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1

The effects of leadership talent management on the company performance results

Haromszeki Łukasz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 191

195--215

EN

Purpose: Leadership talent management (LTM) is one of the crucial aspects of HRM nowadays, which can decide of an organization success. This effect is considered in four types of contexts, i.e. in the headquarters (HQs) of multinational companies (MNCs) in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period of COVID-19, and in the foreign subsidiaries of these MNCs also in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period of COVID-19. The main goal of the article, identified with the main research problem, is to determine the mediating role of HRM outcomes in the relationships between LTM and company performance results and to establish whether there are any identifiable regularities in this scope in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period of COVID-19 in the HQs and foreign subsidiaries of MNCs. Design/methodology/approach: The research sample covered 200 nonfinancial business entities headquartered in a Central European country with their subsidiaries located around the World. The research was conducted using Computer Aided Telephone Interview method. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to verify the research hypotheses and assess the mediating effects. Findings: What was found in the course of the work? This will refer to analysis, discussion, or results. The mediating role of HRM outcomes in the relationships between LTM and the company performance results has been determined and some regularities in this scope in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period of COVID-19 in the HQs and foreign subsidiaries of MNCs have been identified. The mediating role of HRM outcomes is important in each of analyzed contexts, but during a pandemic, the company's performance results in HRM mediate the relationships between LTM and the company's performance results stronger than in the pre-pandemic time. Practical implications: The research outcomes lead to the conclusion that in difficult conditions the specific focus on HRM can be an important factor improving the company’s performance results. Originality/value: What is new in the paper? State the value of the paper and to whom it is addressed. The research is of an innovative character, identifies some general scientific laws and describes the aspects that haven’t been studied yet. The originality of own research focused on LTM, mediating role of HRM outcomes in HQs and foreign entities of MNCs are difficult to compare with similar studies. In addition, the article presents an innovative approach to taking into account employee KPIs as an indicator of performance.

2

Long-term comparative effects of the covid-19 pandemic on supply chains in Poland, Georgia and Turkey

Sikora Marek, Kikoria Giga, Sanikidze Zezva, Çetingüç Başak, Rybacka Oliwia

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 193

463--487

EN

Purpose: This paper explores the enduring repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on global supply chains by investigating the experiences and adaptations of organizations in Poland, Georgia, and Turkey. It seeks to provide valuable insights into the long-term implications of the pandemic on supply chain management, with a focus on strategies and challenges faced by businesses in different regions. Design/Methodology/Approach: We conducted an extensive study utilizing an online questionnaire to gather primary data from a diverse sample of organizations in Poland, Georgia, and Turkey. This research approach is quantitative and comprehensively assess the pandemic's impact on supply chains. We analysed responses from a range of industries, enabling a holistic understanding of the topic. In addition to descriptive analysis, we conducted a comparative examination of the three countries using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to assess any significant differences among them. Furthermore, we employed Cramér's V, a robust statistical measure, to investigate associations between categorical variables within the dataset Findings: The research reveals that the outcomes in three distinct countries are surprisingly similar, contrary to initial expectations. The majority of the proposed COVID-19 factors exhibit no statistically significant distinctions among Poland, Georgia, and Turkey. Consequently, we can infer that the COVID-19 pandemic exerted a considerable and widespread impact on the entities under consideration. Research Limitations: Despite our efforts to gather a representative sample, the study may not encompass all industries and organizations equally. Additionally, the research is subject to the limitations of self-reported data and potential bias in responses. The focus on specific regions may not capture the entirety of global supply chain dynamics. Practical Implications: This research provides practical insights for organizations navigating supply chain challenges in a post-pandemic world. It offers guidance on building resilient and adaptable supply chains and managing risks effectively. Businesses can use these insights to make informed decisions and enhance their supply chain strategies. Originality/Value: Drawing from our own research conducted in three countries after the official conclusion of the pandemic, this study adds a distinctive contribution to the current body of literature. It takes a long-term perspective on the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply chains, specifically emphasizing diverse regions. The employed methodology and regional comparisons offer a nuanced insight into the dynamic evolution of the supply chain landscape, underscoring the importance of adaptability and resilience. In contrast to various studies conducted at the onset and during the pandemic, this paper uniquely seeks to discern the enduring effects.

