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1

New environmentally friendly low-pressure refrigerants mini-channel

Sikora Malgorzata, Bohdal Tadeusz

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2023

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Vol. 44, no 1

89--104

EN

Nowadays, in addition to the thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, their impact on the environment is of high significance. Hence, it is important to use refrigerants with the lowest possible values of ozone depletion potential and global warming potential indices in refrigeration, organic Rankine cycle (ORC), air conditioning, and heat pump systems. Natural refrigerants are the most environmentally friendly; unfortunately, they have less favourable thermodynamic properties. Currently, low-pressure refrigerants from the FC (fluorocarbons, fluorine liquids) and HFE (hydrofluoroether) groups are increasingly used. This paper presents the most important properties and applications of selected refrigerants from these groups and also reviews the literature on their use.

2

Zmiana czynników chłodniczych w zrównoważonych technologiach chłodzenia - moda czy konieczność? Porównanie własności czynników R454C, R466A i R470A

Białko Bogusław

Chłodnictwo i Klimatyzacja

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2022

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nr 5

64, 66--71

PL

Z zastosowaniem nowych zamienników czynników chłodniczych wiąże się szereg problemów. Autor przedstawia w artykule własności termofizyczne, cieplne i ekologiczne nowych czynników chłodniczych R466A, R454C, R470A i porównuje je z własnościami innych popularnych zamienników, zwracając uwagę na to, że same wartości GWP i ODP mogą nie być wystarczającym warunkiem do dokonania zmiany.

3

Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration system: review part 1: environment challenge

Mahmood Raid Ahmed, Ali Omar M., Noor M. M.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 25, no. 4

130--147

EN

In Australia and others developed countries, concerns about global warming have increased, and these concerns influence the use of refrigerants as working fluids in mechanical vapour compression refrigeration systems. One of the most important aspects of refrigerant selection is to reduce its impact on the environment and the ozone layer. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various theoretical and experimental studies which have been carried out on air conditioning and refrigeration applications to investigate the effect of refrigerants on the environment. The analysis in this paper reveals that alternative refrigerants are the most suitable working fluids that can be used in refrigeration systems to meet the needs of the environment. This study also suggests that natural types of refrigerants such as water, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon will play a significant role in protecting the environment and providing alternative friendly refrigerants to be used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

4

Parametry charakteryzujące zagrożenia związane ze stosowaniem technologii gaszenia gazem

Boroń S.

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2018

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Nr 67 (tom 3)

7--16

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano parametry opisujące zagrożenia dla zdrowia i życia ludzi oraz środowiska naturalnego, wynikające ze stosowania gazowych środków gaśniczych. Ponadto omówiono metody zmierzające do ograniczenia oraz likwidacji możliwych zagrożeń.

EN

The article discusses the parameters describing the threats to the human health and life and to the natural environment, resulting from the use of gaseous extinguishing agents. The methods for the elimination or reduction of the threats, mentioned above, were described.

5

Selected problems of transport in port towns – tri-city as an example

Budzyński M., Ryś D., Kustra W.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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S 1

16--24

EN

Port towns are strategic places from the point of view of transport systems. They form integration junctions for various transport branches , apart from the traditional - road and railway ones , also for water( sea) transport which is active there. Moreover, air transport comes also into consideration , whose efficient functioning must be connected with good accessibility, that concerns sea transport as well. Efficient and safe servicing the ports is crucial for their functioning. Problems associated with the overloading of lorries, which leads to degradation of road surface structure , observed in Gdynia, are discussed as an example in this paper. Problems of road traffic safety (RTS) are presented in this paper on the example of Gdańsk. The two issues : the road traffic safety and road surface degradation constitute only some transport problems of port towns , but they are very important, from the point of view of their specificity, for integration junctions of all the transport branches for people and goods. However, in discussing selected aspects of transport in port towns it is necessary to refer to the managing of integrated transport system with taking into account its traffic safety aspects.

