rozwiązań środowiskowych. W celu identyfikacji cech ukrytych wymiarów relacji uczelnia--przedsiębiorstwo posłużono się eksploracyjną analizą czynnikową (EFA). Analiza czynnikowa wykazała, że istnieją 3 kanały, poprzez które naukowcy z uczelni technicznych nawiązują relacje z przedsiębiorstwami: konsultacyjno-edukacyjny, naukowo-informacyjny oraz badawczo-komercjalizacyjny. W każdym z tych kanałów zidentyfikowano formy transferu wiedzy i technologii, które mogą odnosić się do zagadnień środowiskowych ważnych dla przedsiębiorstw.
Purpose: The aim of the article is to learn about the attitudes of innovative enterprises representatives towards the strength and importance of relations in regard to scientific/research and development institutions. Design/methodology/approach: The presented analyzes constitute a part of a broader study on the determinants of the quality of relations between enterprises in the quadruple helix. The article focuses on the enterprise - scientific institutions plane. The research was carried out with the use of CATI method on a sample of 200 innovative enterprises Findings: The results show that in the case of the relationships strength, communication is an important construct in relation to scientific and R&D institutions, while in the case of the relationships importance it is commitment. The significance of trust and satisfaction with regard to the strength and importance of the relationship between an innovative enterprise and scientific and research and development institutions was not indicated. Moreover a high positive correlation was indicated between the individual relationship quality constructs. Research limitations/implications: The research sample is a limitation. The research was conducted on a sample of 200 innovative enterprises, but only 22.5% declared maintaining relations with scientific and research and development institutions. Practical implications: The article indicates which quality constructs should be paid attention to by representatives of scientific and research institutions in managing relations with enterprises. Originality/value: The article indicates that in some aspects of relationship management, commitment and communication are more important components than trust and satisfaction.
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In the changing conditions of functioning of economic entities, an important role is played, on the one hand, by identifying resources and areas with the potential to increase competitiveness, and on the other hand, by ensuring the stability as well as safety of processes and reducing uncertainty and risk. Building links between business partners is essential in this respect. The basis for such partnerships in supply chains is cooperation based on trust and risk-sharing. At the same time, it should be emphasized that creating such relationships is not only a challenge, but also an additional source of risk. The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess risk elements occurring in the connections of enterprises in supply chains. Knowledge of risk and potential threats is the basis for creating relationships with partners and building security of enterprises and supply chains. The paper presents the results of research on key elements of risk in the relations of metal industry enterprises operating in supply chains. The research was conducted using a proprietary questionnaire and covered businesses operating in in the metal industry in Poland. The issues examined included such elements as: assessment of the perceived role of monitoring and reducing risk in enterprises, identification of competences in the area of risk analysis and assessment as well as preparation for irregularities and disruptions in supply chains characterized by the studied enterprises, identification of the impact of risk elements in relations with suppliers and recipients on the company’s operations, the used risk mitigation methods and factors influencing the implementation of risk management in supply chains. The obtained results allowed to identify the role of the risk of cooperation of enterprises in supply chains and significant factors impacting its reduction. The role of managing relations with business partners as an important element influencing the security of supply chains was also emphasized.
