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1

Investigation of the effect of cyanidation after microwave roasting treatment on refractory gold/silver ores by characterization studies

Yoğurtcuoğlu Emine

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

|

Vol. 59, iss. 1

art. no. 157487

EN

In this article, the efficiency of microwave pretreatment, which is an environmentally friendly, low-energy consuming method for recovery from refractory gold-silver ores, was investigated. The ore sample belonged to the oxidized Bolkardağ deposit, which contains carbonate (calcite, dolomite, smithsonite, hydrozincite), silicate (quartz, hemimorphite), sulfate (beudantite, plumbo-jarosite), and iron oxy/oxyhydroxide (hematite, limonite) minerals. Sulfur/sulfate-bearing silver and gold minerals are found either together with gangue minerals or in inclusions. Approximately 90% gold and 48% silver recovery efficiencies were achieved with the cyanide process after microwave preroasting from the ore. Additionally, the ore, heat treatment product, and waste samples were investigated by characterization studies. In these studies, bond structures, mineral content, sample mass losses, element percentage content differences, and mineral percentage content differences in the samples were determined. As a result, the microwave pretreatment application in cyanidation was presented as a new research topic in terms of its application in the valuable refractory content of this type of oxide.

2

The Influence of Pretreatment and Post Treatment with Alkaline Activators on the Adsorption Ability of Biochar from Palm Oil Empty Fruit

Windiastuti Elsa, Indrasti Nastiti Siswi, Hasanudin Udin, Bindar Yazid, Suprihatin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

242--251

EN

Empty oil palm bunches (EFB) can be converted by hydrothermal carbonation process into biochar that can be used as low-cost adsorbent. This study aims to identify the effects of pretreatment and post-treatment using alkaline activators on the biochar characteristics produced from EFB. The activation process was carried out before and after pyrolysis by heating it using an autoclave at 121 °C for 90 minutes. Biochar was then soaked using NaOH or KOH with a concentration of 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% for 3h. The ability of biochar as an adsorbent was analyzed for its ability to absorb iodine and methylene blue. Iodine absorption analysis was carried out using the Titrimetric method, while the methylene blue absorption test was carried out using the Spectrophotometric method. Results of the analysis showed that the absorption capacity of the resulting biochar for iodine ranged from 208.86–616.32 mg/g, and the absorption capacity of biochar for methylene blue ranged from 62.53–81.11 mg/g.

3

Simple and Combined Pretreatment of a Mixture of Forestry and Aromatic-Medicinal Plant Waste by Chemical, Physical and Enzymatic Methods

Bendaoud Ahmed, Belkhiri Abdelkhalek, Maai Mohamed, Moubchir Tarik, Hmamou Anouar, Tlemcani Sara, Eloutassi Noureddine, Lahkimi Amal

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

376--383

EN

Forestry waste (FW) extracted parts ofmedicinal-aromatic plant waste (EPW) and unused parts (UPW) are considered potential resources for energy recovery (their heating value of approximately 19 MJ/kg).In order to valorize lignocellulosic biomass, a pretreatment process is required to hydrolyze the recalcitrant lignocellulosic complex into fermentable simple sugars. The aim of this study is to determine the best method of pretreatment that takes into account treatment time, efficiency, and environmental friendliness. The mixture of FW, EPW, and UPW was treated by simple and combined treatment using different methods like acid sulfuric (Ac), steam explosion (SE), and enzymatic (E) (cellulase and hemicellulase).The results showed that the combined and simple Ac treatments are the mostefficient compared with SE and E treatments in the hydrolysis of polysaccharide of cellulose with a rate respectively of 90.5% and 77.6% and hemicellulose with a rate respectively of 80.63% and 87.14%. In addition, both of the preceding methods release an important rate of total phenolic compounds. Combined treatment demands high time but is friendly (approximately 1 day), and Ac treatment is less time-consuming (about 25 min) but harmful to the environment and causes the corrosion of equipment.In conclusion, combined treatment can be the best method and the high time required can be reduced with the progress of the research.