3

Assessment of the financial situation of selected companies of the Polish sugar industry 2016-2022

Firlej Chrystian, Zuzek Dagmara, Luty Lidia, Firlej Krzysztof Adam

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 195

121--140

EN

Purpose: The main objective of the article is to analyze and evaluate the financial situation of selected companies operating in the sugar industry and belonging to the WIG Food index for the years 2016-2022. The secondary objective is to verify the relationship (correlation) between financial liquidity and company profitability and to try to indicate the direction of this relationship if it occurs. Design/methodology/approach: The article uses a literature review, analysis of financial data from the financial reporting of companies using statistical methods. Four models of multidimensional discriminant analysis were applied (model D. Hadasik, model J. Gajdka and D. Stos, D. Wierzba and the 'Poznań' model). The analysis was extended to the calculation of three financial liquidity ratios and three profitability ratios of the company. Data from 2016-2022 were analysed in order to illustrate how the situation of the selected companies developed in the period before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: All the analysed companies were in a good financial position during the analysed period. The most rigorous multivariate discriminant analysis models were those of J. Gajdka and D. Stos and D. Wierzba, which indicated deteriorating financial performance in selected years. Moreover, the analysed companies were characterised by high liquidity and profitability in 2016-2022. Only ZPC Otmuchów SA achieved negative values of profitability indicators in the analysed period, which was a result of negative net profit. Practical implications: A practical application of the presented research could be to draw the attention of companies operating in the food industry to methods of assessing their financial health using appropriate tools and to verify the relationship between liquidity and profitability in these companies. Originality/value: The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the financial condition of selected companies from the WIG Food index. Correlation analysis was used, and the reasons for the financial performance are indicated.

4

Konsekwencje pandemii COVID-19: perspektywa logistyki w polskich przedsiębiorstwach. Cz. I

Gąsowska Magdalena K.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2024

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nr 1

2--14

PL

Artykuł stanowi pierwszą część opracowania, którego celem jest przedstawienie wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na logistykę na przykładzie wybranych polskich przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych, handlowych i usługowych. Artykuł powstał na podstawie studiów literatury oraz własnych badań empirycznych. Badania przeprowadzono w 2022 r. wśród 335 losowo wybranych małych, średnich i dużych polskich przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych, handlowych i usługowych. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że pandemia COVID-19 miała ogromny wpływ na logistykę we wszystkich badanych przedsiębiorstwach w latach 2020–2021. Zmiany uwarunkowań logistyki spowodowane pandemią nałożyły się na determinanty logistyki współczesnych przedsiębiorstw przed pandemią. Strategiczne i operacyjne zarządzanie procesami logistycznymi coraz bardziej determinowało wyniki ekonomiczne i rynkowe najlepszych badanych przedsiębiorstw w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Przedsiębiorstwa osiągające najlepsze wyniki w czasie pandemii realizowały strategię zarządzania łańcuchem dostaw, będącą w ciągłym stadium tworzenia, kształtowania się, charakteryzującą się błyskawiczną reakcją na zmieniające się wymagania klientów, warunki otoczenia oraz działania konkurentów, przy respektowaniu zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju. Najbardziej skuteczni menedżerowie logistyki w czasie pandemii podejmowali szybkie działania umożliwiające ograniczenie prawdopodobieństwa zakłócenia, zmniejszenie dotkliwości skutków zaistniałych zdarzeń oraz kreowanie i utrzymanie przewag konkurencyjnych przedsiębiorstw.

EN

The article constitutes the first part of the study, the aim of which is to present the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on logistics on the example of selected Polish manufacturing, trade and service enterprises. The article is based on the study of literature and own empirical research. The research was conducted in 2022 among 335 randomly selected small, medium and large Polish manufacturing, trade and service enterprises. As a result of the research, it was found that the COVID-19 pandemic had a huge influence on logistics in all surveyed enterprises in 2020–2021. Changes in logistics conditions caused by the pandemic overlapped with the logistics determinants of contemporary enterprises before the pandemic. Strategic and operational management of logistics processes increasingly determined the economic and market results of the best surveyed enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic. Enterprises achieving the best results during the pandemic implemented the supply chain management strategy that was in a constant state of creation and development, characterized by an immediate response to changing customer requirements, environmental conditions and competitors' activities, respecting, at the same time, the principles of sustainable development. During the pandemic, the most effective logistics managers took quick actions so as to reduce the likelihood of disruption, decrease the severity of the effects of events, and create and maintain competitive advantages of their enterprises.

5

Konsekwencje pandemii COVID-19: perspektywa logistyki w polskich przedsiębiorstwach. Cz. II