PL
W zmieniających się warunkach funkcjonowania podmiotów gospodarczych istotną rolę odgrywa z jednej strony identyfikacja zasobów oraz obszarów o potencjale pozwalającym na wzrost konkurencyjności, a z drugiej zapewnienie stabilności i bezpieczeństwa procesów oraz ograniczenie niepewności i ryzyka. Szczególne znaczenie w tym zakresie ma budowanie więzi między partnerami gospodarczymi. Podstawą takich partnerskich relacji w łańcuchach dostaw jest współpraca polegająca na zaufaniu i podziale ryzyka. Należy jednocześnie podkreślić, że tworzenie takich relacji stanowi nie tylko wyzwanie, ale także dodatkowe źródło ryzyka. Celem pracy jest identyfikacja i ocena elementów ryzyka występujących w powiązaniach przedsiębiorstw w łańcuchach dostaw. Wiedza z zakresu ryzyka i potencjalnych zagrożeń stanowi podstawę tworzenia relacji z partnerami oraz budowania bezpieczeństwa przedsiębiorstw oraz łańcuchów dostaw. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące kluczowych elementów ryzyka w relacjach przedsiębiorstw branży metalowej funkcjonujących w łańcuchach dostaw. Badania zostały przeprowadzone za pomocą autorskiego kwestionariusza ankietowego i obejmowały przedsiębiorstwa branży metalowej prowadzące swoją działalność na terenie Polski. Badane zagadnienia obejmowały takie elementy jak: ocena postrzegana roli monitorowania i ograniczania ryzyka w przedsiębiorstwach, identyfikacja kompetencji w obszarze analizy i oceny ryzyka oraz przygotowania na nieprawidłowości i zakłócenia w łańcuchach dostaw jakimi odznaczają się badane przedsiębiorstwa, identyfikacja wpływu elementów ryzyka w powiązaniach z dostawcami i odbiorcami na działalność przedsiębiorstwa, wykorzystywane metody ograniczania ryzyka oraz czynniki wpływające na wdrożenie zarzadzania ryzykiem w łańcuchach dostaw. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na identyfikację roli ryzyka współpracy przedsiębiorstw w łańcuchach dostaw oraz istotnych czynników wpływających na jego redukcję. Podkreślono również rolę zarządzania relacjami z partnerami gospodarczymi jako istotnego elementu wpływającego na zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa funkcjonowania łańcuchów dostaw.
Purpose: The purpose of the research is to determine the condition of a contemporary man immersed in the realities of consumerism based on the texts of Sigmund Bauman and Józef Tischner. Design/methodology/approach: The objective has been achieved by using critical textual analysis and the phenomenological method, together with hermeneutic interpretation both in relation to the phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as the texts of Sigismund Bauman and Józef Tischner. Findings: During the course of work, a convergence of the views of the above thinkers was found. Research limitations/implications: The research process has been limited to the texts of Bauman and Tischner. Social implications: The article can be an inspiration to change the way people live in the society and restore forgotten values. Originality/value: This article is addressed both to the human being in society and to those responsible for creating human behavior.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present selected theoretical aspects of the concept of corporate social responsibility and the stakeholder theory that is closely related to it, targeted at liability with respect to specific stakeholder groups. Design/methodology/approach: The literature research and the critical analysis of both, the national and foreign subject literature have been used as the research methodology. Findings: Social responsibility is a concept in compliance with which companies, whilst designing their development strategy, take social groups, i.e. interests of selected groups of stakeholders, into account in their activities. This requires identification of diverse stakeholder groups, determination of the degree of their significance and proper management of relations with them. Thus, the concept of social responsibility is a process as part of which the companies manage their relations with stakeholders who may influence their economic success. Practical implications: The practical implications concern taking into consideration the application of the CSR principles in managers’ decisions and treating the conception in strategic aspects. Originality/value: The discussed issue belongs to one of the newest trends in management sciences and fits into the current conception of sustainable development. Proper integration of social values with the strategy allows developing and maintaining long-term competitive advantage. Therefore, the CSR conception is a long-term process of managing relations with groups of stakeholders in order to generate value for them and for enterprises’ owners.
An important tendency in managerial decisions is the focus on taking into account the law of the community and local communities. Managers, in accordance with the theory of stakeholders, should take into account the needs of various players. We also support for this in the concept of corporate social responsibility, sustainability or creating shared value. The aim of the article is to present the essence of the influence of secondary stakeholders on the creation of the value of defense enterprises resulting from public relations using digitization and socio-economic globalization. The results of the conducted research will allow to confirm the legitimacy of decisions made by defense companies, taking into account the maintenance of social relations, especially in the new communication and information environment.
W niniejszym artykule skoncentrowano się na zagadnieniu fundamentalnym w kontekście edukacji i rozwoju badań naukowych – relacji mistrz – uczeń. W nawiązaniu do wielowiekowej tradycji instytucji akademickich przedstawiono istotę i znaczenie tych relacji, wskazując pożądane cechy mistrza jako osoby kształtującej oczekiwane ze względów społecznych postawy swoich podopiecznych. Jako przykład postaci mistrza w obszarze nauk o jakości zaprezentowano sylwetkę śp. Profesora Romualda Kolmana oraz wspomnienia niektórych z jego wychowanków. W nawiązaniu do obecnej sytuacji w systemie szkolnictwa wyższego i nauki w Polsce autorzy pragną w ten sposób zwrócić uwagę na – ich zdaniem – zdecydowanie niewystarczające, a wręcz pomijane w różnego rodzaju regulacjach, wsparcie tej sfery aktywności akademickiej.
