Recently, there has been an increased interest in designing new catalytic systems for olefin polymerization reactions. Scientists' research focuses on the design of cheap, green precatalysts based on transition metal ions, i.e. vanadium(III), and vanadium(IV). This review summarizes recent reports on the catalytic properties of vanadium coordination compounds in olefin polymerization reactions. Additionally, the latest publications on using heterogeneous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on vanadium in the coordination polymerization of olefins will be presented.
Polymerization conditions in the Pickering emulsion of colloidal silica-stabilized polystyrene latex were optimized. The influence of process conditions on various parameters, including particle size and distribution was investigated. Monomodal particles distribution was obtained by conducting the process at a temperature of 80°C in a slightly acidic environment (pH = 5), while maintaining fast monomer conversion. It has been shown that the amount of stabilizer used in the polymerization process affects the rate of polymerization, therefore the temperature of the process should be adjusted to the amount of colloidal silica used in the process.
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Zoptymalizowano warunki polimeryzacji w emulsji Pickeringa lateksów polistyrenowych stabilizowanych krzemionką koloidalną. Zbadano wpływ warunków procesu na m.in wielkość i rozkład cząstek. Monomodalny rozkład cząstek uzyskano prowadząc proces w temperaturze 80°C w środowisku lekko kwaśnym (pH = 5), przy zachowaniu szybkiej konwersji monomeru. Wykazano, że ilość stabilizatora użytego w procesie polimeryzacji wpływa na szybkość polimeryzacji, dlatego też temperatura procesu powinna być dostosowana do ilości używanej w procesie krzemionki koloidalnej.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the shrinkage stress during cross-linking of composite orthodontic adhesive systems. The elastic-optical method was used for shrinkage stress analysis. Based on the obtained results, basic statistics were determined, including averages and standard deviations. For the comparative analysis of the mean values, the Tukey HSD test was used at the significance level α = 0.05. The average value of shrinkage stress during cross-linking ranged from 7.2 to 11.5 MPa.
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Celem pracy była ocena naprężeń skurczowych podczas sieciowania kompozytowych ortodontycznych systemów adhezyjnych. Do analizy naprężeń skurczowych zastosowano metodę elastooptyczną. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników wyznaczono statystyki podstawowe, w tym średnie oraz odchylenia standardowe. Do analizy porównawczej wartości średnich użyto testu Tukeya HSD na poziomie istotności α = 0,05. Średnia wartość naprężeń skurczowych podczas sieciowania ortodontycznych systemów adhezyjnych wynosiła od 7,2 do 11,5 MPa.
Polyphenols are one of the most numerous and ubiquitous groups of secondary plant metabolites, and constitute an integral part of both human and animal diets. These compounds possess a high spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and cardioprotective. A lot of preclinical research and epidemiological data suggests that plant polyphenols reduce the risks of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis or diabetes and can slow the progression of cancers. These facts sugest that plant polyphenols might act as potential chemopreventive and anti-cancer agents. However, the levels of polyphenols that appear effective in vitro are often of an order of magnitude higher than the concentrations determined in vivo. This is a serious problem, as only a small part of the substance remain available following oral administration, due to insufficient gastric residence time, low permeability and solubility within the gut. An important element is polyphenols instability under conditions encountered in food processing and storage (oxygen, temperature, light), or in the gastrointestinal tract (enzymes, pH, other nutrients), all of which limit the activity of polyphenolic compounds. Another unfortunate trait of polypheonls is their potential unpleasant taste. In order to overcome these drawbacks, various formulation methods have been developed. Among them, encapsulation seems to be a promising technique to improve the effectiveness and the bioactivity of polyphenols. Moreover, it protects the core material from environmental factors. Microcapsules are small particulates that may range from submicron to several millimeters in size. Encapsulation methods can be classified in three groups: physical, physico-chemical, and chemical. The research studies reported in this paper revealed useful strategies to provide remarkable protection against harmful factors of polyphenolic compounds, avoiding the loss in activity and improving their bioavailability.