Gąsowska Magdalena K.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2024

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nr 2

12--23

PL

Artykuł stanowi drugą część opracowania, którego celem jest przedstawienie wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na logistykę na przykładzie wybranych polskich przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych, handlowych i usługowych. Dokonano w nim pogłębionej analizy wyników własnych badań empirycznych. Prezentowane w opracowaniu wyniki są efektem bardziej obszernych badań, dotyczących zarządzania procesami logistycznymi w polskich przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych, handlowych i usługowych w latach 2019–2021 w kontekście kształtowania wyników przedsiębiorstwa. Badania przeprowadzono w 2022 r. wśród 335 losowo wybranych małych, średnich i dużych polskich przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych, handlowych i usługowych. Na podstawie badań stwierdzono, że pandemia COVID-19 miała ogromny wpływ na logistykę we wszystkich badanych przedsiębiorstwach w latach 2020–2021. Zmiany uwarunkowań logistyki spowodowane pandemią nałożyły się na determinanty logistyki współczesnych przedsiębiorstw przed pandemią. Strategiczne i operacyjne zarządzanie procesami logistycznymi coraz bardziej determinowało wyniki ekonomiczne i rynkowe najlepszych badanych przedsiębiorstw w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Przedsiębiorstwa osiągające najlepsze wyniki w czasie pandemii realizowały strategię zarządzania łańcuchem dostaw, będącą w ciągłym stadium tworzenia, kształtowania się, charakteryzującą się błyskawiczną reakcją na zmieniające się wymagania klientów, warunki otoczenia oraz działania konkurentów, przy respektowaniu zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju. Najbardziej skuteczni menedżerowie logistyki w czasie pandemii podejmowali szybkie działania umożliwiające ograniczenie prawdopodobieństwa zakłóceń, zmniejszenie dotkliwości skutków zaistniałych zdarzeń oraz kreowanie i utrzymanie przewag konkurencyjnych przedsiębiorstw.

EN

The article constitutes the second part of the study, the aim of which is to present the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on logistics on the example of selected Polish manufacturing, trade and service enterprises. It includes an in-depth analysis of the results of the author's own empirical research. The results of own empirical research presented in the study constitute the effects of more extensive research on an indepth analysis of the logistics process management in Polish manufacturing, trade and service enterprises in 2019–2021 in the context of shaping enterprise results. The research was conducted in 2022 among 335 randomly selected small, medium and large Polish manufacturing, trade and service enterprises. As a result of the research, it was found that the COVID-19 pandemic had a huge influence on logistics in all surveyed enterprises in 2020–2021. Changes in logistics conditions caused by the pandemic overlapped with the logistics determinants of contemporary enterprises before the pandemic. Strategic and operational management of logistics processes increasingly determined the economic and market results of the best surveyed enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic. Enterprises achieving the best results during the pandemic implemented the supply chain management strategy that was in a constant state of creation and development, characterized by an immediate response to changing customer requirements, environmental conditions and competitors' activities, respecting, at the same time, the principles of sustainable development. During the pandemic, the most effective logistics managers took quick actions so as to reduce the likelihood of disruption, decrease the severity of the effects of events, and create and maintain competitive advantages of their enterprises.

6

Wpływ nauczania w formie zdalnej w pandemii COVID-19 na motywację do nauki studentów uczelni wyższych w kontekście teorii A. Maslowa

Grzelczak Agnieszka Urszula, Smektała Natalia, Sobczyk Paulina

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2023

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Nr 87

83--101

PL

Pandemia COVID-19 spowodowała ogromne zmiany w funkcjonowaniu społeczeństw oraz wpłynęła na wiele aspektów życia, w tym na szkolnictwo wyższe. Wprowadzone po wybuchu pandemii obostrzenia zmusiły także wyższe uczelnie do przejścia na zdalną formę nauczania. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań dotyczących tego, w jaki sposób nauczanie zdalne wpłynęło na motywację studentów do nauki, a także jak zmieniło się postrzeganie tej formy kształcenia po powrocie do nauczania stacjonarnego. Celem nie było jednak samo ustalenie faktu, ale oprócz tego poznanie opinii badanych w tym temacie w kontekście piramidy potrzeb A. Maslowa. Do badań wykorzystana została metoda badań ankietowych, czyli technika CAWI. Badana populacja składała się z 415 respondentów – studentów uczelni. Badania przeprowadzono w grudniu 2022 r., kiedy to studenci po półtorarocznej nauce w formie zdalnej powrócili do nauki w murach uczelni. Dobór próby był losowy. Wyniki badań pokazują, że studenci uznali formę zdalną zajęć za niekorzystnie wpływającą na motywację do nauki. Po dokonaniu szczegółowej analizy przeprowadzonych badań w kontekście piramidy potrzeb A. Maslowa opracowano propozycje udoskonalenia nauczania w formie zdalnej. Na każdym z poziomów zaproponowano wskazówki, które mogą przydatne w ulepszeniu tej formy kształcenia.

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic caused huge changes in the functioning of societies and affected many aspects of life, including higher education. The restrictions introduced after the outbreak of the pandemic have also forced higher education institutions to switch to a remote form of teaching. The aim of this article is to present the results of a study on whether and how distance learning has affected students' motivation to learn, and how perceptions of this form of education have changed after the return to full-time teaching. However, the aim was not only to establish this fact, but also to find out the opinions of the respondents on this topic in the context of A. Maslow's pyramid of needs. The survey research method used for the study was the CAWI technique. The surveyed population consisted of 415 respondents – university students. The research was conducted in December 2022, when the students returned to study within the walls of the university after a year and a half of studying remotely. The sample selection was random. The results of the study show that students considered the remote form of classes as having a negative impact on their motivation to study. After a detailed analysis of the conducted research in the context of A. Maslow's pyramid of needs, proposals were developed for the improvement of remote learning. At each level, factors and aspects were proposed that could be a guide to improving this form of education.

