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1

Sieć wysokiego ciśnienia mediów hydraulicznych w podziemnych zakładach górniczych

Czerwiński Stefan, Kania Jan

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2020

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Vol.9, iss. 2

133--148

PL

W artykule przedstawiona została sieć wysokiego ciśnienia, mediów hydraulicznych, w podziemnym zakładzie górniczym Kopalni Węgla Kamiennego (KWK). Sieć ta pozwala w skuteczny sposób dostarczyć medium do zasilania odbiorników, wykorzystujących hydraulikę siłową oraz stosowanych do tego celu środków technicznych. Zakres artykułu obejmuje przedstawienie pojęcia hydrauliki siłowej dotyczącej wykorzystania oraz zaplanowania układów hydraulicznych. Przedstawia medium, jego zadania oraz rodzaje cieczy hydraulicznych stosowanych w hydraulice siłowej w górnictwie podziemnym. Pokazano zastosowany model sieci wysokiego ciśnienia, czyli opis wytwarzania emulsji olejowo-wodnej i dostarczania jej do miejsc przetwarzania energii elektrycznej na energię hydrauliczną, transport do odbiorników hydraulicznych oraz ich zasilanie – przedstawiono także drogę powrotu medium do pompowni.

EN

The article presents a high-pressure hydraulic network in an underground mining plant (coal mine). This network allows to effectively provide a medium to power the receivers which are using hydraulics power and the technical sources used for this purpose. The scope of the article includes the presentation of the concept of hydraulic power regarding the use and planning of hydraulic systems. Article presents the medium, its tasks and types of hydraulic fluids used in hydraulics power in underground mining. The highpressure network model used in coal mine is shown by presenting a description of the production of oil-in-water emulsion and its delivery to places where electricity is converted to hydraulic energy, transport to hydraulic receivers and their supply. The way of returning the medium to the pumping station is also presented.

2

Badania laboratoryjne nad opracowaniem emulsyjnych zaczynów cementowych typu woda w oleju

Kut Łukasz

Nafta-Gaz

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2019

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R. 75, nr 4

214--221

PL

Dotychczas w Polsce żadne laboratorium nie prowadziło szczegółowych badań nad opracowaniem zaczynów cementowych sporządzonych na bazie płynu olej w wodzie, jak i woda w oleju. W przemyśle naftowym coraz częściej otwory wiertnicze wykonywane są przy użyciu płuczki inwersyjnej. Zastosowanie tego typu płuczki ma wiele pozytywnych aspektów, jednak zdarzają się też te negatywne. Jedną z niedogodności jest pozostawianie na ścianach otworu wiertniczego trudnego do usunięcia osadu, co w konsekwencji może wpływać na nieskuteczne uszczelnienie kolumny rur okładzinowych. Celem badań laboratoryjnych było więc opracowanie zaczynów cementowych sporządzonych na bazie różnych spoiw wiążących do uszczelniania kolumn rur okładzinowych po zastosowaniu płuczki inwersyjnej. Obecność oleju w składzie zaczynu cementowego może wpłynąć na jego większą kompatybilność z pozostawionymi na ścianach otworu osadami, a co za tym idzie – na skuteczniejsze uszczelnienie przestrzeni pierścieniowej. Jako cieczy zarobowej użyto wody wodociągowej, do której dodawano kolejno upłynniacz, środek powierzchniowo czynny (SPC) oraz cement. Po ujednorodnieniu mieszaniny dodawano do niej olej wymieszany z emulgatorem. Po połączeniu wszystkich składników zaczyn cementowy mieszano przez 30 minut, a następnie wykonywano pomiary laboratoryjne, takie jak: gęstość; parametry reologiczne; filtracja; czas wiązania; elektryczna stabilność emulsyjna. Z wybranych zaczynów sporządzono próbki kamieni cementowych. Próbki te utwardzano i przetrzymywano w dwóch różnych temperaturach: 25°C oraz 120°C. Otrzymane kamienie poddano badaniu: wytrzymałości kamienia cementowego na ściskanie; przyczepności kamienia cementowego do rur stalowych. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że pod względem parametrów reologicznych zaczynów cementowych lepszy okazał się cement glinowo-wapniowy od cementów portlandzkich. Zastosowanie tego cementu wpłynęło na obniżenie filtracji oraz znaczny wzrost elektrycznej stabilności emulsyjnej zaczynów cementowych. Ujednorodnienie mieszaniny oraz wspólne łączenie się poszczególnych dodatków nie stwarzało większych trudności. Jedynym mankamentem były niskie wartości otrzymanych parametrów kamieni cementowych, dlatego też istotne jest prowadzenie dalszych badań nad doborem odpowiednich receptur (Dębińska, 2012; Kremieniewski, 2012, 2013; Vipulanandan i Krishnamoorti, 2013).

