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1

Dynamics of Changes in the Concentration of Oil Products in the Tura River within the Residential Area of the Large Oil Capital of Russia

Kryakhtunov Alexander V.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 11

223--229

EN

In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved: determining the level of oil products and their spatial distribution in surface waters and bottom sediments of the Tura River, studying the features of the accumulation of oil products in bottom sediments in different sections of the Tura River, as well as the effect of storm and melt water contaminated with oil products within the coastal boundaries on the general background of pollution, calculated by the approximation method the distance at which the maximum permissible concentration for the Tura River would be reached, gave recommendations on the preservation of the object under study. The research was carried out in the laboratory of the Tyumen Industrial University. The analysis of samples for the content of oil products was carried out by the fluorometric method on a fluid analyzer “Fluorat-02–2M”. The results of the study indicate the need to monitor surface waters and toughly respond to insufficient compliance with the standards for the protection of surface waters and bottom sediments within the city of Tyumen.

2

Sorption of oil products on the synthetic zeolite granules

Król Magdalena, Rożek Piotr

Mineralogia

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2020

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Vol. 51, iss. 1

1--7

EN

In this work, lightweight granules of zeolite Na-P1 based on expanded glass aggregates were synthesized for the application in oil products’ sorption. The sorption of gasoline, diesel and silicone oil tests were also conducted for raw expanded glass, zeolite A, clinoptilolite and mineral sorbent available at a fuel station. All sorbents were also characterized in terms of the phase composition (X-ray diffraction) and structure (infrared spectroscopy). The zeolite Na-P1 granules achieved the highest values of sorption capacities (1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 g/g, respectively), which makes them promising materials for oils’ removal.

3

Improving preparedness for shipborne oil pollution – highlights of tabletop exercises at saimaa inland waters

Halonen J., Altarriba E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

221--228

EN

Lake Saimaa is the largest lake in Finland and the Saimaa inland waterway network is one of the main transport corridors for merchant shipping. The Saimaa inland watercourse is a challenging operating environment due to shallow waters, narrowness of the fairways, fast currents as well as the sensitiveness of the environment. It is recognised that the heavy vessel traffic poses a risk of oil pollution. An oil spill incident in inland waters has a high potential for contaminating shorelines and affecting populated areas. Responding to such an incident involves several governmental and regional authorities, agencies and voluntary organisations. Inter-agency coordination is considered a key element in incident management. Several exercise types can be used to train multi-agency collaboration in joint response operations. This paper analyses the benefits of tabletop exercises in the strengthening of joint preparedness and contingency planning. Paper compares the outcomes of discussion-based exercises with operations-based drills and full-scale exercises. The analysis is based on four oil spill response tabletop exercises and five oil response drills conducted in Saimaa region in 2017–2018. Different types of exercises make it possible to focus on different aspects of the response operation. Operations-based exercises are useful in improving technical skills and testing procedures and the functioning of the equipment. Due to time restrictions, the equipment deployment drills usually focus on a specific function or a single task. Tabletop exercises can be used to assess contingency plans on a strategic level. Tabletop exercises offer an opportunity to clarify roles and responsibilities, discuss priorities and establish inter-agency agreements. The advantages of tabletop exercises include their flexibility in scenario-building, low-cost implementation and the possibility to study a longer time span in order to gain a more holistic view of the response operation.

4

Prospects of Phytoremediation and Phytoindication of Oil-Contaminated Soils with the Help of Energy Plants

Glibovytska Nataliia Igorivna, Karavanovych Krystyna Bogdanivna, Kachala Taras Bogdanovych

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

147--154

EN

An analysis of energy plants from the point of view of their suitability for remediation of oil-contaminated territories was carried out. Plantations of Salix viminalis L., Helianthus tuberosus L. and Medicago sativa L. were planted with the purpose of remediation of the territory where active oil production is conducted. The prospect of using Salix viminalis and Helianthus tuberosus as effective restorers of technogenically-transformed environment quality was revealed. The limiting factors restricting the growth of Salix viminalis on degraded soils were established, involving dry air and insufficient soil moisture. Medicago sativa is sensitive to the level of soil contamination by pollutants and can act as a phytoindicator of the environmental quality of oil-contaminated ecosystems.