7

Impact of the pandemic on business operations and the transport sector in Poland

Olejniczak Karolina Anna, Dębicka Anna, Krawczyk Klaudia, Hoffmann Marta

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2023

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Nr 88

127--142

EN

In supply chain management, random events can occur that are difficult to predict. Once such event, the COVID-19 pandemic, affected supply chains around the world and forced companies to make sudden changes. Companies could still operate and deliver their products to customers through innovation, but also through the flexibility and innovation of transport enterprises. In the last two decades, the Polish transport industry has gained importance in the European Union. The main objective of this paper is to determine the specification of business operations under pandemic conditions, assess the impact of the pandemic on international transport SMEs in Poland, and then identify key challenges for the industry from the point of view of entrepreneurs. To this end, a literature review, desk research and snowball sampling were carried out towards the end of 2021 and beginning of 2022. The research results show that changes in the organisation of supply chains, diversification, changes in demand and other effects of the pandemic have had a positive impact on the operations of some transport companies in Poland, and the larger the company, the more these changes have been used in a positive way for the business operations of transport. This seems to be confirmed by statistical data. The biggest beneficiaries of the changes seemed to have been medium-sized and large companies. Micro enterprises, on the other hand, most often assessed the impact of the pandemic negatively. In addition, the challenges relating to the amount of fines in transport, indicated most often in our survey by the entrepreneurs, certainly also hit the micro-enterprises the hardest.

PL

W zarządzaniu łańcuchem dostaw mogą wystąpić zdarzenia losowe, które trudno przewidzieć. Pandemia dotknęła łańcuchy dostaw na całym świecie i zmusiła firmy do nagłych zmian. Firmy nadal mogą działać i dostarczać swoje produkty klientom dzięki innowacyjności, ale także elastyczności i innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw transportowych. W ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad polska branża transportowa zyskała na znaczeniu w Unii Europejskiej. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie specyfiki funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw w warunkach pandemii, ocena wpływu pandemii na MŚP transportu międzynarodowego w Polsce, a następnie identyfikacja kluczowych wyzwań dla branży z punktu widzenia przedsiębiorców. Korzystano z przeglądu literatury, desk research i badania metodą kuli śniegowej przeprowadzonego na przełomie 2021 i 2022 r. Wyniki badań pokazują, że zmiany w organizacji łańcuchów dostaw, dywersyfikacja, zmiany popytu i inne skutki pandemii pozytywnie wpływają na działalności niektórych firm transportowych w Polsce, a im większa firma, tym bardziej te zmiany są wykorzystywane w pozytywny sposób w działalności firm transportowych. Wydaje się, że potwierdzają to także dane statystyczne. Największymi beneficjentami zmian wydają się być firmy średnie i duże. Mikroprzedsiębiorstwa najczęściej negatywnie oceniają wpływ pandemii. Najczęściej wskazywane przez przedsiębiorców wyzwania związane z wysokością kar w transporcie z pewnością również są bardzo odczuwane przez mikroprzedsiębiorstwa.

8

Using automatization and digitization measures to support business continuity of enterprises in the Covid-19 pandemic

Kosieradzka Anna, Smagowicz Justyna, Szwed Cezary

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 175

227--250

EN

Purpose: The paper aims to identify how and where elements of digital transformation of activities implemented in enterprises can increase the resilience of the production system to pandemic threats. Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents the selected results of a survey conducted using the mixed-mode CATI and CAWI on a representative group of 600 manufacturing enterprises in Poland. An analysis of measures used in the case of COVID-19 infections in the company to support business continuity and enhance resilience was carried out. A quantitative evaluation of the collected data, oriented to identify the level of application of emergency response measures, was conducted, including the support of statistical tools (Statistica software). Findings: The study identified dozens of different measures implemented in manufacturing enterprises. Among the measures studied, there were those related to automation and digitalization of activities in the organization of production processes. The data analysis showed that there were significant correlations between the type of measures used, as well as the characteristics of the enterprises, and the production processes implemented in them. Research limitations/implications: Future studies should also include companies with a high degree of automation and digitization of production. In addition to descriptive analysis, a quantitative-statistical approach should be used. Practical implications: On the practical side, it was pointed out how and where elements of digital transformation of activities implemented in enterprises can increase the resilience of the production system to pandemic threats. Digitization and automation measures should be used by managers to support the implementation of production processes also in the context of improving the efficiency of enterprises. Social implications: Enterprises can use the study results to improve business continuity policies and preparing for threats similar to the COVID-19 pandemic. Originality/value: The novelty of the survey is the comprehensive assessment of the use of solutions from the ICT area in manufacturing enterprises, analyzed in different cross sections (size, industry, occurrence of the COVID-19 case).