6

Calculation of boil-off gas (BOG) generation OF KC-1 membrane LNG tank with high density rigid polyurethane foam by numerical analysis

Jeong H., Shim W. J.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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nr 1

100--114

EN

Recently, a new type of LNG tank named “KC-1 membrane LNG tank” has been developed by Korean Gas Corporation (KOGAS), and Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) is currently building KC-1 membrane type LNG carriers. Unlike other LNG tanks, the KC-1 membrane LNG tank has a single-insulation structure rather than a double-insulation structure. For a given tank’s boundary condition, heat transfer analysis is performed from the external to the internal environment of the LNG tank by numerical simulation for three tanks. In each tank, the main thermally resistant layer of insulation is assembled with a High density rigid Polyurethane Foam (H-PUF), which is blown with one of three different types of hydrofluorocarbons—namely—HFC-365mfc, 245fa, and 245fa-e (enhanced). Advantage of such blowing agents is that it has a lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than HCFC-141b or carbon dioxide ( ) that has been used in the past as well as having low thermal conductivity. A Reduced Order Model is utilized to a 3-dimensional section of the insulation to calculate equivalent thermal conductivity. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the insulation is then applied to the rest of LNG tank, reducing the size of tank simulation domain as well as computation time. Tank’s two external and internal boundary conditions used are those defined by the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC) and the United States Coast Guard (USCG) conditions. Boil-off Rate (BOR) of the tank that has the insulation with H-PUF blown with HFC-245fa resulted in 0.0927 %/day and 0.0745 %/day for IGC and USCG conditions, respectively.

7

Nowe czynniki chłodnicze i zmiany w instalacjach chłodniczych. Cz.1

Andrzejczyk R., Muszyński T., Jakubowska B.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2015

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T. 69, nr 9

12--15

PL

Artykuł zawiera rozważania na temat przewidywanych zmian w zakresie konstrukcji i technologii nowych urządzeń chłodniczych. Autorzy opisali najważniejsze zmiany legislacyjne, które doprowadziły do wycofania lub są w trakcie wycofywania znanych czynników syntetycznych z grupy HCFC i HFC oraz zastępowania ich czynnikami naturalnymi i nowymi substancjami z grupy HFO. W pierwszej części artykułu zawarto rozważania na temat możliwości szerszego wykorzystania dobrze znanych substancji naturalnych takich jak amoniak (R717), propan (R290), izobutan (R600a) w technice chłodniczej. Pokazano podstawowe wady i zalety takiego kierunku rozwoju techniki chłodniczej.

EN

The article contains some considerations concerning the predicted changes in the design and technology of new refrigeration equipment. The authors describe the most important legislative changes that led to the withdrawal or recall of well-known synthetic refrigerants from HCFC and HFC group and their replacement with natural agents and new substances from the group of HFO. In the first part of the text, some reflections on the possibilities of wider use of well-known natural substances such as ammonia (R717), propane (R290), isobutane (R600a) in cooling technology have been presented. The basic advantages and disadvantages of such direction of development of refrigeration have been discussed.

8

Analiza efektywności odzysku ciepła odpadowego z zastosowaniem rurki ciepła. Część I. Konstrukcja i działanie układu pomiarowego, budowa rurki ciepła

Andrzejczyk R., Muszyński T., Kozak P.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2015

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Nr 5

171--174

EN

The paper is devoted to the applications possibilities of heat pipe in heat recovery installations. It was presented selection of optimal working fluid which can work at wide range of temperature, showed the threats arising with used flammable, toxic and harmful to the environment substances. In the paper showed the possibilities of use a new generation of environmental friendly fluids. At the end the article shows the structure and principle of operation a test right which will be use to research at effectiveness of heat pipe work with some selected fluids.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest możliwością aplikacyjnym rurki ciepła w instalacjach odzysku ciepła. Zaprezentowano dobór optymalnego czynnika roboczego mającego pracować w szerokim zakresie temperatur roboczych. Scharakteryzowano zagrożenia wynikające z wykorzystywania substancji łatwopalnych i toksycznych oraz szkodliwych dla środowiska naturalnego. Pokazano możliwości jakie niesie ze sobą pojawienie się nowych proekologicznych substancji roboczych, dedykowanych aplikacjom energetycznym. Przedstawiono budowę oraz zasadę działania układu pomiarowego mającego służyć badaniom efektywności rurki ciepła pracującej z różnymi czynnikami roboczymi.