This review focuses on advances in the synthesis and structural chemistry of zinc alkoxide compounds for use in the catalytic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides (LAs). This route was used for the preparation of lactic acid based polymers - referred to as polylactides (PLAs). These polyesters have ecofriendly properties such as renewability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, and are therefore among the most promising green polymers. PLAs have found numerous specialty applications in the biomedical industry, such as biodegradable screws and sutures, scaffolds for tissue engineering, matrices for controlled drug delivery systems, and environmentally friendly food-packaging materials. In industry, PLAs were synthesized by bulk polymerization of LA using tin(II) alkoxides synthesized in situ from tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate. The toxicity associated with most tin compounds is a considerable drawback in the case of biomedical applications. There has therefore been much research devoted to finding well- defined complexes of high activity containing biologically benign metals. In this context, zinc alkoxides are very attractive non-toxic initiators for the synthesis of polymers that could be used in medical and environmental fields. The most broadly applied representations of zinc initiators for ROP of LA are zinc carboxylates, ß-diketonates, ß-diketiminates, phenolates and bisphenolates, trispyrazolyl- and trisindazolyl-borates, heteroscorpionates, aminophenolates, Schiff base, and iminealkoxylates. The mentioned above initiators were classified and analyzed in the context of their coordination chemistry and revealed catalytic activity in the ROP of LA. The review contains only pioneering/groundbreaking works that allowed for setting new research paths for each of the described groups of initiators, showing how this theme has changed over the last several decades.
The olefin polymerization catalysts constitute a large group of various compounds. Metallocene complexes are the largest part of this group. However, due to the instability at industrial plastics temperatures and the decomposition of complexes after MAO (or MMAO) activation, they have been partly replaced by non-metallocene compounds. This article concerns the studies on new non- metallocene precatalysts for the olefin polymerization and oligomerization. The report focuses on the structure and the catalytic activities of the complexes of chromium(III), vanadium(IV) and cobalt(II) with the following ligands: dipicolinate, 2-pyridinecarboxylate, oxalate, oxydiacetate, iminodiacetate, 2,2’- bipyridine, 4,4’-dimethoxy-2,2’-bipyridine, 1,10-phenantroline. These complex compounds are highly active precatalysts for olefin polymerization and oligomerization. The complexes: [Cr(dipic)2][Cr(bipy)(dipic)H20] 2H20 and [Cr(dipic) 2]Hdmbipy 2.5H20 deserve special attention because they are new type of the precatalysts i.e. organic salt type complexes composed both of organic cations and anions. These compounds are not only interesting because of their structure but also because of their high catalytic activity.
Poly(glycidyl nitrate) (PGN) is a high-energetic polymer whose properties are determined by the presence of an –ONO2 explosophoric group. PGN can be obtained by polymerization of glycidyl nitrate (GN) monomers. The preferred polymerization route is via the activated monomer mechanism, due to its two main advantages: narrow molecular mass distribution of the obtained polymer and ability to control the heat generated during the reaction. The study allowed the GN monomer to be obtained as a product of nitration of epichlorohydrin. A series of GN polymerization reactions was conducted under different conditions (temperature, time and reactant amounts). The analysis showed that the lower the catalyst to initiator ratio, the higher the molecular mass of the obtained polymer (PGN). A temperature between 0-10 °C is the optimum temperature for GN polymerization. The longer the GN polymerization time the higher the molecular mass of the PGN. The GN polymerization reaction was scaled up without affecting the molecular mass or other properties of the obtained polymers. The following tests were carried out to determine the basic properties of PGN: GPC, 1H NMR, FTIR, DSC, TG, calorific value, viscosity, sensitivity to friction and impact.