9

Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the choice of investment strategies and investors' behavior on the Warsaw stock exchange – 2017-2020 research findings

Jabłoński Bartłomiej, Kika Dorota

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 170

145--162

EN

Purpose: This paper attempts to reveal the potential differences between the portfolios of dividend-paying companies with growth or value potential and the same portfolios fortified with the financial instruments replicating precious metals or real estate price behavior in a turbulent global economy. Design/methodology/approach: The research objective of this paper is accomplished by means of a thorough literature analysis. Moreover, the authors employ comparative analysis methods to explore the features of stock portfolios held by dividend-paying companies with value or growth potential and portfolios of the companies that are fortified with financial instruments replicating the price behavior of precious metals or real estate and uncover the similarities and differences. Research of the characteristics of financial instrument portfolio variants and comparison between them is conducted by means of standard deviation of the rate of return, coefficient of variation, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. It was also assessed whether the estimated correlation coefficients were statistically significant through the use of a non-parametric correlation coefficient significance test. Findings: The results of the empirical analyses conducted here reveal that the average annual return of portfolios held by dividend-paying companies with value and growth potential is lower than ETFs replicating precious metals. Furthermore, during the turbulent economy of 2020, the inclusion of precious metal assets boosted the rates of return of the Polish dividend-paying companies portfolios. Research limitations/implications: The research was carried out on a limited number of the analyzed companies. Therefore, it could be biased, due to the deterministic stock sampling method. Practical implications: Knowledge of the similarities and differences between dividend-paying companies with value or growth potential and the risk diversification of such companies’ stock portfolios by means of instruments replicating the price behavior of precious metals or real estate is of great importance to both the investors and investment funds' boards. Consequently, one can make better investment decisions. Social implications: Among the paper's social implications, the most important appears to be a possible change in the investors' attitude towards dividend-paying companies with value potential and financial instruments replicating the price behavior of precious metals or real estate. Ultimately, investors’ needs could be better addressed. Originality/value: What is new in the paper is the stock comparison of dividend-paying companies' with value and growth potential with precious metals and real estate-based instruments. The paper also attempts to compare efficiency of investing in the portfolio variants, capturing the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, thereby filling our knowledge gap.

10

Do bonds indexed to inflation protect against its negative effects? Analysis of rates of return in real terms for treasury bonds issued by Poland

Szczypiński Aleksander

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 176

661--673

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyse the actions taken in individual regions and countries in the field of state aid for air carriers and to verify its impact on counteracting the effects of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The research was mainly based on the comparative analysis of the International Air Transport Association, European Commission and selected air carriers’ data. Findings: The diversity of forms and values of public aid between regions of the world was identified. No links were found between the volume of financial support and the pace of market recovery, both globally and within the European Union. In EU, private-owned unsubsidised entities have been recovering faster than state-owned so-called ‘national carriers’ which received substantial amount of public funds. Research limitations/implications: The research was based on limited number of entities and on limited number of operational and financial indicators. Some data comparisons are burdened with error due to inconsistency between reporting (fiscal) periods of selected air carriers. Originality/value: The research summarizes and describes the different forms of public aid implemented for the air carriers and shows ineffectiveness of government support granted for these entities.

11

Analysis of urban transport in the period before and during the Covid-19 pandemic – a case study

Olkiewicz Marcin, Dyczkowska Joanna, Olkiewicz Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 176

453--473

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to analyze and evaluate public transportation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: The research problem is to what extent the operations of a public transportation company changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Main hypothesis: actions taken by the urban transportation company caused positive changes in transportation operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used in the article is a case study, analysis of internal company data and method of a document examination. Findings: At Miejski Zaklad Transportu Sp. z o.o. (MZK) Koszalin (MTC) during the COVID-19 pandemic, current liabilities increased to 9,392.51 thousand PLN in 2019 and decreased by 26.49 percent in 2020 during the pandemic, and operating expenses decreased by 4.91 percent, including material and energy consumption by 18.49 percent. The level of inventories remained constant. Due to increased losses of 67.97 percent Research limitations/implications: Difficult access to data/extension of the research period. Practical implications: The company took measures for passenger’s safety like purchasing ticket machines. It is necessary to continuously modify existing lines and launch four new lines to three neighboring municipalities. Social implications: Increasing safety and accessibility for passengers, improving the quality of life of residents. Originality/value: The article shows the phenomenon and scale of public transport in the era of a pandemic. Similar situations may occur with other social, economic or geopolitical threats (crises).