4

Effect of Biological Pretreatment on Anaerobic Sewage Sludge Digestion: Using Growth Media for Methanogenic Bacteria and Kinetic Studies for Biogas Yield

Lihi Khadija, Auajjar Nabila, Hamdi Inass, Echchayeb Kaouatar, Attarassi Benaissa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 12

178--186

EN

The valorization of sewage sludge, a by-product of wastewater treatment by anaerobic digestion (AD), is getting more attention as a result of the advantages it provides for the environment and economy. The current investigation is an experiment performed in a lab setting using a batch-operated anaerobic digestion reactor with a mesophilic temperature of 35°C. This study examined the generation of experimental biogas and biodegradability .The effect of pretreatment by methanogenic bacteria growth medium on anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was studied on three different concentrations of growth media, a control, and a low, medium and high concentration of culture medium, with cumulative biogas production of 610N ml /gVS added, 750 N ml /gVS added, 900 N ml /gVS added, 10 N ml /gVS added, respectively, with biodegradability rate of 52.16%, 56.5%, 74.04%, 28.70% respectively. Biogas production was enhanced at a medium concentration of culture medium and inhibited at a high concentration during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Additionally, a theoretical biogas estimate was evaluated using four kinetic models (Logistic function, Modified Gompertz, Transference function, and First order); which were utilized to match the experimental biogas generation process involving the anaerobic digestion of untreated and pretreated sewage sludge by various concentrations of growth media of methanogenic bacteria . The kinetic findings demonstrated that both models, Modified Gompertz and Logistic function, were useful for predicting biogas output and matched experimental biogas production.

5

Biomethanation Potential and Enhancement of Acacia Leaves Waste Via Pretreatment and Co-Digestion Strategy

Hirunsupachote Supachai, Kullavanijaya Pratin, Chavalparit Orathai

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

237--250

EN

Acacia leaves waste biomass (AcLW) is an attractive feedstock for biomethane production by its generation amounts practically. This study evaluated the methane productivity of AcLW and its enhancement via alkaline pretreatment and co-digestion strategy. The effect of pretreatment conditions and process configuration on methane yields were investigated. The results showed that raw AcLW digestion in the single-stage process generated about 41.32 m3-CH4/kg VSadded, which increased significantly by 1.94–2.51 times to be 80.05–103.85 m3-CH4/kg VSadded for alkaline and 93.31–182.26 m3-CH4/kg VSadded for alkali-thermal pre-treated samples. The increase of NaOH concentration, soaking time and thermal supplementation affected methane productivity directly, while codigestion with pulp bio-sludge at identical solid conditions promoted about 3.38 times or 162.7 m3-CH4/kg VSadded compared to raw AcLW digestion. A profitable operation of two separated stages combining leaching bed acidification and CSTR was also depicted with 152.1 m3-CH4/kg VSadded.The maximum gases productivity of AcLW digestion was promoted with alkaline-thermal pre-treated biomass for 3.60–4.41 times increase with 67.02–75.59% of total solids reduction. This finding demonstrated the biomethanation potential of AcLW and its enhancement after pretreatment and co-digestion significantly, which increased its possibility as a biogas feedstock.

6

Wstępna obróbka nasion rzepaku promieniowaniem podczerwonym w celu poprawy wydajności tłoczenia oleju i jego właściwości chemicznych

Krajewska Marta, Osmólska Emilia

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2021

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T. 100, nr 7

689--693

PL

Przeprowadzono badania nad możliwością zwiększenia uzysku oleju poprzez zastosowanie dodatkowej obróbki nasion rzepaku (Brassica napus L.) promieniowaniem podczerwonym (IR). Proces prowadzono przez 30, 60, 90, 120 oraz 150 s, w temp. 180°C. Średnia zawartość wody i tłuszczu w nasionach wynosiła odpowiednio 6,04 i 41,62%. Otrzymany olej oceniano pod względem zaawansowania zmian hydrolitycznych (liczba kwasowa), zawartości pierwotnych produktów utlenienia (liczba nadtlenkowa), stabilności oksydacyjnej w teście Rancimat oraz zawartości barwników karotenoidowych i chlorofilowych. Wykazano, że ogrzewanie za pomocą IR przez 150 s nasion rzepaku wpłynęło na zwiększenie wydajności tłoczenia oleju w stosunku do próby kontrolnej o ok. 14%. Równocześnie zaobserwowano zwiększenie stabilności oksydacyjnej olejów z nasion poddanych obróbce IR. Czas indukcji wzrastał stopniowo wraz z wydłużaniem czasu ogrzewania. Najlepszą stabilnością oksydacyjną (5,73 h) charakteryzował się olej rzepakowy otrzymany z nasion ogrzewanych przez 150 s.