EN
This article focuses on a fundamental issue in the context of education and research development – the master – student relationship. Referring to the centuries-old tradition of academic institutions, the essence and significance of these relations were presented, indicating the desirable features of the master as a person shaping the attitudes of his students desired for social reasons. As an example of such master in the field of quality sciences, the figure of the late Professor Romuald Kolman and the memories of some of his pupils were presented. Referring to the current situation in the system of higher education and science in Poland, the authors would like to draw attention to the fact that, in their opinion, support for this sphere of academic activity is definitely insufficient and even neglected in various regulations.
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą wskazania relacji normatywnych między członami władzy wykonawczej, którą w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej sprawują prezydent i Rada Ministrów. Relacje porządkujące SKBN, w skład którego wchodzi m.in. wzmiankowana dwuczłonowa egzekutywa, muszą być tak określone, żeby system funkcjonował optymalnie. Ponieważ jednym z zadań realizowanych przez SKBN, zapewniający ciągłość podejmowania decyzji i działań dla utrzymania bezpieczeństwa narodowego, jest realizowanie czynności związanych z kierowaniem obroną państwa, w niniejszym opracowaniu wskazano relacje normatywne zachodzące między prezydentem, a Radą Ministrów, w tych stanach funkcjonowania państwa, w których współpraca między tymi organami uwypukla się najwyraźniej. W związku z tym, że wyraźnie, konstytucyjnie określoną kompetencją Prezydenta dotyczącą bezpośrednio bezpieczeństwa państwa jest także wprowadzanie stanu wojennego i wyjątkowego, to na tych dwóch stanach skupiono się w niniejszym opracowaniu. W opracowaniu wskazano także na możliwość – w sytuacji braku transparentnie określonych relacji – pojawiania się sporów kompetencyjnych i zawiłości (negatywnie wpływających na optymalne funkcjonowanie SKBN, związanych ze sprawowaniem władzy wykonawczej przez dwa „niezależne” organy konstytucyjne).
EN
This article is an attempt to identify the normative relations between the decision-making members of executive power, which is base in the Republic of Poland on the Polish President and the Council of Ministers. Relations ordering national security management system (NSMS), which includes the mentioned two-man executive must be so defined that the system functioned optimally. One of the tasks performed by NSMS, to ensure continuity of decisions and actions for the maintenance of national security, is to pursue activities related to management of state defense. Therefore, in this article was noted, normative relations between the president and the Council of Ministers, in the state of functioning of the state, during which (depending on circumstances) president cooperates with the other member of the dualistic executive (martial law). Constitutionally defined competence of the president regarding the direct security of the state is also introducing a state of emergency. These two states devoted predominant part of the article, a "starting point" for discussion was the "guardian of sovereignty." It should be clear that the two above-mentioned states of emergency relating directly to the cooperation of president with other authorities. In this study it was also an attempt to present the possibility - in the absence of transparently specific relationship - the appearance of conflicts of competence and complexities (negatively affecting the optimal functioning of NSMS, related to the exercise of executive power by the two "independent" constitutional bodies).
Metropolis logistics is a new research issue that begins to play an important role in shaping inter-organizational relationships. The concept of logistics in metropolitan context is a contemporary term used primarily to identify issues that will improve the transformation of products and information in building inter-organizational efficiency. On the one hand, the issues of metropolitan logistics are based on shaping the flow of products and information in building inter-organizational efficiency. On the other hand, the formation of inter-organizational bonds has a complex and multidimensional structure that creates a specific network of interactions, in which metropolitan logistics determines their development in relation to the environment. The aim of the article is to identify the conditions that build up inter-organizational relations within the Silesian-Zagłębie (Ś-Z) metropolitan area. The article presents selected results of exploratory research carried out among logistic entities operating in the Silesian-Zagłębie metropolitan area. The authors attempted to answer the question: what are the challenges ahead of metropolitan logistics in shaping inter-organizational relationships?