12

Analysis of financial support for air carriers to counteract the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, with particular emphasis on the European Union

Szczypiński Aleksander

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 176

661--673

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyse the actions taken in individual regions and countries in the field of state aid for air carriers and to verify its impact on counteracting the effects of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The research was mainly based on the comparative analysis of the International Air Transport Association, European Commission and selected air carriers’ data. Findings: The diversity of forms and values of public aid between regions of the world was identified. No links were found between the volume of financial support and the pace of market recovery, both globally and within the European Union. In EU, private-owned unsubsidised entities have been recovering faster than state-owned so-called ‘national carriers’ which received substantial amount of public funds. Research limitations/implications: The research was based on limited number of entities and on limited number of operational and financial indicators. Some data comparisons are burdened with error due to inconsistency between reporting (fiscal) periods of selected air carriers. Originality/value: The research summarizes and describes the different forms of public aid implemented for the air carriers and shows ineffectiveness of government support granted for these entities.

13

Wybrane czynniki i uwarunkowania wpływające na działalność franczyzową w czasie pandemii Covid-19

Jędrzejczyk Łukasz, Fetliński Andrzej

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 1

11--14

PL

Omówiono franczyzę jako jeden z kluczowych formatów prowadzenia i rozwoju biznesu podczas pandemii Covid-19. Zebrano dane na temat rozwoju rynku franczyzy na świecie i w Polsce po 2019 roku oraz przeanalizowano źródła szans i zagrożeń dla rozwoju działalności gospodarczej w formie franczyzy w trakcie pandemii Covid-19. Zastosowano metody badawcze takie jak: analiza danych zastanych (desk research) i analizę piśmiennictwa naukowego z zakresu współczesnej ekonomii oraz zarządzania. Stwierdzono, że franczyza stanowiła kluczowy sposób zapewnienia przetrwania, zaś dla wielu przedsiębiorstw myślenia o długoterminowym rozwoju podczas pandemii Covid-19. Rynek franczyzy cechował się wzrostem mimo niekorzystnych trendów pandemicznych w gospodarce światowej, co dotyczyło również trwałej pozycji tego rynku na przykładzie Polski. Franczyza gwarantowała pewną stabilność podmiotom gospodarczym, a zróżnicowanie sektorów, w których można z powodzeniem prowadzić działalność w tej formie, to dodatkowy czynnik przesądzający o rozwoju opisywanego rynku.

EN

In the article franchise was discussed as one of the key formats for running and developing a business during the Covid-19 pandemic. Data on the development of the franchise market in the world and in Poland after 2019 was collected and analyzed with parallel sources of opportunities and threatened for the development of business in the form of a franchise during Covid-19. Research methods were used, such as: desk research and the analysis of scientific literaturę in the field of economics and management. It found that franchise was a key possibility to survive and for many companies to think about longterm development during the Covid-19 pandemic. The franchise market was characterized by further growth despite unfavorable pandemic trends in the global economy, which also concerned the permanent position of this market on the example of Poland. Franchising guaranteed a certain stability for business entities. The additional factor determining the growth of this market is the diversity of sectors in which it possible to operate a franchise basis.

14

Sektor mięsa czerwonego i drobiowego w Polsce w okresie ostatnich turbulencji rynkowych

Mroczek Robert

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 4

3--8

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę oceny krajowego sektora mięsa czerwonego i drobiowego w latach 2019-2022. W.tym okresie miały miejsce dwa niezależne od siebie wydarzenia, które odcisnęły swoje piętno na funkcjonowaniu gospodarki światowej. Rok 2020, a częściowo także 2021, upłynęły pod znakiem pandemii COVID-19, a rok 2022 zdeterminowany był inwazją Rosji na Ukrainę. Producenci oraz przetwórcy mięsa w okresie pandemii musieli sprostać wielu utrudnieniom, takim jak: lockdown, zerwane łańcuchy dostaw, zamknięcie sektora HoReCa. Konsekwencją tych zdarzeń był też szybki wzrost inflacji. Wybuch wojny w Ukrainie przyniosł gwałtowny wzrost kosztów produkcji zarówno w sektorze produkcji żywca rzeźnego, jak i przetwórstwa mięsa. Ponadto rynek mięsa drobiowego zmagał się z grypą ptaków (HPAI ), a rynek mięsa wieprzowego z afrykańskim pomorem świń (ASF). Mimo niekorzystnych uwarunkowań zewnętrznych nie nastąpiło załamanie rynku mięsnego w Polsce.

EN

The article attempts to assess the domestic red meat and poultry sector in 2019-2022. During this period, two independent events took place that left their mark on the functioning of the global economy. The year 2020 and also partly 2021 was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, and 2022 was determined by Russians invasion of Ukraine. During the pandemic, meat producers and processors had to face many difficulties, such as: lockdown, broken supply chains, closure of the HoReCa sector. The consequence of these events was also a rapid increase in inflation. The outbreak of war in Ukraine brought a sharp increase in production costs both in the slaughter livestock production and meat processing sectors. In addition, the poultry meat market was struggling with avian influenza (HPAI ) and the pig meat market with African swine fever (ASF). Despite unfavorable external conditions, there was no collapse of the meat market in Poland.

