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Modeling the shape of materials and food products on the example of peanut fruit (Arachis Hypogaea l.)®

Anders Andrzej, Kolankowska Ewelina, Markowski Piotr, Kaliniewicz Zdzisław, Choszcz Dariusz, Jadwisieńczak Krzysztof, Szubartowski Mirosław

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

2020

nr 2

79--86

The article presents two methods for acquiring information about the geometric parameters of peanut fruit. The first method involved direct measurements with the use of a caliper and geometric models (1D method). In the second method, peanuts were scanned to produce a 3D numerical model (3D method). The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of both methods in determining the surface area and volume of peanut fruit. The comparison of two methods for determining the geometric parameters of peanuts revealed that the 3D method produced more reliable results. In the 1D method, the surface area of peanuts can be determined with the use of a sphere (M1), a model composed of a semi-spheroid and a cylinder (M6), or a model composed of a semi-ellipsoid and an elliptic cylinder (M7). A spheroid (M4) and an ellipsoid (M5) can be applied to determine the volume of peanuts in the 1D method. The relative error was below 5% when the above models were applied to measure the surface area and volume of peanuts.

W artykule omówiono dwie metody pozyskiwania informacji o geometrycznych parametrach owoców orzechy podziemnej. Pierwsza to metoda pomiaru bezpośredniego, wykonana za pomocą suwmiarki i modeli geometrycznych (metoda 1D). Druga to metoda pomiaru przestrzennego modelu numerycznego otrzymanego za pomocą skanowania 3D (metoda 3D). Celem pracy była ocena wyżej wymienionych metod pomiarowych w zakresie dokładności wyznaczania pola powierzchni i objętości owoców orzechy podziemnej. Z przeprowadzonych badań na owocach orzechy podziemnej wynika, że spośród zastosowanych dwóch metod wyznaczenia parametrów geometrycznych owoców najlepsze efekty uzyskano przy metodzie 3D. Do wyznaczenia pola powierzchni owoców orzechy podziemnej metodą 1D można zastosować kulę (M1), model składający się z połowy elipsoidy obrotowej i walca (M6), model składający się z połowy elipsoidy i walca eliptycznego (M7). Wyznaczając objętość owoców orzechy podziemnej metodą 1D można wykorzystać elipsoidę obrotową (M4) i elipsoidę (M5). Wykorzystując wymienione modele do wyznaczania pola powierzchni i objętości owoców popełnia się błąd względny pomiaru mniejszy od 5%.

Adverse effects of different humic+fulvic acid levels on biological nitrogen fixation on groundnut

Kirac G., Coskan A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

2017

nr III/2

1145--1155

Nitrogen is one of the key components of plant production and the nitrogen requirement of the plant supplied either by mineral nitrogen applications or by biological nitrogen fixation. Although the atmosphere contain huge amount of N2, plants are not able to use that as a nitrogen source. Immediately usable forms of nitrogen are nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+). The bonds between two nitrogen atoms are quite strong thus, reducing N2 gas to mineral nitrogen forms needs considerable high amount of energy. However, in biological life, microorganisms may convert N2 to mineral nitrogen sources in ambient temperature and pressure; therefore, biological nitrogen fixation is both environmental friendly and sustainable. Industrial nitrogen fixation and mineral fertilization leads both environmental pollution and economic impact. In this research, the effects of humic+fulvic acid (HFA) on nitrogen fixation were evaluated. For this purpose, a pot experiment in controlled environment was carried out. Peanut seeds were sawn in the hole prepared after dual application of HFA doses and rhizobium bacteria. Two times sampling was realized, one in the flowering and the other in harvest time. Results revealed that HFA application was effective on biologic nitrogen fixation; however, increasing HFA doses were adversely influenced determined parameters. Due to the soybean was cultivated as a forecrop at the field where the experimental soil is collected, nodulation was observed even at non-inoculated pots. Nevertheless, the higher values obtained from inoculated plants. Based on the results presented in the paper, HFA was positively effective on a number of parameters evaluated, yet the lower doses should be recommended.

Methods of allergen detection based on DNA analysis

Słowianek M., Majak I.

Biotechnology and Food Science

2011

Vol. 75, nr 2

39-44

Many allergens, such as hazelnut, peanut, charlock, celery, sesame, lupine, walnut, almond, macadamia nut, hickory, pistachio, wheat gliadins, may be present in food products, however, undeclared or as unintentional additives. Due to the growing number of allergic reactions, it is crucial to have fast, reliable methods of allergen detection in processed food products. This review summarizes the recent methods of allergen detection in food products based on PCR reactions, namely PCR-ELISA, Real-time PCR, PCR-PNA-HPLC, Duplex PCR and Multiplex Real-time PCR, describing their principles, applications, detection limits, drawbacks and advantages.