EN

So far, no laboratory in Poland, has conducted detailed research on the development of oil-in-water and water-in-oil cement slurries. In the oil industry, more and more boreholes are often drilled using an inversion mud. The use of this type of mud has many advantages and benefits, however, there are also negative aspects. One of the disadvantages is the difficulty to remove mud cake from the walls of the borehole, which may affect the sealing of the casing column. The aim of the research being presented, was to develop cement slurries, prepared based on various binders, used to seal the casing columns after the use of an invert emulsion drilling mud. The presence of oil in the composition of the cement slurry may affect its greater compatibility with the mud cake on the walls of the borehole and more effective sealing of the annular space. Sweet water played the role of the slurry. The dispersant, surfactant and cement were then added. After homogenizing the mixture, the oil mixed with the emulsifier was added. After combining all the components, the cement slurry was mixed for 30 minutes and the technological parameters such as density, rheological parameters, filtration, setting time and electrical stability were examined. Cement stone test samples were prepared from selected cement slurries. These samples were cured and hydrated at two different temperatures: 25°C and 120°C. The compressive strength and adhesion to steel pipes tests were performed for obtained cement stones. The conducted tests showed that better rheological parameters were obtained for aluminium-calcium cement in comparison to Portland. The use of this cement reduced the filtration and resulted in a significant increase in the electric emulsion stability of cement slurries. The homogeneity of the mixture and the combination of additives did not pose major difficulties. Parameters of the obtained cement stones were low, therefore it is important to conduct further research on the selection of appropriate recipes (Dębińska, 2012; Kremieniewski, 2012, 2013; Vipulanandan i Krishnamoorti, 2013).

3

Light absorption properties of ‘Petrobaltic’ oil-in-water emulsion present in seawater

Baszanowska E., Otremba Z.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 3

59--64

EN

In the article, the characteristic of crude oil ‘Petrobaltic’ potentially present in the Baltic Sea water masses is considered in relation to the protection of marine environment. The main spectroscopic method to characterize various oils (crudes and refinery products like fuels and lubricating oils) is fluorescence. However, the absorbance measurements of oils are necessary due to the partial overlapping the spectra of natural seawater components and oil substances. Therefore, properties of crude oil are considered to expand the basis of spectroscopic properties of oils – typical marine organic pollutants – based on absorption measurements. Oils potentially found in the marine environment are, in addition to surface forms, also in-depth ones as oil-in-water emulsion. Therefore, in the article crude oil as oil-in-water emulsion form is considered. As a solvent demineralised water with salinity, corresponding to Baltic Sea salinity was used. Several concentrations of dispersed crude oil were prepared. The absorbance spectra in the UV and visual range of the light in the range from 240 to 600 nm, for each prepared samples are discussed. Based on the Lambert-Beer law for each wavelength of excitation, in the range 240-600 nm, the specific parameter absorption coefficient was determined. Obtained results indicate the rapid decreasing of the absorbance for this kind of oil in the wavelength range from 240 nm to 420 nm. However, in the shape of absorbance spectra is observed the characteristic wide and flat peak located at 260 nm for excitation wavelength, which could be a specific point for this kind of oil.