This article presents results on social infrastructure of burial character (cemeteries, crematoria) located in the rural areas in Poland taking into account its influence on spatial development and society. To achieve the goal, villages were chosen from each Province where in the years 1989- 2019 burial facilities were implemented (36 objects), including: communal cemeteries (22 objects), parish cemeteries (8 objects), crematoria (6 objects). Analysis were carried out in accordance with the top-down principle, taking into account: planning documents, spatial and functional structure, context of burial objects, its location in the relation to the transport infrastructure, other religious facilities, development of buffer and social role. Research shows that the number of communal cemeteries and crematoria in the rural areas increased (which is associated with social acceptance for cremation process in Poland); this also applies to durability of cemetery composition and desacralization of its surrounding. Social infrastructure connected with burial should be an integrated part of rural landscape; that is why recommendations were elaborated.
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Artykuł, podejmując temat relacji handlowych Polski z zagranicą, zwraca uwagę na ich znaczenie w ramach współczesnych procesów bezpieczeństwa. Odpowiednia wymiana handlowa mająca na uwadze gospodarkę oraz przedsiębiorczość na rzecz obronności kraju może wpływać korzystnie na stabilność ekonomiczną państwa i jego rynek zbrojeniowy. Są one regulowane i osadzone w realiach traktatowych międzynarodowych i prawnych Polski, Unii Europejskiej oraz poszczególnych instytucji i państw. Autorka dokonuje przekrojowego opisu tych relacji, odnosząc się do dokumentów prawnych i analizując relacje gospodarcze wpływające na system obronności państwa.
EN
When discussing the subject of Poland’s foreign trade relations, the article draws attention to their importance in the context of modern security processes. Appropriate trade exchange with a sound economy and entrepreneurship for the defense of the country may have a positive impact on the economic stability of the state and its defense market. Both are regulated and embedded in international and legal treaty law, Poland, the European Union, and individual institutions and states. The author makes a cross-sectional description of these relations referring to legal documents and analyzing economic relations affecting the state defense system.
The article has a character of a theoretical overview and presents marketing aspects of the Resource-Based View (RBV). The considerations in this article are related to the Dynamic Capability Concept as a new research area in management sciences. The theses of the article focus particularly on locating customer relationships in the conceptual discourse of this concept. The purpose of this article is to identify relationships with customers as dynamic capabilities of an enterprise. The article also presents directions of practical implications and possibilities for using relational skills as a source of competitive advantage of an enterprise. The article uses the method of source analysis, which is based on domestic and foreign literature of the subject.
The main aim of the paper is to understand how managers of creative industries (CI) decide on the use of ambidextrous solutions. Managerial actions of business managers of CI enable to connect the volatility and variability of the environment with the high level of creativeness that this requires. As such, it is interesting to study how these managerial actions are decided is of utmost importance, especially in a volatile and subjective environmental context as it seems to be the one of CI (Banks et al., 2000). We aim at investigating the managerial practices that enable to find the balance between the simultaneous pressure on innovativeness and the effectiveness of the actions taken. We wanted to know the way managers deal with the paradoxes that can result. We interviewed managers of 10 companies located in a second tier group of countries, where for governments, CI are apparently strategic, but where the value they add and the jobs they can create can still be improved. Results show that there are two main paradoxes in terms of managerial actions - the priority in relations (external or internal) and the approach to strategy (flexibility or planned actions). Results also show that in what concerns strategy formality and external priority in relations there are consistencies in the degree of strategy formalization. However, in what concerns the practices used in shaping the internal relations, there is no consistency identified in our sample. Our overall conclusions are that companies are more and more moving away from the traditional option of informal approach, focused inward to a more hybrid approach in which formal focus outward is also considered. This confirms the thesis that ambidexterity is becoming a characteristic of the companies in the CI sector.