15

Enhancing the academics’ continuous use of educational management information systems in the post-pandemic era

Putro Herry Porda Nugroho, Arisanty Deasy, Subiyakto Bambang, Syaharuddin

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 1

294--311

EN

The Covid-19 pandemic has acknowledged the importance of educational management information systems (EMIS) for quality management (QM) in higher education and set new directions for post-pandemic studies. Successful implementation of QM, however, processes depends mainly on lecturers' perceptions about quality and educational technology. However, higher education lecturers’ profiles regarding these quality perceptions and their commitment to technology acceptance must be investigated more. The aim of research is to analyse the relationship between Education Management Information System (EMIS) and Quality Management (QMAS) to lecturers' Continuance Commitment (CC). In response to this research gap, the researchers identified such profiles using a quantitative survey of 534 lecturers from Indonesian higher education institutions. A seven-point Likert scale was used to measure the respondents' expectations or expression of their perceived experience on all indicators used in the study. The data analyses were descriptive analysis and factor analysis. Based on the seminal work of Roger's diffusion of innovations, technology enthusiasts, visionaries, pragmatists, conservatives and sceptics remain valid in the organisation, and the uptake of educational management information systems is still in the hands of technology enthusiasts and visionaries. Quality management and EMIS acceptance are critical factors that make lecturers willing to continue using the system to support accreditation. These profiles will enable customised training in the recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic.

PL

Pandemia Covid-19 potwierdziła znaczenie systemów informacyjnych zarządzania edukacją (Education Management Information Systems - EMIS) dla zarządzania jakością (Quality Management - QM) w szkolnictwie wyższym i wyznaczyła nowe kierunki badań post-pandemicznych. Pomyślne wdrożenie zarządzania jakością zależy głównie od postrzegania jakości i technologii edukacyjnych przez wykładowców. Należy także dokładniej zbadać profile wykładowców szkolnictwa wyższego w zakresie postrzegania jakości i ich zaangażowania w akceptację technologii. Celem badania jest analiza związku między Systemem Informacji o Zarządzaniu Edukacją (EMIS) a Zarządzaniem Jakością (QMAS) w odniesieniu do ciągłego zaangażowania wykładowców (Continuance Commitment - CC). W odpowiedzi na tę lukę badawczą naukowcy zidentyfikowali takie profile za pomocą ankiety ilościowej przeprowadzonej wśród 534 wykładowców z indonezyjskich instytucji szkolnictwa wyższego. Siedmiostopniowa skala Likerta została wykorzystana do pomiaru oczekiwań respondentów lub wyrażenia ich postrzeganego doświadczenia we wszystkich wskaźnikach wykorzystanych w badaniu. Analizy danych obejmowały analizę opisową i analizę czynnikową. W oparciu o przełomową pracę Rogera na temat dyfuzji innowacji, entuzjaści technologii, wizjonerzy, pragmatycy, konserwatyści i sceptycy pozostają ważni w organizacji, a absorpcja systemów informatycznych zarządzania edukacją jest nadal w rękach entuzjastów technologii i wizjonerów. Zarządzanie jakością i akceptacja EMIS są krytycznymi czynnikami, które sprawiają, że wykładowcy chcą nadal korzystać z systemu w celu wspierania akredytacji. Profile te umożliwią zindywidualizowane szkolenia w zakresie odbudowy po pandemii Covid-19.

16

A significant managerial challenge of online marketing in gastronomic sector during the COVID-19 pandemic

Nadanyiova Margareta, Gajanova Lubica, Majerova Jana

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 1

258--274

EN

The popularity of online marketing has increased mainly due to several restrictions that affected businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in popularity is also associated with the possibility of addressing multiple target groups of consumers, a key source of income for businesses during the pandemic, thanks to which they survived. Despite the increased popularity and use of online marketing, it can still offer new and innovative solutions, so its potential is far from exhausted. The main aim of the paper is to determine the perception of online marketing in restaurants during the COVID-19 pandemic by Slovak consumers. The secondary data sources were scientific research, annual reports of companies, statistical databases and professional publications. A questionnaire survey was conducted to find out the perception of online marketing during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of Slovak consumers. General scientific methods were used for data processing, and mathematical and statistical methods in evaluating data from the survey. To achieve the paper's main goal, research hypotheses were formulated and subsequently verified based on the theoretical background and survey results. Based on the findings of the research, it is obvious that most Slovak consumers perceived the increased use of online marketing communication in restaurants during the COVID-19 pandemic positively, and they increased the intensity of online shopping in restaurants. Finally, managerial implications of online marketing are indicated based on the analysis and questionnaire survey results.