4

Oily wastewater treatment using a zirconia ceramic membrane : a literature review

Kwaśny J. A., Kryłów M., Balcerzak W.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 3

3--10

EN

The goal of this article was to review the literature which discusses the problem of oily wastewater purification by membrane filtration. The authors focused on membranes containing zirconium compounds, mainly ZrO2, used in pressure driven membrane processes. The efficiency of the oil removal processes for various membranes (ceramic and composite), usually above 95% for the oil contaminated sewage, was compared. The influence of zirconium compounds on the properties of ceramic membranes was also discussed. The methods of producing ceramic membranes have been briefly characterized as well. Ceramic membranes are usually obtained by sol-gel technique but also by isostatic compression, reverse phase technique, or hydrothermal crystallization. Ceramic membranes are formed with zirconia, which cause an increase in filtration efficiency by improvement of hydrophilic properties of the membrane. Moreover, the addition of ZrO2 results in increased chemical and hydrothermal membrane stability. The efficiency of the filtration processes using the presented membranes was high, suggesting that membrane filtration processes are highly effective purification methods.

PL

Artykuł stanowi przegląd literatury, w którym omówiono problem oczyszczania ścieków olejowych w oparciu o filtrację membranową. Skupiono się na membranach ciśnieniowych zawierających związki cyrkonu, głównie ZrO2. Porównano skuteczność procesów oczyszczania dla różnych membran (ceramicznych i kompozytowych). Omówiono wpływ związków cyrkonu na właściwości użytkowe membran ciśnieniowych. Membrany ceramiczne są zwykle uzyskiwane za pomocą techniki zol-żel, ale również przez prasowanie izostatyczne, technikę odwróconej fazy lub krystalizację hydrotermiczną. Membrany ceramiczne są formowane z tlenkiem cyrkonu, co skutkuje wzrostem skuteczności filtracji.

5

Influence of granular bed parameters on emulsion flow and elution process of oil-in-water emulsion

Błaszczyk M., Pacholski P., Przybysz Ł., Sęk J.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2016

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nr 19(4)

325--337

EN

Emulsion flow through porous structure is used in many processes in the field of chemical engineering. Good examples of practical applications are Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, soil remediation and treatment of oily wastewater. The emulsion transport in through porous media is not easy to describe, due to rheological behavior of emulsions and porous structure properties. In case of emulsified system flow through porous bed it is possible to observe the retention of oil on porous structure, and reduction of permeability of bed. In the presented study, we tried to investigate the influence of porous bed parameters on oil-in-water emulsion behavior during its flow and elution from porous structure. In experiments we used porous beds with varied particle size range and with different lengths. We measured pressure drop and related permeability changes in time. The turbidimetric and microscopic analysis that we conducted allowed us to check how concentration of emulsion changed during its flow and elution from porous structure.

6

Badania nad zastosowaniem emulsji olejowo-wodnych jako cieczy roboczych o obniżonej gęstości

Jasiński B.

Nafta-Gaz

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2012

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R. 68, nr 12

1155--1164

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych, których celem było opracowanie nowych rodzajów cieczy roboczych przeznaczonych do horyzontów gazonośnych o niskim gradiencie ciśnienia złożowego. Kluczowym warunkiem, jaki muszą spełniać takie ciecze, jest możliwie najniższa gęstość. Do badań wyselekcjonowano środki, których zastosowanie gwarantuje osiągnięcie jak najniższej gęstości cieczy roboczej. Były to estry metylowe kwasów tłuszczowych oleju rzepakowego (RME) oraz mieszanina liniowych alfa-olefin C12 i C14. Z powodzeniem dobrano kompozycje emulgatorów pozwalających tworzyć stabilne emulsje. Dzięki temu udało się opracować ciecze o gęstości 0,91 g/cm3 – w przypadku RME, oraz 0,83 g/cm3 – w przypadku liniowych alfa-olefin (LAO). Zbadano również wpływ emulsyjnych cieczy roboczych na zmiany przepuszczalności skał zbiornikowych oraz możliwość usuwania osadów wytworzonych przez te ciecze przy użyciu roztworów amylazy i podchlorynu wapnia.