EN

The pre-treatment of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was carried out at temp. of 180°C for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 s. The oil was assessed in terms of the degree of hydrolytic changes (AV, acid value), content of primary oxidn. products (PV, peroxide value), oxidative stability in the Rancimat test, and the content of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. The ir irradiation (for 150 s) of the rapeseed increased the oil pressing capacity by approx. 14% in comparison with the control sample. An increase in the oxidative stability of oils pressed from the ir-treated seeds was obsd. The best oxidative stability (5,73 h) was detd. in rapeseed oil obtained from seeds heated for 150 s.

7

Reducing Steaming Times in the Printing of Nylon/Elastane Blend Fabrics via Chemical Modification

Atav Riza, Yüksel Muhammed Fatih, Yakin İsmail

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2021

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Vol. 29, no. 1 (145)

81--85

EN

Nylon fibres are commonly used in blends with elastane. One of the problems encountered in the printing of nylon/elastane blend fabrics is the necessity of long steaming times for fixation, which causes an increase in energy consumption. In this study, the possibility of printing polyamide fabrics with 1:2 metal complex dyes for short steaming times was investigated. For this aim, laboratory and sample scale trials were performed to develop a method of chemically modifying fibres so that polyamide fabrics can be printed in short steaming times. Based on the results obtained in both trials, it was noticed that the steaming time for fixation could be reduced from 30 minutes to 15 minutes by printing with 1:2 metal complex dyes without causing a loss of printing yield and without affecting the fastness adversly in case of applying cationisation pretreatment with a modified quaternary polyalkylamine compound based product.

PL

Włókna nylonowe są powszechnie stosowane w mieszankach z elastanem. Jednym z problemów napotykanych przy drukowaniu tkanin z mieszanki nylon/elastan są długie czasy parowania podczas drukowania, które powodują wzrost zużycia energii. W pracy zbadano możliwość drukowania na tkaninach poliamidowych barwnikami metalokompleksowymi 1:2 dla krótkich czasów parowania. W tym celu przeprowadzono próby laboratoryjne i produkcyjne. Opracowano metodę modyfikacji chemicznej włókien, tak aby tkaniny poliamidowe mogły być drukowane w krótkim czasie parowania. Na podstawie wyników uzyskanych w obu próbach zauważono, że czas naparowywania, utrwalania można skrócić z 30 do 15 minut. Pożądany efekt uzyskano drukując z użyciem barwników metalokompleksowych 1:2 z zastosowaniem obróbki wstępnej kationizacyjnej produktem na bazie modyfikowanego czwartorzędowego związku polialkiloaminy. Skrócenie czasu parowania nie powoduje utraty wydajności drukowania i nie ma negatywnego wpływu na trwałość druku.

8

Ionic liquids in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

Rodríguez Héctor

Acta Innovations

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2021

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no. 38

23--36

EN

The pretreatment is a key step in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass for its transformation into chemicals and materials of biorenewable origin. Ionic liquids, with their characteristic set of unique properties, have the potential to be the basis of novel pretreatment processes with higher effectiveness and improved sustainability as compared to the current state-of-the-art processes. In this opinion paper, the author provides a perspective on possible processing strategies for this pretreatment with ionic liquids, identifying different advantages as well as challenges to be overcome.