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Poli(azotan glicydylu) (PGN) to wysoce energetyczny polimer, który posiada swoje właściwości dzięki obecności grupy eksplozoforowej –ONO2. PGN otrzymuje się w wyniku polimeryzacji monomeru – azotanu glicydylu (GN). Preferowaną techniką polimeryzacji jest polimeryzacja według mechanizmu aktywowanego monomeru, ze względu na dwie główne zalety: wąski rozkład masy cząsteczkowej otrzymanego polimeru oraz kontrolę wydzielanego ciepła podczas reakcji. W trakcie pracy otrzymano monomer GN w wyniku reakcji nitrowania epichlorohydryny. Następnie wykonano szereg polimeryzacji GN zmieniając temperaturę, czas oraz ilości dozowanych substratów. Podczas badań stwierdzono między innymi, że im mniejszy jest stosunek katalizatora w stosunku do inicjatora tym ciężar cząsteczkowy otrzymanego polimeru (PGN) jest większy. Optymalną temperaturą prowadzenia reakcji polimeryzacji GN jest temperatura z zakresu 0-10 °C. Im dłuższy czas prowadzenia reakcji polimeryzacji GN tym otrzymany PGN ma większy ciężar cząsteczkowy. W trakcie badań zwiększono skalę prowadzonej polimeryzacji GN bez wpływu na ciężary cząsteczkowe otrzymanych polimerów i ich właściwości. W celu poznania podstawowych właściwości otrzymanego PGN wykonano szereg badań: GPC, 1H NMR, FTIR, DSC, TG, pomiar ciepła spalania, pomiar lepkości. Zbadano również wrażliwość uzyskanego polimeru na tarcie i uderzenie.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) is an attractive photocatalyst, however, its practical photocatalytic applications are still faced with huge challenges. The aim of this research is to identify the correlation between synthetic conditions and properties of the g-C3 N4 and derive an optimum synthesis condition for improving photocatalytic activities of the g-C3 N4. In this study, novel and versatile g-C3 N4 nanosheets were synthesized by the simple thermal pyrolysis of urea. In the synthesis process, the pyrolysis temperature and the heating rate, which can have the most significant influence on the structures and properties of g-C3 N4, were set as variables, and the effects were systematically investigated. When synthesized at a relatively high temperature, the amount of material being synthesized is reduced, however it has been found to represent optical properties suitable for highly efficient photo-catalyst by the increase in the thickness and defects formed in the g-C3 N4nanosheets. The photocatalytic degradation experiment of MB dyes indicated that the highest degradation of 95.2% after the reaction for 120 min was achieved on the g-C3 N4 nanosheets synthesized at 650°C.
The Phillips CrOx/SiO2 catalyst is one of the most commonly used system in the industrial production of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). This system has been extensively studied since decades, mainly by means of experimental techniques. However, the progress in determination of the nature of the chromium sites and understanding of surface reactions occurring has been rather not satisfying and many issues are still under debate. Among others, structure of the chromium oxide species on the surface of the reduced catalyst is not well defined. Likewise, the mechanism of the catalyst reduction and active site formation is not well established. Many experimental studies indicate that chromium exists on the surface of amorphous silica in a wide variety of different forms including monomeric, dimeric and polymeric species. Different oxidation states are also possible, as Cr(VI), Cr(V), Cr(IV), Cr(III), Cr(II) were detected. There is a general consensuses that Cr(VI) dominates at the surface after the catalyst preparation, while Cr(II) and Cr(III) are mainly formed after contact with a reducing agent, like ethylene or CO. Nevertheless, the detailed structure of these oxide species, as well as the active sites, is still strongly discussed. As experimental studies do not show a clear picture about the nature of silica-supported chromium catalyst, very helpful can be computational approach which can provide complementary information, not accessible by experimental techniques. In this short review we summarize the recent progress in the field of the Phillips (CrOx/SiO2) catalyst focusing on the most relevant theoretical papers that were published within last couple of years. We also highlight the need of applying advanced models if realistic theoretical description of the CrOx/SiO2 system is to be achieved. Additionally, different computational approaches in modeling of heterogenous catalysts are discussed.