5

Safety trends in the oil tanker industry

Vidmar P., Perkovič M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2018

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nr 54 (126)

44--53

EN

The paper presents the overall risk management state for the crude oil tanker fleet, evidenced by EMSA and other international marine organisations. Based on historical statistical data related to fleet size, accident reports, amount of oil spilled on the sea and the economic value of the crude oil transport business, the risk acceptance criteria are evaluated. The Formal Safety Assessment is further used for a systematic assessment of risk, where potential hazards are analysed with structured methods (HAZID) and represented in event trees. The paper studies three risks: PLL (potential loss of lives), PLC (potential loss of containment) and PLP (potential loss of property). A general approach is presented and discussed with a particular focus on the evolution of risk acceptance in recent decades and evaluations of risk F-N curves for different tanker sizes.

6

Study of the Impact of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Sea Organisms

Kurylenko V., Izosimova O.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 1

26--29

EN

According to many intenstigations, oil pollution cause difficult changes of structure and function of natural ecosystems, as well as violation of metabolic processes, production and destruction of organic matter, and consequently leads to a decrease in species diversity. Studies show that planktonic animals are quite sensitive to oil pollution of sea water, which accelerates their death in the concentration of 0.01 mg·dm-3.

7

Fluorescence of natural seawater exposed to oil pollution

Otremba Z., Baszanowska E.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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Vol. 22, No. 3

181--186

EN

The natural seawater contains both dissolved and suspended organic substances originating from natural sources and human activities – like the marine transport fleet among other. To specify the type and quantity of vitally valid as well as dangerous for properly functioning marine ecosystems substances complicated and sophisticated chemical instrumentation and methodologies must be used. Only a small number of seawater components it is possible easily to determine their concentrations – for example, the salt content is determined directly in the bulk of water through simultaneous measurement of electrolytic conductivity and temperature of water. It is worth to search similarly quick method for oil substances directly in the seawater. Taking into account seawater organic pollutants originating from natural sources inter alia crude oils, the presence of refinery petroleum substances due to their fluorescence in ultra-violet light can be determined based on fluorescence spectroscopy. The aim of this paper is to search fluorescence features of oil substances dissolved in natural seawater based on excitation-emission spectroscopy. In the paper fresh and oily contaminated seawater taken from the coastal area of the Baltic Sea were used. As an oil pollution ‘Petro-baltic’ oil were applied. The natural seawater, at first was laboratory exposed to low extremely amount of oil and then it was examined by fluorescence under UV light. The seawater from vicinity of Gdynia (Poland) were tested as fresh and after artificially contaminated by different amount of oil (from 0.5 to 500 ppm). Spectrofluorometer Hitachi F-7000 FL was applied to measure excitation-emission spectra (EEMs). Low amounts of oil (up to several ppm) cause increasing of main peak in excitation-emission spectra (EEMs). Addition of larger amounts of oil results in appearance new peaks, which originate from fluorescence of soluble fractions of oil artificially added to examined water. These specific features of oil describe the spectroscopic signatures of oil, which is the basis to development operational method of the source of oil pollution identification.

8

Comparison of fluorometric signatures of oil residues in both marine environment and in organic diluent

Otremba Z., Baszanowska E.