9

Effect of Pretreatment on the Smoothness Behaviour of Cotton Fabric

Sisodia Nidhi, Parmar M. S., Jain Saurbh

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2019

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Vol. 27, no. 5 (137)

47--52

EN

Before dyeing, woven cotton fabrics have been passed through different pretreatments like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerising to enhance quality. In every treatment cotton fabric is treated with different chemicals and mechanical processes. After these treatments, the feel of the fabric has been changed. The change in feel or in terms of the hand value of treated fabrics were analysed by determining the bending length, crease recovery angle, SEM, FTIR, surface roughness and smoothness properties. Other physical properties viz. the tear and tensile strength were also evaluated. Fabric surface roughness and smoothness were determined using the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) and digital image processing method. Using MATLAB software, digital image processing techniques were used to evaluate the roughness index. The study revealed that the pretreatment process alters the fabric surface. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was carried out using SPSS software in order to establish the relationship between the pretreatment process effect on the bending length, smoothness and crease recovery angle.

PL

W celu poprawy jakości tkaniny bawełniane przed barwieniem poddawane są obróbce wstępnej składającej się z następujących etapów: odklejanie, szorowanie, wybielanie i merceryzowanie. Podczas każdego etapu tkanina bawełniana jest poddawana różnym procesom chemicznym i mechanicznym. Przebadano tkaniny SEM, FTIR, określono chropowatości powierzchni i gładkość. Oceniono również wytrzymałość na rozdarcie i rozciąganie. Chropowatość i gładkość powierzchni tkaniny określono przy użyciu Kawabata Evaluation System (KES), metody cyfrowego przetwarzania obrazu i oprogramowania MATLAB. Badanie ujawniło, że proces obróbki wstępnej zmienia powierzchnię tkaniny. Wyniki badań poddano analizie statystycznej.

10

Monosubstrate fermentation of chicken manure after pretreatment using cold and hot water extraction

Konkol I., Sołowski G., Cenian A.

Eco-Energetics : technologies, environment, law and economy

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2019

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T. 2

79--84

EN

Simple pretreatmentof raw chicken manureby cold and hot water extractionincreased the crucial for fermentation C:N ratio 2 to 2.7-fold. The pretreated chicken manure thus became suitable for methane fermentation as monosubstrate, this is due to higher C:N ratio. Cumulative methane and biogas production after pretreatment increasedabout 18–40% and 16–45%, respectively.

11

Mechanical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Methane Fermentation in Innovative Reactor with Cage Mixing System

Rusanowska P., Zieliński M., Dudek M., Dębowski M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 5

219--224

EN

Disintegration of lignocellulosic biomass for energy purposes has been extensively studied. The study aimed to investigate the influence of crushed and uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass on the biogas production in an innovative reactor. The substrate fed to the reactor was Sida hermaphrodita silage mixed with cow manure. The bioreactor had an innovative design of the mixing cage system. The mixing system of the bioreactor consisted of two cylindrical stirrers in the form of a cage. The cages simultaneously rotate around the axis of the bioreactor at against their own axes. The bioreactor is currently presented under the Record Biomap program (Horizon 2020). The bioreactor was operated at organic compounds loading of 2 kg/(m3∙d) and 3 kg/(m3∙d) and hydraulic retention time was 50 d and 33 d, respectively. The biogas production under the organic compounds loading of 2 kg VS/(m3∙d) was 680 L/kg VS from crushed lignocellulosic biomass and 570 L/kg VS from uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass. The biogas production under the organic compounds loading 3 kg VS/(m3∙d) was 730 L/kg VS from crushed lignocellulosic biomass and 630 L/kg VS from uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass. The crushing of substrate did not influence the methane content in the biogas. In all experiments, the biogas comprised about 54% of methane. The net energy efficiency was calculated as well.