EN

The paper presents the results of laboratory tests aimed at developing new types of work over fluids for depleted zones. A key condition which they must comply with is the lowest possible density. Selected for research were substances which guarantee the achievement of this condition. These were Rapeseed Methyl Esters (RME) and blend of C12 (1-dodecene) and C14 (1-tetradecene) linear alpha olefins (LAO). During the tests, successfully selected compositions of emulsifiers, allowed for the creation of stable oil-in-water emulsions. This allowed the development of liquids having a density of 0.91 g/cm3 in the case of RME and 0.83 g/cm3 for LAO. The impact of emulsions on the permeability of reservoir rocks and the ability to remove sludge produced by these emulsions by using solutions of amylase and calcium hypochlorite was also examined.

7

Model of seawater polluted by oil-in-water emulsion as a response to the increasing shipping activities

Rudź K.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2012

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Vol. 7, no 1

209-217

EN

Intensive shipping affects marine environment in an extent degree, increasing seawater pollution by hazardous substances, including fuel oil and crude oil. Bilge water from ship power plants usually contains a mixture of dispersed oils, which form spherical droplets of diameter ranging from 0.01 to 10..m. Present methods for detection of dispersed oil require taking a water sample or putting a measuring device into seawater, which allows only to gather point data from limited locations. In order to meet the demand of remote monitoring of endangered zones, a study of optical properties of oil-in-water emulsions was conducted. Presented model of seawater polluted by oil-in-water emulsion can potentially enable remote optical detection of oil-in-water emulsion in visible bands. It is based on the fact that oil droplets become additional absorbents and attenuators in water body. Optical analyses consist of calculations of spectral absorption and scattering coefficients and scattering phase functions for oil emulsions on the basis of Lorentz-Mie theory including measurements of refractive index and determination of oil droplets size distribution. The radiative transfer theory is applied to simulate the contribution of oil emulsion to the remote sensing reflectance. Presented system for radiative transfer simulation is based on Monte Carlo code and it involves optical tracing of virtual photons.

8

Modelling of seawater polluted by light and heavy crude oil droplets

Rudź K., Darecki M., Toczek H.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

473-480

EN

Significant amounts of crude oil transported from offshore fields to the refineries using tankers or pipelines, demand increased control of seawater pollution. Tanker accidents resulting in oil spills drive much attention, as they influence local marine life and coastal industry. However, the most significant annual amount of crude oil enters the sea in the form of oilin- water emulsion as a result of standard tanker operations, offshore oil extraction and daily work of refineries. Many branches of science are challenged to provide new methods for oil detection, less expensive, more sensitive and more accurate. Remote satellite or airborne detection of large oil spills is possible using joint techniques as microwave radars, ultraviolet laser fluorosensors and infrared radars. Some methods are capable to deal with oil streaks detection and estimation of oil thickness. Although there is currently, no method to detect small concentration of oil droplets dispersed in seawater. Oil droplets become additional absorbents and attenuators in water body. They significantly change seawater inherent optical properties, which imply the change of apparent optical properties, detectable using remote sensing techniques. To enable remote optical detection of oil-in-water emulsion, a study of optical properties of two types of crude oil was conducted. Radiative transfer theory was applied to quantify the contribution of oil emulsion to remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Spectra of Rrs from in situ measurements in Baltic Sea were compared to Rrs spectra of seawater polluted by 1 ppm of crude oil emulsion, collected using radiative transfer simulation. The light crude oil caused a 9-10% increase of Rrs while the heavy one reduced Rrs up to 30% (model accuracy stayed within 5% for considered spectral range). Results are discussed concerning their application to shipboard and offshore oil content detection.