Journal of KONES

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2015

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Vol. 22, No. 3

175--179

EN

The significant part of petroleum substances is transferred to the marine environment after technical activities (inevitable exploitive spills, illegal discharges). However a certain part of petroleum in seawater coming from the natural sources. Therefore, to develop the safety of natural marine environment it is necessary to track not only the anthropogenic pollutants but also the natural sources of petroleum. To distinguish both source of oil the fluorescence properties of oil can be used as the tools to oil identification. The aim of the study is to describe the optical properties of crude oil after it contact with aquatic environment based on fluorescence spectroscopy. For the study, crude oil ‘Petrobaltic’ type potentially found in marine environment due to coming from natural source was applied. To dissolve oil, two different solvent – hexane and Baltic seawater form the Gdynia coast were used. To measure the excitation-emission spectra (EEMs) of oil spectrofluorometer Hitachi F-7000 FL was applied. In the paper, we discuss the changes of oil EEMs in two cases for oil dissolved in n-hexane and for oil dissolved in seawater for various oil concentration. Obtained EEMs for oil dissolved in seawater indicate that EEMs spectrum contain the main peak – describing by the wavelength – independent fluorescence maximum, which was detected for oil dissolved in n-hexane (typical for this kind of oil). However, the intensity of oil fluorescence decreases after oil contact with seawater. This approach could allow expanding the description of complex mixtures of oils as a possible tool proposed for identification the type and origin of oil found in marine environment.

9

Analiza zanieczyszczeń oleju silnikowego stosowanego w silniku Cegielski-Sulzer 3AL25/30

Malinowska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2014

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nr 83

194--202

PL

Podczas eksploatacji olej silnikowy podlega procesowi starzenia, zmieniają się jego parametry fizykochemiczne i pojawiają zanieczyszczenia. Zanieczyszczeniami oleju nazywa się każdą substancję występującą w oleju, która olejem nie jest i nie stanowi jego integralnej części. Jedną z bardzo dokładnych metod oceny ilości zanieczyszczeń jest spektrometria emisyjna. Wykorzystany podczas badań spektrometr Spectroil Q100 wykrywa w analizowanej substancji zawartości pierwiastków pochodzących z różnych źródeł. Urządzenie daje możliwość przeprowadzenia analizy 22 pierwiastków chemicznych, takich jak: Ag, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, V, Zn. W pracy tej badano zawartość pierwiastków chemicznych w oleju Marinol RG 1240 po różnym czasie stosowania go w silniku 3AL25/30 i stwierdzono, że największą koncentrację w oleju stanowią pierwiastki pochodzące z procesów zużycia.

EN

Engine oil during operation gets old, changing its physical and chemical parameters and appear contamination. Oil Pollution call any substance present in the oil, which oil is not, and does not constitute an integral part thereof. One of the most accurate methods of assessing the amount of pollution is emission spectrometry. Used during the tests spectrometer – Spectroil Q100 examines the content of the analyze elements from different sources. The device makes it possible to analyze 22 chemical elements: Ag, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, V, Zn. In this work, the content of the chemical elements were tested in the oil MARINOL RG after different times of use it 3AL25/30 engine and it was found that the highest concentration in the oil consists of elements arising from the wear processes.

10

Optical properties of crude oil detected in seawater

Haule K., Toczek H.

Journal of KONES

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2014

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Vol. 21, No. 3

127--132

EN

The effects of crude oils entering marine environment have been investigated since early 1960s when oil pollution became a subject of global environmental concern. Extraction and transportation of crude oils have been contributing to water pollution especially in closed water basins, such as the Baltic Sea. It was estimated that yearly oil input to the Baltic Sea amounts to 21-70 thousands of tons, which is twice higher than in the North Sea and three times higher than in the North Atlantic. Growing pollution loads into the Baltic Sea created a demand for multifarious studies on the environmental effects of oil products. In this study, we focus on bio-optical and ecological aspects of the presence of crude oil in seawater. Dispersed oil droplets occur in seawater as the result of contaminated river inflows, bilge water discharges and as the consequence of mechanical and chemical dispersion of oil spills. Their optical properties depend on oil type, concentration and size distribution. We present further results obtained from the developed fluorescence-based method for determination of the crude oil concentration in natural Baltic seawater and for evaluation of the oil droplets size by applying vacuum filtering. The results have been measured for the samples collected in Southern Baltic Sea during several ship cruises in 2012. We discuss the application of vacuum filtering in the fluorescence analyses in the context of laboratory, in situ and remote detection of dispersed oil.