W pracy wykonano syntezy poli(metakrylanu-N,N-dimetyloaminoetylenowego) – PDAMA przy użyciu dwóch metod polimeryzacji: roztwo-rowej oraz blokowej. Otrzymano polimery o liczbowo średniej masie cząsteczkowej odpowiednio: 10 850 g/mol oraz 146 300 g/mol. Budowa chemiczna została potwierdzona przy użyciu technik spektroskopowych: magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego – NMR oraz spektroskopii w podczerwieni – FTIR. Natomiast strukturę nadcząsteczkową określono przy użyciu metody szerokokątowej dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej – WAXS. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań sugerują postać amorficzną polimerów, a przeprowadzona analiza termiczna wykazuje, że przerób PDAMA technikami stopowymi jest niemożliwy. W następnym etapie prac zbadano właściwości przeciwbakteryjne oraz przeciwgrzybiczne wodnych roztworów polimerów. Badania wykazały, iż zarówno polimer otrzymany na drodze polimeryzacji blokowej, jak i polimer otrzymany na drodze polimeryzacji roztworowej, charakteryzuje się właściwościami przeciwdrobnoustrojowymi wobec bakterii: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Eschericha coli ATCC 10536 coli oraz grzybów: Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. Głównym celem prac badawczych było otrzymanie włókniny z PDAMA. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano metodę rozdmuchu roztworu polimeru. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały, iż włókninę można otrzymać jedynie z polimeru wytworzonego na drodze polimeryzacji blokowej, który charak-teryzuje się znacznie wyższą masą cząsteczkową niż polimer otrzymany na drodze polimeryzacji roztworowej. Określono zakres stężenia roztworu polimeru, z którego można wytworzyć włókninę. Morfologia laboratoryjnej partii włókniny została zobrazowana przy użyciu skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego (SEM) a struktura nadcząsteczkowa zbadana metodą spektroskopii rentgenowskiej. Ze względu na znaczną rozpuszczalność materiału wykonano procedurę radiacyjnego i chemicznego sieciowania polimeru. Została wyznaczona aktywność biostatyczna otrzymanej partii laboratoryjnej włókniny.
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The synthesizes poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate) using two polymerization methods: solution and block were done. Average molecular weight of obtained polymers were: 10 850 g/mol and 146 300 g/mol. Molecular structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance – NMR and infrared spectroscopy – FTIR. The supermolecular structure was determined by Wide Angle X-ray Scattering – WAXS. The results of the studies suggest an amorphous form of the polymers. A thermal analysis shows that processing of PDAMA by melting techniques is impossible. In next step of work the antimicrobial and antifungal properties of aqueous solution of polymers were investigated. Studies have shown that both polymers have antibacterial and antifungal properties against bacetria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and fungi: Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. The main objective of the study was to developed PDAMA nonwoven. The solution blow spinning technique was used. Studies have shown that there is a possibility to obtain nonwowen form PDAMA but only from a polymer synthesized by block polymerization, which is characterized by the higher molecular weight than the polymer obtained by solution polymerization. The range of concentration of the polymer solution to produce a nonwoven was determined. The fibre morphology was determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and supermolecular structure was examined by Wide Angle X-ray Scattering. Due to high solubility of material the radiation and chemical crosslinking of the structure PDAMA nonwoven were done. The biostatic activity of the obtained of nonwoven was determined.
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Purpose: This publication provides a description of RDC Glokor’s own research into the effectiveness of the lactic fermentation process of lactose, lactic acid concentration and polylactide (PLA) production by ring-opening polymerization obtained from the condensation of two molecules of lactic acid. Furthermore, this publication sets out to determine potential applications of the PLA as a commercial material with a selection of thermal properties. Design/methodology/approach: In the described research works, a lactic fermentation process was used in which lactose is converted to lactic acid with the participation of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Polylactide was obtained indirectly by Ring Opening Polymerization and by direct polymerization, straight from lactic acid, omitting the intermediate stages. Next, the obtained lactide and polylactide were examined by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR) to determine their purity. Thermal methods (TG, DSC) to determine thermoplastic properties, i.e. softening point, decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature. Findings: Obtained from waste whey, PLA and its copolymers are excellent biodegradable polymers that have the potential to be used in medicine as resorbable surgical strands, biopolymers for implant production, as well as in many industries including for the production of biodegradable bottles and disposable packaging, 3D printer cartridges. Research limitations/implications: The research on lactic acid and lactide polymerization described in this article is still a new issue that requires further research to optimize PLA processes with industry-specific thermoplastic and physicochemical properties. Originality/value: In the basic waste processing of milk, there is a large volume of whey sour, which is ecologically dangerous for waste treating. Due to the high content of lactose (up to 6%) this waste can be used as a raw material in the lactic fermentation process in which lactose is converted to lactic acid with the participation of lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid can be concentrated and subjected to a dehydration process to lactide, which in the final stage is subjected to the process of ring-opening polymerization in order to produce biodegradable polylactide. The described process of carrying out the lactose contained in PLA whey is an innovative way to obtain a biodegradable usable polymer, which can be used to replace plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene.
Propylene oxide polymerization in the presence of layered double hydroxides with different concentration of basic sites on their surface has been studied. It is shown that the polymerization can be catalyzed by both basic and acidic sites. On the basis of kinetic experiments the mechanisms of reaction undergoing were proposed.