12

Wykorzystanie promieniowania mikrofalowego do wspomagania procesu fermentacji alkoholowej biomasy

Nowicka A., Zieliński M., Dębowski M., Dudek M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 2

109--116

PL

Przeprowadzenie obróbki wstępnej jest kluczowe szczególnie w przypadku wykorzystywania biomasy trudno-rozkładalnej, której podatność na biochemiczny rozkład na przykład w procesie fermentacji alkoholowej jest ograniczona. Procesy dezintegracji biomasy prowadzą do zniszczenia zwartych struktur i uwolnienia substancji organicznej do fazy rozpuszczonej w wyniku czego następuje wzrost stężenia rozpuszczonych, łatwo rozkładalnych substancji organicznych. Efektywna obróbka wstępna powinna spełniać kilka kryteriów, w tym zapewnić rozdział ligniny od celulozy, zwiększać udział celulozy amorficznej, zapewnić większą porowatość substratów, eliminować straty cukrów, ograniczać powstawanie inhibitorów, minimalizować koszty energii. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie możliwości wykorzystania elektromagnetycznego promieniowania mikrofalowego do wstępnego przygotowania biomasy roślinnej przed procesem fermentacji alkoholowej i porównanie efektywności opisywanej metody z innymi powszechnie wykorzystywanymi technikami obróbki wstępnej. Substrat poddany obróbce mikrofalowej wykazuje się szybkim tempem hydrolizy i wysoką zawartością glukozy w hydrolizacie, co powoduje zwiększenie wydajności procesu produkcji bioetanolu.

EN

Perform pretreatment is crucial particularly in the case of the use of hard-degradable biomass, the biochemical susceptibility to degradation, for example, alcoholic fermentation is limited. Biomass disintegration processes lead to the destruction of compact structures and release of the organic substance to the phase dissolved in a resultant increase in the concentration of dissolved easily degradable organic substances. Effective pretreatment should meet several criteria, including ensuring the separation of lignin from cellulose, to increase the share of amorphous cellulose, provide a higher porosity substrates, eliminate waste sugars limit formation of inhibitors, minimize energy costs. The aim of this paper is to show the possibilities of using electromagnetic microwave radiation for pre-treatment plant biomass before the fermentation process of alcohol and comparison of the effectiveness of the described method with other commonly used techniques of pre-treatment. The substrate subjected to microwave treatment has a fast rate of hydrolysis and a high content of glucose in the hydrolyzate, which increases the efficiency of the production of bioethanol.

13

The influence of a treatment process on the reaction to water of durable and water resistant wood/plastic composites

Hosseinihashemi S. K., Badritala A.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2017

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vol. 60, nr 200

21--34

EN

In this study, the effect of the treatment process on the decay resistance and water absorption behaviour of wood flour/polypropylene composites was investigated. Composites based on ZB-pretreated, ZB-treated-during-manufacturing, and untreated wood flour, polypropylene were exposed to the decay by the white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 14 weeks. The long-term water absorptions of samples were evaluated by immersing them in water at room temperature for several weeks, and water diffusion coefficients (WDC) were also calculated by evaluating the water absorption isotherms. The morphology of the composites was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the composite made with ZB-treated wood flour exhibited the same water absorption as the control composite; while the ZB-pretreated wood flour, produced the highest improvements in water absorption performance. The water absorption of WPCs increased after exposure to white- rot fungus, where the water absorption of the decayed UT-WPC, ZB-T-WPC, and ZB-PT-WPC specimens increased by 41.4%, 43.25%, and 36.7%, respectively compared to the undecayed UT-WPC, ZB-T-WPC, and ZB-PT-WPC specimens. The undecayed ZB- -treated sample and decayed ZB-pretreated composite exhibited the lowest and highest WDCs, respectively. The SEM micrographs revealed that the outer surface of the wood fibers were coated by some crystalline deposits of zinc borate. Much larger WDC values are observed from the ZB-pretreated and decayed composites when compared to the ZB-treated, control, and undecayed composites. The results of this study help to clarify the effect of T. versicolor on the dynamic moisture absorption process of WPCs impregnated with ZB.