11

Fluorescence properties of mechanically dispersed crude oil

Haule K., Toczek H.

Journal of KONES

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2014

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Vol. 21, No. 4

161--167

EN

Despite of numerous actions undertook by the global and local authorities towards protection of marine environment, oil pollution loads into the Baltic Sea still tend to increase and need to be continuously estimated in order to apply the legal regulations. There is a demand for multifarious studies on the environmental effects of oil products. Dispersed oil droplets occur in seawater as the result of contaminated river inflows, bilge water discharges and as the consequence of mechanical and chemical dispersion of oil spills. Their optical properties depend on oil type, concentration and size distribution. Oil content influences many environmental factors, like water quality and bio-optical parameters (e.g. water-leaving radiance, inherent optical properties, seawater fluorescence). We present a unique study of the collected database of crude oil fluorescence spectra for better understanding the correlations between oil optical properties and its concentration, as well as for evaluation of the oil droplets size by the application of vacuum filtering using three filters of different permeability. Fluorescence spectra have been registered for oil-in-water emulsion samples prepared in the laboratory by mechanical dispersion. We discuss the optical properties of crude oil and the relationships between them in the context of potential remote detection of dispersed oil in seawater.

12

Fluorescence spectra of oil after it contacts with aquatic environment

Baszanowska E., Otremba Z., Toczek H., Rohde P.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 3

29--34

EN

The main task for natural marine environment protection is to prevent the inflow of various contaminants including oil substances and the real challenge is the ability to rapidly detect these pollutants. Moreover important is to find the source or the maker of the oil spill. In this paper, we consider fundamental physical aspects in the area of possibility of monitoring the natural marine ecosystem based on fluorescence spectroscopy. We utilize the fluorescence ability of numerous oil components – mainly polycyclic hydrocarbons. The paper concerns the spectrofluorimetric characterization of oils have been in use during exploitation of the marine fleet, i.e. lubricate oil, fuels, transformer and hydraulic oils as well as crude oils or their residues. Every kind of oil has a chance to enter the marine environment, especially in a case of ship emergency or after collision with other vessel ore shoreline structure as well as when ship enters the stranding. After discharge of oil, some of oil components are dissolved in the water, bacteria or photochemical reactions, which results in transformation of composition of oil, degrade some. Fluorescence spectrometer Perkin Elmer LS55 was applied to obtain the fluorescence spectra using different excitation wavelength in the range from 240 nm to 500 nm. We discuss the changes of the shapes of excitationemission spectra (EEMs) of various types of oil and the EEMs spectra after contact of oil with seawater as an oil-inwater emulsion, which is the most frequent form of oil in the water column. Significant changes in the shape of spectra and displacement of the peaks are observed.

13

Podatność magnetyczna jako wskaźnik zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych w wybranych lokalizacjach w Warszawie

Górka-Kostrubiec B., Król E., Teisseyre-Jeleńska M.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Inżynieria Środowiska

