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New approach to evaluation of effectiveness of "in-bed" coagulation

Kłos M., Gumińska J.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

2010

Vol. 3, no. 1

103-108

Direct filtration is one of the most popular process in water treatment. Results of various research show that this process is very effective in removal of turbidity and low concentration of dissolved organic matter. In a lot of technological guidelines for treatment processes required maximum turbidity in filtrate is 0.1 NTU. Such strict requirements result from the danger of water quality deterioration when it is supplied to consumers and on the other hand it ensures high effectiveness of removal of microbiological contamination. However, sometimes microorganism cells are noted in water after treatment. It means that there is an additional factor which negatively influences disinfection and causes deterioration of filtration effectiveness. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of a coagulant type and a coagulant dose on direct filtration effectiveness. In the study made on a laboratory scale both hydrolyzing and pre-hydrolyzed coagulants were tested. The effectiveness of treatment was measured on the base of filtrate characteristics, including particles concentration.

Proces filtracji jest jednym z podstawowych i najbardziej popularnych procesów stosowanych w uzdatnianiu wody. Jako proces samodzielny, realizowany wraz z koagulacją powierzchniową jest szczególnie wskazany do uzdatniania wód o niskiej mętności i niskiej zawartości naturalnej materii organicznej. Jego zastosowanie zapewnia uzyskanie wymaganego w wielu wytycznych progu mętności na poziomie 0.1 NTU, co pozwala znacznie zmniejszyć niebezpieczeństwo skażenia wody organizmami chorobotwórczymi. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad wpływem rodzaju koagulantu stosowanego w koagulacji powierzchniowej oraz jego dawki na efektywność usuwania zawiesin o wielkości tożsamej z rozmiarami typowych zanieczyszczeń mikrobiologicznych.

Understanding of wet and alternative particle removal processes in microelectronics: theoretical capabilities and limitations

Tardif F., Danel A., Raccurt O.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

2005

nr 1

11-19

A 2 orders of magnitude range of van der Waals interactions is considered here to take the majority of the variety of shapes and materials of actual particles into account. Comparing these interactions with the repulsive forces generated by electrostatic charges, drag, surface tension, shock waves, high accelerations and aerosol particles, the intrinsic capabilities and limitations of the different cleaning processes can be predicted. Three kinds of particle-removal processes have been identified { universal processes capable of removing all particle sizes and types, even from patterned wafers, processes that present the same theoretical ability but are actually limited by the accessibility of the particles, and finally cleanings that are not able to remove all particle sizes.