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W artykule badano polimeryzację tlenku propylenu w obecności warstwowych wodorotlenków podwójnych o różnej ilości centrów zasadowych na powierzchni. Wykazano, że kataliza polimeryzacji zachodzi zarówno w centrach zasadowych, jak i kwasowych. Na podstawie doświadczeń kinetycznych zaproponowano mechanizmy reakcji.
It is discussed the using of dynamic programming method to optimize the parameters of the cascade of ideal mixing reactors, which is held isothermal first order reaction. It is found, that the minimum volume of the cascade of reactors corresponds to the minimum residence time of substance in this cascade. The optimum value of residence time for all reactors are equal and all ratio of input and output concentrations are equal, hence, and all volumes of reactors are also equal. A total volume of the cascade of reactors is less than the amount single. Application of the method of dynamic programming is illustrated with an example of the calculation of the polymerization in a cascade of four reactors according to the literature experimental data.
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Przeprowadzono badania inicjowanej wolnorodnikowej polimeryzacji octanu winylu, kwasu metakrylowego, akrylanu butylu, metakrylanu butylu, metakrylanu allilu i metakrylanu glicydylu w środowisku stopionego utlenionego ponaftowego asfaltu. Do inicjowania polimeryzacji stosowano nadtlenek benzoilu i nadtlenek tert-butylu. Z kompozycji asfaltowo-polimerowych otrzymano powłoki. Badano ich temperaturę mięknienia, twardość względną wahadłową i odporność na zginanie. Metodami spektroskopii w podczerwieni i termograwimetrii badano budowę otrzymanych kompozycji asfaltowo-polimerowych pod względem składu tworzących je produktów i zachowania w warunkach wzrastającej temperatury.
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Vinyl acetate, methacrylic acid, Bu acrylate and methacrylate as well as allyl and glycidyl methacrylates were dissolved in petroleum bitumen (up to 50% by mass) and polymerized in situ with Bz₂O₂ or (Me₃C) ₂O₂ at 120–135°C to modify the bitumen properties. The modification resulted in decreasing the softening temp., hardners and bending strength of the polymer-bitumen films. Presence of the polymers in bitumen resulted also in some changes in IR spectrum of the bitumen.
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Przeprowadzono badania zmian temperatury podczas polimeryzacji dwóch materiałów kompozytowych o różnych matrycach (siloranowej i metakrylanowej) w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanej lampy polimeryzacyjnej, odległości od źródła światła i czasu naświetlania. Temperatura podczas naświetlania materiału Filtek Silorane o matrycy siloranowej była istotnie wyższa od temperatury materiału Filtek P60 o matrycy metakrylanowej. Zaobserwowano też istotnie większy wpływ czasu naświetlania na zmiany temperatury podczas naświetlania lampami LED (light-emitting diodes) niż lampą halogenową.
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Two com. resin-based composites with silorane-and methacrylate-based matrices were photocured at varying light-curing unit and composite type, curing distance and curing time to obs. the temp. changes. The silorane-based composite was cured at significantly higher temp. when compared with the methacrylate-based one. The curing time showed a stronger effect on temp. changes when the light-emitting diode was used as the light source than when halogen lamp was used.
Proces wiązania poprzez polimeryzację metakryloamidu prowadzono in situ na osnowie kwarcowej w temperaturze 25°C oraz w polu mikrofal (150°C; 800 W; 2,45 GHz). Skład mieszaniny reakcyjnej, oprócz metakryloamidu – jako monomeru, zawierał: inicjator (nadsiarczan amonu), aktywator (N,N,N’,N’-tetrametyloetylenodimina), upłynniacz (sorbitol) oraz osnowę kwarcową. Zmiany strukturalne powstałe wskutek oddziaływań makromolekularnych w mieszaninie reakcyjnej podczas procesu polimeryzacji metakryloamidu, a dalej konsolidacji ziaren osnowy, określono metodą spektroskopii w podczerwieni przy użyciu spektrometru z transformacją Fouriera (FTIR). Stwierdzono, że podczas sieciowania powstają nowe wiązania w obrębie grup polarnych, typu: -OH, >NH, >C=O oraz silanolowych (Si-O). Ponadto przeprowadzono termoanalizę układu reakcyjnego w zakresie temperatury 25−500°C z zastosowaniem metody spektroskopii rozproszonego odbicia (FTIR-DRS). Badania te miały na celu określenie zakresu temperatury, w którym dochodzi do zmian związanych z sieciowaniem układu, a jeszcze nie jego termodestrukcją. Dla otrzymanego układu poreakcyjnego wykonano badania mikroskopowe metodą SEM. Uzyskana wiedza na temat procesu wiązania, poprzedzonego polimeryzacją metakryloamidu prowadzoną in situ na osnowie kwarcowej, pozwoli na podjęcie dalszych prac w obszarze technologii formowania i konsolidacji układów polimerowo-krzemianowych metodą druku 3D.