PL

Popularność marketingu internetowego wzrosła głównie z powodu kilku ograniczeń, które dotknęły przedsiębiorstwa podczas pandemii COVID-19. Wzrost popularności wiąże się również z możliwością dotarcia do wielu grup docelowych konsumentów, co było kluczowym źródłem dochodu dla firm podczas pandemii, dzięki czemu przetrwały. Pomimo wzrostu popularności i wykorzystania marketingu internetowego, wciąż może on oferować nowe i innowacyjne rozwiązania, więc jego potencjał jest daleki od wyczerpania. Głównym celem artykułu jest określenie postrzegania marketingu internetowego w restauracjach podczas pandemii COVID-19 przez słowackich konsumentów. Źródłami danych wtórnych były badania naukowe, raporty roczne firm, bazy danych statystycznych i publikacje branżowe. Przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe w celu poznania postrzegania marketingu internetowego podczas pandemii COVID-19 z perspektywy słowackich konsumentów. Do przetwarzania danych wykorzystano ogólne metody naukowe, a do oceny danych z badania - metody matematyczne i statystyczne. Aby osiągnąć główny cel artykułu, sformułowano hipotezy badawcze, a następnie zweryfikowano je w oparciu o podstawy teoretyczne i wyniki ankiety. Na podstawie wyników badań można stwierdzić, że większość słowackich konsumentów pozytywnie postrzega zwiększone wykorzystanie komunikacji marketingowej online w restauracjach podczas pandemii COVID-19 i zwiększyła intensywność zakupów online w restauracjach. Wreszcie, na podstawie analizy i wyników ankiety określono implikacje menedżerskie marketingu online.

17

Pomiędzy pandemią a transformacją

Janiak Tomasz

Logistyka

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2023

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nr 3

44--47

PL

Raport Pekao stanowi ocenę szans i zagrożeń dla rozwoju poszczególnych gałęzi transportu i całej branży TSL w różnych perspektywach czasowych.

18

Augmented and Virtual Reality Tools in Training Mining Engineers

Tkachuk Victoriia, Yechkalo Yuliia, Brovko Dmytro, Sobczyk Wiktoria

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 1

137--146

EN

The transition to smart mining has significantly increased the requirements for training modern mining engineers, this necessitating digitalization of this process. Based on scientific research, virtual and augmented reality technology are the most effective and safe. The article presents methods for using virtual and augmented reality technology in training mining engineers. The methods are successfully implemented in laboratories of Kryvyi Rih National University (Ukraine) and have been proven effective during distance learning in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the russian military aggression against Ukraine. Nevertheless, further scientific research is needed to introduce modern digital technologies into mining engineers’ training at universities in order to form a competitive and competent specialist.

PL

Przejście na inteligentne wydobycie znacznie zwiększyło wymagania dotyczące szkolenia nowoczesnych inżynierów górnictwa, co wymaga cyfryzacji tego procesu. Bazując na badaniach naukowych, technologia wirtualnej i rozszerzonej rzeczywistości jest najskuteczniejsza i najbezpieczniejsza. W artykule przedstawiono metody wykorzystania technologii wirtualnej i rozszerzonej rzeczywistości w szkoleniu inżynierów górnictwa. Metody są z powodzeniem wdrażane w laboratoriach Krzyworoskiego Uniwersytetu Narodowego (Ukraina) i okazały się skuteczne podczas nauczania na odległość w kontekście pandemii COVID-19 i rosyjskiej agresji militarnej na Ukrainę. Niemniej jednak potrzebne są dalsze badania naukowe, aby wprowadzić nowoczesne technologie cyfrowe do kształcenia inżynierów górnictwa na uczelniach w celu ukształtowania konkurencyjnego i kompetentnego specjalisty.

19

Wpływ pandemii na funkcjonowanie budynków biurowych

Promińska Marta

Inżynier Budownictwa

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2023

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nr 2

92--96

20

Modeling the dynamics of changes in CO2 emissions from Polish road transport in the context of COVID-19 and decarbonization requirements

Borucka Anna, Kozłowski Edward

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

63--70

EN

Emissions from transport account for 20-25% of anthropogenic global carbon dioxide emissions [17, 37], with more than 70% coming from road transport, making it an extremely important topic in the context of decarbonization. The aim of the article is to analyze the trend of CO2 generated from road transport, taking into account various sources, and also to examine how reduced mobility during the pandemic affected the emissions at the time. For this purpose, a time series containing observations up to the pandemic outbreak and a time series containing additional observations from the pandemic period were analyzed. For each time series, a trend was determined and described by a polynomial and then verified to see if the pandemic phenomenon significantly affects a parameter of the proposed model, using appropriate statistical tests.