14

Flotation of long flame coal pretreated by polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate

Ni C., Xie G., Li Z., Bu X., Peng Y., Sha J.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2016

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Vol. 52, iss. 1

317--327

EN

In this investigation, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) was used to improve flotation of fine long flame coal. The flotation recovery of long flame coal could be increased when long flame coal was either pretreated or conditioned with Tween 60 in a flotation cell for a period before the addition of collector. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique was used to indicate surface properties of long flame coal. The results of FTIR show that there are many oxygen functional groups on the sur-face. Contact angle measurements were used to indicate changes in hydrophobicity of coal surface before and after Tween 60 and/or diesel pretreatments. The results of contact angle measurements show that hydrophobicity of coal can be increased by Tween 60. Tween 60 can also enhance adsorption of diesel on the coal surface, and hence floatability of long flame coal can be further improved. Tween 60 primarily enhances the flotation recovery of low density coal fractions (<1.5 and 1.5-1.8 kg/dm3). However, the increase in flotatation recovery is less significant with an excessive addition of Tween 60.

15

Oczyszczanie ścieków ze stacji naprawy samochodów

Piecuch T., Andriyevska L., Dąbrowski J., Dąbrowski T., Juraszka B., Kowalczyk A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

|

Tom 17, cz. 1

814--832

EN

The paper presents exploratory examinations on possibility of pre-treatment of wastewater containing gasoline and diesel fuel, that is wastewater “produced” in each car service and repair workshop and in gas station. It is a vast number of service points, which, though daily produce small amounts of wastewater but in the scale of the whole country amount of wastewater is substantial. Such wastewater is usually piped off into the sewage system. Often oily wastewater does not meet requirements set by local companies which own the municipal sewage treatment plants. Therefore, authors made have undertaken considerations on the concept of use the flotation process for pre-treatment of wastewater containing oil and gasoline, as a small wastewater treatment plant that could be installed in a separate room of garage or gas station. Example diagram is shown in Figure 5. This paper presents preliminary testing of a pilot-distinctive nature. Laboratory tests of flotation process were carried out in two independent study groups, ie. one with use of model wastewater and second with the use of real wastewater. Conducted examinations and analysis of the results allow to draw certain conclusions: 1. Wastewater from car service stations, mechanical garages and also gas stations are contaminated with oil derived compound, and although individual garage produces small amounts of wastewater, the sum of all wastewater in the scale of the whole country each day is substantial. 2. Proposed small installation for pre-treatment of oily wastewater, when implemented In the car service station or gas station will improve quality of wastewater daily inputted to sewage system. 3. The flotation process which is the first node of proposed technological installation does not treat wastewater sufficiently, but noticeably, and thus it allows to extend the life of an important node of the installation, that is sorption process. 4. Research should be continued on a small experimental plant installed in the car or gas station.

16

Puffingi wieprzowe - dobór obróbki wstępnej surowca

Pawlak T., Ryniecki A., Piątek M., Krzywdzińska-Bartkowiak M.

Przemysł Spożywczy

|

2015

|

T. 69, nr 12

15--17

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ wybranych metod obrobki wstępnej plasterkow z surowego mięsa wieprzowego (musculus psoas major) na ocenę sensoryczną wytwarzanych z tego mięsa puffingow z wykorzystaniem suszenia mikrofalowo-próżniowego. Surowiec poddawano następującym metodom obróbki wstępnej: zamrażaniu, podgrzewaniu mikrofalowemu, tenderyzacji z wykorzystaniem proteazy tiolowej, peklowaniu oraz nakładaniu powłok zawierających dodatki funkcjonalne wpływające na strukturę mięsa. Przeszkolony zespoł oceniający określał wartości wskaźnika jakości sensorycznej pięciopunktową metodą skalowania i brał pod uwagę następujące wyrożniki jakości sensorycznej: barwę, zapach, smak oraz kruchość. Przedstawione i opisane w artykule metody obróbki wstępnej plasterków z mięsa wieprzowego wraz z procesem suszenia mikrofalowo-próżniowego umożliwiają uzyskiwanie kruchych porowatych suszy mięsnych. Stwierdzono, że puffingi o najlepszej ocenie sensorycznej, zwłaszcza o najlepszej kruchości, wytworzono w procesie tenderyzacji plasterków z surowego mięsa wieprzowego z zastosowaniem proteazy tiolowej.