|

2012

|

z. 59

67--82

PL

W ciągu ostatnich 20 lat nastąpił gwałtowny rozwój motoryzacji w Polsce. Szybkie tempo wzrostu transportu samochodowego w miastach przekłada się na duży wzrost zanieczyszczenia środowiska, głównie powietrza i gleby. W badaniach do oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia gleby przy najbardziej ruchliwych trasach w Warszawie zastosowano metodę magnetometryczną. Opiera się ona na pomiarach parametrów magnetycznych zanieczyszczeń, w których skład wchodzą silnie magnetyczne tlenki żelaza skorelowane z występowaniem innych metali ciężkich. Czułym parametrem określającym zawartość cząstek magnetycznych w zanieczyszczeniach jest podatność magnetyczna. Próby gleby pobrano z trzech lokalizacji: przy Trasie Toruńskiej, przy ulicy Modlińskiej oraz przy Dolinie Służewieckiej. Z każdej lokalizacji próbki pobierano z powierzchni i z głębokości 5 cm, 12 cm oraz 20 cm z poboczy drogi oraz z całej szerokości pasów trawników rozdzielających dwa kierunki ruchu pojazdów. Stwierdzono korelację zaobserwowanych wartości podatności magnetycznej zanieczyszczonej gleby z natężeniem ruchu pojazdów. Wyznaczono rozkład wartości podatności magnetycznej zanieczyszczonej gleby w funkcji odległości od brzegu jezdni i w funkcji głębokości profili. Na tej podstawie wskazano na różnice w akumulacji zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych w glebie w zależności od topografii terenu, odległości od pobliskich skrzyżowań oraz w zależności od występowania ekranowania przez roślinność przy drogach.

EN

Rapid development of motor transport has been observed in Poland during the last 20 years. A quick increase of numbers of vehicles in cities generates an increase of environmentali pollution, mainly in atmosphere and in soil. The magnetic method was used for evaluation of soil pollution along the most crowded streets in Warsaw. The method is based on measurements of magnetic parameters af pollution matter which contains strong magnetic iron oxides correlated with heavy metals presence. Magnetic susceptibility is a sensitive parameter for detection of magnetic grains content. Samples were collected in three localities: Toruńska Route, Modlińska street and Służewiecka ValIey street. In each locality, samples were collected from the surface and from the depths of 5, 12 and 20 cm from the road shoulders and from the grass strips separating two directions of traffic lanes. The correlation of observed magnetic susceptibility values of polluted soils with the intensity of vehicle traffic has been confirmed. The distribution of susceptibility values in function of the distance from the road edge and in function of depth of profiles has been presented. On the basis of these results, differences in accumulation of traffic pollution in relation to topography of the area, to distance from road-crossing and influence of plants growing close to roads have been indicated.

14

Model of seawater polluted by oil-in-water emulsion as a response to the increasing shipping activities

Rudź K.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2012

|

Vol. 7, no 1

209-217

EN

Intensive shipping affects marine environment in an extent degree, increasing seawater pollution by hazardous substances, including fuel oil and crude oil. Bilge water from ship power plants usually contains a mixture of dispersed oils, which form spherical droplets of diameter ranging from 0.01 to 10..m. Present methods for detection of dispersed oil require taking a water sample or putting a measuring device into seawater, which allows only to gather point data from limited locations. In order to meet the demand of remote monitoring of endangered zones, a study of optical properties of oil-in-water emulsions was conducted. Presented model of seawater polluted by oil-in-water emulsion can potentially enable remote optical detection of oil-in-water emulsion in visible bands. It is based on the fact that oil droplets become additional absorbents and attenuators in water body. Optical analyses consist of calculations of spectral absorption and scattering coefficients and scattering phase functions for oil emulsions on the basis of Lorentz-Mie theory including measurements of refractive index and determination of oil droplets size distribution. The radiative transfer theory is applied to simulate the contribution of oil emulsion to the remote sensing reflectance. Presented system for radiative transfer simulation is based on Monte Carlo code and it involves optical tracing of virtual photons.