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest zrozumienie, w jaki sposób menedżerowie branż kreatywnych (CI) decydują o zastosowaniu wszechstronnych rozwiązań. Działania menedżerskie menedżerów biznesowych CI umożliwiają połączenie ulotności i zmienności środowiska z wysokim poziomem kreatywności, który tego wymaga. W związku z tym interesujące jest zbadanie, w jaki sposób podejmowane są decyzje dotyczące zarządzania. Ma to ogromne znaczenie, zwłaszcza w niestabilnym i subiektywnym kontekście środowiskowym, co jest jednym z wyróżników CI (Banks i wsp. 2000). Naszym celem jest zbadanie praktyk menedżerskich, które pozwolą znaleźć równowagę między jednoczesną presją na innowacyjność a efektywnością podejmowanych działań. Chciano poznać sposób, w jaki menedżerowie radzą sobie z paradoksami, które mogą wyniknąć. Przeprowadzono wywiady z menadżerami 10 firm zlokalizowanych w drugiej grupie krajów, gdzie dla rządów branże CI są strategiczne, ale tam, gdzie wartość dodaną i miejsca pracy, które mogą stworzyć, można jeszcze poprawić. Wyniki pokazują, że istnieją dwa główne paradoksy pod względem działań zarządczych - priorytet w relacjach (zewnętrznych lub wewnętrznych) i podejście do strategii (elastyczność lub planowane działania). Wyniki pokazują również, że w zakresie formalności strategicznych i zewnętrznego priorytetu w relacjach występują konsekwencje w stopniu formalizacji strategii. Jednak w odniesieniu do praktyk stosowanych w kształtowaniu stosunków wewnętrznych, w naszej próbie nie ma spójności. Nasze ogólne wnioski są takie, że firmy coraz bardziej odchodzą od tradycyjnej opcji nieformalnego podejścia, skupiając się na bardziej hybrydowym podejściu, w którym również bierze się pod uwagę formalne ukierunkowanie na zewnątrz. Potwierdza to tezę , że wszechstronność staje się cechą charakterystyczną firm w sektorze CI.
The main objective of this article is to evaluate the significance of forming the intra-municipal relations in relation to place marketing, based on the example of the Polish city of Poznan. Different conceptions of place marketing, and intra-municipal relations are defined, their mutual correlation aimed towards increasing a city’s value is explained, and intra-municipal relations are illustrated. Poznan was chosen due to the preparatory cooperation which took place between the city, and its citizens. It is explained how Poznan’s authorities incorporate practices of shaping the intra-municipal relations as a place marketing practice, for facing the city’s important challenges such as: ageing of the society, ecological issues, the need for public participation, as well as the importance of maintaining a high quality of life for its citizens. The conclusion is drawn, that such marketing efforts for dealing with these issues do in fact have the joint goal of increasing the quality of life of all the residents of the city and that these practices are a recognised part of place marketing for the city of Poznan.
PL
Zasadniczym celem opracowania jest ocena kształtowania relacji wewnątrzgminnych, na przykładzie miasta Poznań, w kontekście marketingu terytorialnego. W materiale podjęto próbę zdefiniowania koncepcji marketingu terytorialnego, a także wyjaśnienia wzajemnych korelacji między marketingiem terytorialnym i zależnościami wewnątrzgminnymi w dążeniu do podniesienia roli i znaczenia, a w konsekwencji wartości podstawowej jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Wybór Poznania wiąże się z faktem, że w Mieście zaczyna współcześnie dochodzić do kooperacji pomiędzy władzami samorządowymi, a jego mieszkańcami. W przeprowadzonej analizie autorzy podjęli się wyjaśnienia kształtowania przedmiotowych relacji w odniesieniu do starzenia się społeczeństwa, kwestii ekologicznych, potrzebie partycypacji społecznej obywateli, a także potrzebie zapewnienia wysokiego poziomu życia mieszkańcom. Konkluzją jest stwierdzenie, że kształtowane przez miasto Poznań relacje wewnątrzgminne, mimo niekiedy swoich wad, mają wspólny cel, a mianowicie podniesienie poziomu życia wszystkich mieszkańców.
Celem niniejszego rozdziału jest prezentacja znaczenia potencjału przedsiębiorcy, który wynika z potencjału sieci osobistych stanowiących jednocześnie czynnik determinujący wielowymiarowo postrzeganą efektywność przedsiębiorstwa.
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