EN

The article presents the influence of the selected methods of pretreatment of raw pork slices (musculus psoas major) on the sensory evaluation of puffing obtained from this meat using microwave-vacuum drying. The raw material was subjected to selected pretreatment methods such as: freezing, microwave heating, tenderization with thiol protease, curing as well as coating with functional additives that affect the meat structure. The trained evaluation team determined the value of the sensory quality index using the five-point scale method and took into account the following sensory quality attributes: color, aroma, taste and crispness. The methods of pretreatment of pork slices presented and described in this article together with the microwave-vacuum drying enable obtaining crispy porous dried meat. It has been stated that the tenderization of raw pork slices using thiol protease enabled obtaining puffing with the highest value of the sensory quality index especially the crispness factor.

17

Effect of Textile Pretreatment Processes on the Signal Transferring Capability of Textile Transmission Lines

Kursun B. S.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2015

|

Vol. 23, no. 2 (110)

55--62

EN

Transmission lines in the textile structure are a path of supplying power or transmitting digital/analog signals to electronic components in a textronic system. The current experimental investigation concerned potential differences in the signal transferring capability of textile transmission lines that were subjected to different pretreatment processes. In this study, 11 conductive yarns (stainless steel, silver plated PA and insulated copper) with different linear resistance values were used to create transmission lines through different weave patterns. E-fabric structures containing transmission lines were subjected to combined desizing, alkaline scouring and hydrogen peroxide bleaching pretreatment processes. Signal-to-noise measurements were performed before and after each pretreatment process. In order to make any reasonable comparison of the signal transferring capability of efabric samples, recorded signals were analysed using Matlab ® and their SNR values were also compared statistically. The results show that the pretreatment processes, the linear resistance of conductive yarns and the type of weave structure significantly influence the signal transferring capability of the transmission lines.

PL

Linie transmisyjne w strukturze tekstylnej są ścieżką zasilania lub przesyłania sygnałów analogowych/cyfrowych do komponentów elektronicznych w tekstronice. Badania eksperymentalne dotyczą potencjalnych różnic w sprawności przenoszenia sygnału tekstylnych linii transmisyjnych, które zostały poddane różnym procesom obróbki wstępnej. W pracy zastosowano 11 przędz przewodzących o różnych wartościach oporu liniowego wykonanych ze stali nierdzewnej, posrebrzanego poliamidu i izolowanych drutów miedzianych. Przędze te wykorzystano do stworzenia linii transmisyjnych poprzez zastosowanie różnych splotów tkackich. Struktury tkanin zawierających linie transmisyjne poddano procesom: usuwania klejonki, obróbki alkalicznej i bielenia nadtlenkiem wodoru. Przed i po każdym procesie obróbki wstępnej dokonano pomiarów zakłóceń. W celu porównania sprawności przenoszenia sygnału zarejestrowane sygnały były analizowane i porównane statystycznie. Wyniki pokazują, że procesy obróbki wstępnej, opór liniowy przędz przewodzących oraz typ splotu mają istotny wpływ na sprawność przenoszenia sygnału tekstylnych linii transmisyjnych.

18

Wybrane metody wstępnej obróbki surowców roślinnych stosowanych do produkcji biogazu

Witaszek K., Pilarska A. A., Pilarski K.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2015

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nr 2

130--144

EN

An agricultural waste substrates such as rape straw, hay, corn stover, or other types of green fodder (grass residues) are not utilized in many farms and go to the waste, which finally goes to the soil. Therefore, it is very important to appropriately manage these substrates, for example, in methane fermentation process for the biogas production. During the process of methane fermentation in agricultural biogas plant, mentioned biomass substrates are decomposed only in a small extent. The low biodegradability of straw and grasses is related to their chemical structure. The composition of this materials includes cellulose and hemicellulose compounds surrounded with the lignin polymers (hence, in the literature the name of lignocellulosic biomass is used), which is not digested in this form by enzymes of the methane bacteria. It is assumed that a suitable technological pretreatment of the batch (by micronization or steam explosion) may significantly improve the methane fermentation process with little additional energy and cost inputs. The aim of the study is to discuss the impact of selected pretreatment technologies of vegetable raw material plant for the production of biogas and to provide energy and economic balance of the proposed methods. Studies were conducted basing of foreign literature reports (in Poland not yet published research in the field of mechanical and thermal pre-treatment of plant biomass) and also based on knowledge and own research.