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The process of bonding by polymerization of methacrylamide was performed in situ on a quartz matrix at 25°C as well as in a microwave field (150°C; 800 W; 2.45 GHz). The composition of the reaction mixture, beside methylacrylamide as the monomer, was: the initiator (ammonium persulfate), the activator (N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine), the fluidizer (sorbit) and the quartz matrix. The structural changes occurring as a result of macromolecular reactions in the reaction mixture during the process of methacrylamide polymerization and then consolidation of the matrix grains, were determined by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that during the cross-linking, new bonds are formed within the polar groups, of the following types: -OH, >NH, >C=O and silanol (Si-O). Also, a thermoanalysis of the reaction system was performed in the temperature range of 25−500°C with the use of dispersed reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-DRS). These studies aimed at determining the temperature range in which we can observe changes connected with the cross-linking of the system, and not its thermodestruction. For the obtained post-reaction system, SEM microscopic examinations were performed. The obtained knowledge of the bonding process, preceded by methacrylamide polymerization performed in situ on a quartz matrix, will make it possible to conduct further research in the scope of the technology of forming and consolidating polymer-silicate systems with the method of 3D printing.
Przedstawiono najważniejsze osiągnięcia naukowe Profesora Andrzeja Dudy, wieloletniego Kierownika Zakładu Chemii Polimerów Centrum Badań Molekularnych i Makromolekularnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Profesor Duda opublikował ponad 100 prac naukowych, wygłosił kilkadziesiąt wykładów na zaproszenie, w tym także wykłady plenarne na prestiżowych konferencjach międzynarodowych. W niniejszym, krótkim omówieniu prac Profesora skupiliśmy się przede wszystkim na dwóch zagadnieniach, spośród których szczególnie pierwsze było według naszego przekonania głównym osiągnięciem, rozwiązującym ważny problem dotyczący kopolimeryzacji monomerów chiralnych. Profesor Duda, po raz pierwszy w chemii polimerów, ustalił że polimeryzacja chiralnych monomerów przebiega niezmiennie wobec katalizatorów achiralnych oraz chiralnych o takim samym znaku jak znak monomeru, natomiast zastosowanie katalizatora o odwrotnej chiralności pozwala na znaczne zmniejszenie szybkości polimeryzacji. Jest to zjawisko o zasadniczym znaczeniu w kopolimeryzacji, szczególnie kiedy chiralny monomer jest znacznie bardziej reaktywny niż drugi komonomer. Mniej szczegółowo omówiono inne osiągnięcia Profesora Andrzeja Dudy, dodano też pełną bibliografię Jego prac.
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This paper is describing major scientific achievements of the recently late Professor Andrzej Duda, Chairman of the Department of Polymer Chemistry of The Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences. Professor Duda published over 100 scientific papers and has given several dozens of plenary and invited lectures at the scientific symposia. However, in the present paper, we are mostly describing accomplishment that all of us, and also Professor, have considered as his seminal work, that solved a long time controversial subject. Namely, how to influence reactivities of chiral monomers, using chiral catalysts. Professor Duda had shown, and this subject is mostly described, that reactivity of a chiral monomer can be unchanged (when compared with an achiral catalyst) when polymerized with catalyst of the same chirality and may be many times depressed (the feature highly valuable in several instances) when polymerized with a catalyst with an opposite chirality. This feature is very important in the copolymerization processes, when chiral monomer is much more reactive than the other comonomer. Besides, some other contributions of Professor Duda to Polymer Sciences are also, although briefly mentioned. Full list of papers is given in the second part of the paper.