9

Emulsified fuels of machine origin in seawater - a contribute to remote detection

Rudz K.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 2

385-390

EN

Development of industry and trade in the last few decades caused a huge increase in the pollution of the world's oceans. Substantial contributors to marine pollution come with the rivers from land-based sources including the by-products of industry, run-off from agriculture activities such as biocides as well as effluents from urban areas. Moreover, a significant amount of marine pollution is caused by shipping and maritime activities. The operation of ship plants gives a real possibility for engine oils and fuels to reach the marine environment. Discharge waters contain a certain amount of petroleum derivatives in the form of dispersed droplets (oil-in-water emulsion). The presence of oil emulsion cause measurable changes in the optical properties of seawater. It is conceptually possible to detect these changes using a standard radiance or irradiance reflectance meter. Hence, a set of radiative transfer simulation has been carried out. This paper presents a computed photon trace simulation based on the Monte Carlo code, applied to the marine environment. The results are presented as reflectance spectra for the models of Baltic Sea and ocean water both pure and polluted by oil emulsion. It is shown that even small amounts of petroleum pollution rise the values of irradiance reflectance and cause a spectral shift by certain conditions. A possibility for remote evaluation of oil pollution is discussed as well as the perspective for improving the interpretation of shipboard and offshore light field analyses.

10

Emulsified fuels of machine origin in seawater - a contribute to remote detection

Rudz K.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 3

375-381

EN

Development of industry and trade in the last few decades caused a huge increase in the pollution of the world's oceans. Substantial contributors to marine pollution come with the rivers from land-based sources including the by products of industry, run-off from agriculture activities such as biocides as well as effluents from urban areas. Moreover, a significant amount of marine pollution is caused by shipping and maritime activities. The operation of ship plants gives a real possibility for engine oils and fuels to reach the marine environment. Discharge waters contain a certain amount of petroleum derivatives in the form of dispersed droplets (oil-in-water emulsion). The presence of oil emulsion cause measurable changes in the optical properties of seawater. It is conceptually possible to detect these changes using a standard radiance or irradiance reflectance meter. Hence, a set of radiative transfer simulation has been carried out. This paper presents a computed photon trace simulation based on the Monte Carlo code, applied to the marine environment. The results are presented as reflectance spectra for the models of Baltic Sea and ocean water both pure and polluted by oil emulsion. It is shown that even small amounts of petroleum pollution raise the values of irradiance reflectance and cause a spectral shift by certain conditions. A possibility for remote evaluation of oil pollution is discussed as well as the perspective for improving the interpretation of shipboard and offshore light field analyses.

11

Modelowanie procesu emulgacji ciśnieniowej

Popko A.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2009

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nr 3

14-19

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problematykę zastosowań oraz modelowania emulsji wodnoolejowych o wymaganych parametrach. Przykładowo, zastosowanie emulsji typu W/O o określonych parametrach daje możliwość znacznego zredukowania zawartości tlenków azotu NOx oraz zawartości cząstek stałych PM w emitowanych spalinach oraz istotnie redukuje koszty eksploatacji pojazdu. Opracowany przez autora, teoretyczno - eksperymentalny model wysokociśnieniowego dyspergowania fazy rozproszonej emulsji daje możliwość określania optymalnych dla realizacji tego procesu parametrów emulsji. Sformułowany model matematyczny emulgacji ciśnieniowej ujmuje kompleksowo wpływ podstawowych parametrów procesu, właściwości emulsji oraz ilościowej zawartości fazy rozproszonej emulsji na wartości wymiaru charakterystycznego cząstek fazy rozproszonej.