19

Podczyszczanie odcieków składowiskowych z wykorzystaniem procesu Fentona, koagulacji i ozonowania

Leszczyński J., Wawrentowicz D.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2015

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nr 2

166--175

PL

Celem badań było określenie skuteczności podczyszczania odcieków składowiskowych z wykorzystaniem koagulacji, ozonowania i reakcji Fentona.

EN

The objective of the research was to study coagulation-flocculation, ozonation and Fenton’s process pretreatment on a stabilized landfill leachate. The leachate came from a municipal sanitary landfill, located near Bielsk Podlaski, (Podlaskie viovodeship). Main parameters were at average: pH 7,69; COD 1125 mgO2/dm3; BOD 143 mgO2/dm3; NH4+ 658 mgN/dm3; UV absorbance 0,326 and turbidity 59 NTU. An individual and integrated technique consisted of coagulation, Fenton’s reaction, ozonation and coagulation / ozonation was examined. The coagulation of leachate samples was accomplished by addition of Iron(III) sulfate. Maximum COD, color and UV absorbance removal rates at 44,8%, 75,5% and 67% were achieved by adding of 350 mgFe/dm3 of Iron(III) sulfate as Fe3+ respectively. The ozone dosages were used in the range of 50 to 750 mgO3/dm3 of the leachate. The maximum COD, color and UV absorbance removal was respectively 23,3%; 30,2% and 27,9% by applying a high ozone dose of 750 mgO3/dm3. After oxidation, the ratio of BOD /COD was increased from 0.11 up to 0.16. Fenton process reduced the COD, color and UV absorbance of the leachates by 64,9; 81,1and 68,7% respectively. Best operative conditions were obtained with Iron(III) sulfate dose 150 mgFe/dm3, and maximum hydrogen peroxide dose 2100 mgH2O2/dm3 (reaction time: 2h). Advantages associated with Fenton’s reagent include higher organic removal capacity, and bigger production of biodegradable byproducts, measured as BOD/COD ratio.

20

Podczyszczanie ścieków z wybranego zakładu przemysłowego

Bugajski P.

Instal

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2014

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nr 7/8

81--83

PL

Celem badań było określenie skuteczności działania podczyszczalni ścieków przemysłowych pochodzących z ubojni trzody chlewnej. Skuteczność działania analizowanego obiektu określono w oparciu o wskaźniki zanieczyszczeń tj. BZT5, ChZT i zawiesinę ogólną, które zostały podane w pozwoleniu wydanym przez Urząd Gminy na odprowadzenie ścieków poubojowych do zbiorczego systemu kanalizacyjnego. Analizy niezawodności działania obiektu opracowano za pomocą metody Weibulla. W podczyszczalni ścieków poubojowych średnia skuteczność zmniejszenia BZT5 wyniosła 42,9%, ChZT – 45,7%, natomiast zawiesiny ogólnej 32,4%. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy niezawodności działania podczyszczalni stwierdzono, że prawdopodobieństwo przekroczenia wartości dopuszczalnej dla BZT5 wynosi 22%, natomiast dla wielkości ChZT wynosi 25%. Nie stwierdzono natomiast przypadków przekroczenia wartości dopuszczalnej zawiesiny ogólnej.

EN

The aim of the study was to determining the effectiveness of pretreatment of industrial wastewater from pigs slaughterhouses. The effectiveness of the object was determined on the basis of pollution indices, BOD5, COD and total suspended solids , which are specified in the permit issued by the Municipal Office, sewage disposal postmortem to the general sewage system. The operation reliability of the object tested using Weibull method. The average postmortem treatment plant, decreasing BOD5 was 42.9%, COD – 45.7%, and 32.4% of total suspended solids. The analysis of reliability of the pretreatment, it was found that the probability of exceeding the limit value for BOD5 is 22%, while the COD value of 25%. However, no cases of exceeding the limit of total suspended solids.