15

Spectroscopic methods in application to oil pollution detection in the sea

Baszanowska E., Otremba Z.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 1

15-20

EN

The escalating maritime transport as well as offshore crude oil exploitation and pipeline transportation leads to the increase of feasibility of the discharge of petroleum substances to the sea environment events. Therefore, it is necessary to rapidly detect of oil pollution to minimize the extent of contamination in the seawater. The aim of this study is to discuss the assumptions of the optical methods using for detection of oil pollution in the seawater. We consider the different approaches of oil-in-water detection using spectral active and passive techniques with emphasis on fluorescence techniques. The intensive development of scientific apparatus and methods in light spectroscopy leads to build various airborne or underwater specialized devices (UV-, IR-scanners, fluorosensors), which allows to detect oil pollution in relatively large areas of the sea. The possibility of measurements of oil pollution in the seawater is particularly important for monitoring, especially in very difficult weather conditions and highly waved sea surface. Such possibilities should be given by devices for in-situ measurements based on time-resolved fluorescence. Such measurements allow obtaining the significant information about presence of oil in really short time. As we show in this study, the wide-range development of fluorescence techniques opens the diagnostic opportunity not only for detection of the oil-in-water content but also for identification the type of oil directly in seawater or even determination of the source of oil pollution.

16

Modelling of seawater polluted by light and heavy crude oil droplets

Rudź K., Darecki M., Toczek H.

Journal of KONES

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2012

|

Vol. 19, No. 2

473-480

EN

Significant amounts of crude oil transported from offshore fields to the refineries using tankers or pipelines, demand increased control of seawater pollution. Tanker accidents resulting in oil spills drive much attention, as they influence local marine life and coastal industry. However, the most significant annual amount of crude oil enters the sea in the form of oilin- water emulsion as a result of standard tanker operations, offshore oil extraction and daily work of refineries. Many branches of science are challenged to provide new methods for oil detection, less expensive, more sensitive and more accurate. Remote satellite or airborne detection of large oil spills is possible using joint techniques as microwave radars, ultraviolet laser fluorosensors and infrared radars. Some methods are capable to deal with oil streaks detection and estimation of oil thickness. Although there is currently, no method to detect small concentration of oil droplets dispersed in seawater. Oil droplets become additional absorbents and attenuators in water body. They significantly change seawater inherent optical properties, which imply the change of apparent optical properties, detectable using remote sensing techniques. To enable remote optical detection of oil-in-water emulsion, a study of optical properties of two types of crude oil was conducted. Radiative transfer theory was applied to quantify the contribution of oil emulsion to remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Spectra of Rrs from in situ measurements in Baltic Sea were compared to Rrs spectra of seawater polluted by 1 ppm of crude oil emulsion, collected using radiative transfer simulation. The light crude oil caused a 9-10% increase of Rrs while the heavy one reduced Rrs up to 30% (model accuracy stayed within 5% for considered spectral range). Results are discussed concerning their application to shipboard and offshore oil content detection.

17

Emulsified fuels of machine origin in seawater - a contribute to remote detection

Rudz K.

Journal of KONES

|

2011

|

Vol. 18, No. 2

385-390

EN

Development of industry and trade in the last few decades caused a huge increase in the pollution of the world's oceans. Substantial contributors to marine pollution come with the rivers from land-based sources including the by-products of industry, run-off from agriculture activities such as biocides as well as effluents from urban areas. Moreover, a significant amount of marine pollution is caused by shipping and maritime activities. The operation of ship plants gives a real possibility for engine oils and fuels to reach the marine environment. Discharge waters contain a certain amount of petroleum derivatives in the form of dispersed droplets (oil-in-water emulsion). The presence of oil emulsion cause measurable changes in the optical properties of seawater. It is conceptually possible to detect these changes using a standard radiance or irradiance reflectance meter. Hence, a set of radiative transfer simulation has been carried out. This paper presents a computed photon trace simulation based on the Monte Carlo code, applied to the marine environment. The results are presented as reflectance spectra for the models of Baltic Sea and ocean water both pure and polluted by oil emulsion. It is shown that even small amounts of petroleum pollution rise the values of irradiance reflectance and cause a spectral shift by certain conditions. A possibility for remote evaluation of oil pollution is discussed as well as the perspective for improving the interpretation of shipboard and offshore light field analyses.