EN

The paper presents the problems of applications and modeling for oil in water emulsions of selected parameters. For the example: oil-in-water emulsions of selected parameters enable substantial reduction of NOx nitric oxide content and of solid particle (PM) content in exhaust gases and reduce cost of car maintenance. The described theoretical and experimental model of high pressure emulsifi cation process of dispersed phase makes possible to determine optimal emulsion parameters. The mathematical model, formulated by the author, binds the complex infl uence of basic process parameters, emulsion properties and quantitative content of dispersed phase on the values of dispersed phase particle characteristic dimension.

12

Applications of pressure emulsification model

Popko A.

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2009

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Vol. LVI, nr 4

413-425

EN

A mathematical model, created for description of the mechanism of interaction between basic parameters of high pressure dispersion of emulsions, is presented in this paper. The model is applied for the analysis of the influence of physical properties of emulsions, quantitative content of dispersed emulsion phase and parameters of emulsification, pressure and temperature, on the charcteristic dimension of particles of the dispersed phase. The model makes it possible to determine appropriate process parameters, especially the pressure necessary to obtain the required dispersion of the emulsion and to define construction and exploitation parameters of high-pressure emulsification valve.

PL

Opracowany przez autora mechanizm współoddziaływania podstawowych parametrów procesu ciśnieniowego rozpraszania emulsji, fizycznych właściwości emulsji, ilościowego udziału fazy rozproszonej emulsji oraz parametrów procesu emulgowania, ciśnienia i temperatury stanowił podstawę dla sformułowania matematycznego modelu procesu uwzględniającego wpływ tych parametrów na wartość wymiaru charakterystycznego cząstek fazy rozproszonej rozpraszanej emulsji. Daje to możliwość ustalania racjonalnych parametrów procesu, a w szczególności ciśnienia, niezbędnego do uzyskania wymaganego rozproszenia emulsji oraz określenie parametrów konstrukcyjnych i eksploatacyjnych wysokociśnieniowych zaworów emulgujących.

13

Ultrafiltration of oil-in-water emulsion: flux enhancement with static mixer

Koris A., Kristic D., Hu X., Vatai G.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2005

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Vol. 31, nr 3-4

163-176

EN

Conventional methods of oily emulsion separation are not effective in removing small oil droplets and emulsions, especially if the emulsion is stable and the oil concentration is low. This paper deals with the oil removal from oil-in-water emulsion by an ultrafiltration membrane under different operating condi-tions of a novel flux enhancement method. Separation of oily water and wastewater by membrane filtra-tion is a well-known process. Generally, because of heavy concentration polarization and membrane fouling, a single-stage membrane process is not economical and usually does not provide satisfying results in retention. In our experiments, 20 nm pore size ceramic tubular membranes were used. In order to reduce concentration polarization and membrane fouling, the use of static turbulence promoters, such as rods, differently shaped inserts and static mixers, has been considered during cross-flow ultrafiltration and microfiltration with different fluids. Helix-like plastic static turbulence promoter was installed in the experimental apparatus

14

Badanie skuteczności odolejania na nowych koalescencyjnych przegrodach filtracyjnych

Grudziński J. M.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Morska w Szczecinie

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2004

|

nr 1 (73)

221-232

PL

Analizowano zjawiska zachodzące w trakcie procesu filtracji emulsji olejowo-wodnej w filtrze koalescencyjnym włókninowym. Dla zadanego przepływu mieszaniny oleju w wodzie przez przegrodę włóknistą, określono skuteczność filtracji ?F i rozkład wielkości cząstek oleju do wykorzystując miernik Malvern. Uzyskane wyniki przedstawione na rysunkach i w tabelach należy uznać za zadowalające i spełniające normy IMO.

EN

The article presents the results of an analysis of the phenomena that take place during the process of filtration of the oil-in-water emulsion (oil droplet diameter <5mm) in the coalescence unwoven fabric filter. The flow of the oil-water mixture through the unwoven fabric filter barrier has been analyzed. Moreover, the effectiveness of the filtration and the size of oil droplets have been examined. The research results have been presented graphically. The distribution of oil particle sizes and filtration effectiveness have been determined with the use of a Malvern instrument.