18

Emulsified fuels of machine origin in seawater - a contribute to remote detection

Rudz K.

Journal of KONES

|

2011

|

Vol. 18, No. 3

375-381

EN

Development of industry and trade in the last few decades caused a huge increase in the pollution of the world's oceans. Substantial contributors to marine pollution come with the rivers from land-based sources including the by products of industry, run-off from agriculture activities such as biocides as well as effluents from urban areas. Moreover, a significant amount of marine pollution is caused by shipping and maritime activities. The operation of ship plants gives a real possibility for engine oils and fuels to reach the marine environment. Discharge waters contain a certain amount of petroleum derivatives in the form of dispersed droplets (oil-in-water emulsion). The presence of oil emulsion cause measurable changes in the optical properties of seawater. It is conceptually possible to detect these changes using a standard radiance or irradiance reflectance meter. Hence, a set of radiative transfer simulation has been carried out. This paper presents a computed photon trace simulation based on the Monte Carlo code, applied to the marine environment. The results are presented as reflectance spectra for the models of Baltic Sea and ocean water both pure and polluted by oil emulsion. It is shown that even small amounts of petroleum pollution raise the values of irradiance reflectance and cause a spectral shift by certain conditions. A possibility for remote evaluation of oil pollution is discussed as well as the perspective for improving the interpretation of shipboard and offshore light field analyses.

19

Impact of pollution with oil derivatives on the natural environment and methods of their removal

Gawdzik B., Gawdzik J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

|

2011

|

Vol. 18, nr 3

345-357

EN

The paper presents the characteristics of threats due to petroleum products and its consequences as well as the source of these pollutants. Toxicity of petroleum products is due to their physical and chemical properties. Oil pollution threaten both fauna and flora of contaminated land and underground waters. The paper presents the negative impacts of hydrocarbons on the man and the methods of their removal from the groundwater environment.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę zagrożeń substancjami ropopochodnymi i ich konsekwencje, a także źródła tych zanieczyszczeń. Toksyczność produktów ropopochodnych wynika z ich właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych. Zanieczyszczenia ropopochodne zagrażają zarówno faunie, jak i florze skażonego terenu oraz wodom podziemnym. W pracy zaprezentowano negatywne oddziaływanie węglowodorów na organizm człowieka oraz najważniejsze metody ich usuwania ze środowiska gruntowo-wodnego.

20

Wpływ zanieczyszczeń olejowych na wytrzymałość na ścinanie i nośność gruntów piaszczystych

Czado B., Korzeniowska-Rejmer E., Pietras J.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2011

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R. 108, z. 2-Ś

79-88

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zanieczyszczenia gruntu olejem napędowym na jeden z podstawowych parametrów charakteryzujących wytrzymałość gruntu na ścinanie - efektywny kąt tarcia wewnętrznego ([fi]'), a w efekcie nośność gruntu stanowiącego podłoże budowlane. Badaniom poddano utwory piaszczyste, pochodzące z występujących na obszarze Krakowa czwartorzędowych osadów rzecznych tarasu wysokiego. Na podstawie zebranych wyników wyprowadzono zależność funkcyjną między efektywnym kątem tarcia wewnętrznego a zawartością oleju napędowego w piasku średnim oraz przedstawiono zmiany oporu podłoża piaszczystego pod fundamentem bezpośrednim w wyniku zanieczyszczenia olejem napędowym.

EN

The paper presents results of research of the influence of diesel-oil soil contamination on one of the basic soil mechanical parameters - an effective angle of internal friction ([fi]') - and, as a result, on subsoil bearing capacity. Laboratory studies have been performed on the fluvial sand samples, drawn from the quaternary sediments of higher terrace of Wisła valley in the Kraków area. The testing data that have been gathered allowed to derive a linear dependence of the effective angle of friction on the oil contamination content in medium sands. The results of calculations of the subsoil resistance changes caused by the oil contamination have been presented.