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1
Możliwości wykorzystania zasobników z płynną solą w systemach energetycznych z redukowaną liczbą bloków węglowych
Kosman Wojciech
Rynek Energii
|
2022
|
Nr 3
39--48
PL
W artykule rozpatrzono możliwości zastosowania zasobników energii z płynną solą w systemach energetycznych, które przechodzą przemiany w kierunku ograniczenia liczby wytwórczych jednostek węglowych. Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat wspomniane zasobniki stały się popularne w krajach o wysokim nasłonecznieniu. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę wykorzystania magazynów energii dla innych szerokości geograficznych. Rozpatruje się przy tym dodatkowe rozwiązania, odpowiednie dla systemów energetycznych, które przechodzą transformację ukierunkowaną na zmniejszenie spalania paliw kopalnych.
EN
The paper presents an analysis on the possible applications of molten salt energy storages to power systems that undergo transformations, which aim to reduce the number of fossil fueled power generating units. In the recent years the salt storages have become popular in the countries of high solar irradiance. This paper focuses on the applications of these storages in the areas of other latitudes. Additional designs are under the investigation that are suitable for the power systems where the usage of the fossil fuels is continuously being decreased.
2
Możliwości wykorzystania zasobników z płynną solą w systemach energetycznych z redukowaną liczbą bloków węglowych
Kosman Wojciech
Rynek Energii
|
2021
|
Nr 3
63--72
PL
W artykule rozpatrzono możliwości zastosowania zasobników energii z płynną solą w systemach energetycznych, które przechodzą przemiany w kierunku ograniczenia liczby wytwórczych jednostek węglowych. Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat wspomniane zasobniki stały się popularne w krajach o wysokim nasłonecznieniu. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę wykorzystania magazynów energii dla innych szerokości geograficznych. Rozpatruje się przy tym dodatkowe rozwiązania, odpowiednie dla systemów energetycznych, które przechodzą transformację ukierunkowaną na zmniejszenie spalania paliw kopalnych.
EN
The paper presents an analysis on the possible applications of molten salt energy storages to power systems that undergo transformations, which aim to reduce the number of fossil fueled power generating units. In the recent years the salt storages have become popular in the countries of high solar irradiance. This paper focuses on the applications of these storages in the areas of another latitudes. Additional designs are under the investigation that are suitable for the power systems where the usage of the fossil fuels is continuously being decreased.
3
Content available Investigation of CO2 Capture Property of CaO Sorbent in Various Molten Chloride Media with Different Operation Temperature
Kim Sung-Wook, Jeon Min Ku, Lee Kirak
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2020
|
Vol. 65, iss. 3
1051--1055
EN
CaO sorbent dissolved in chloride molten salts was investigated to identify its CO2 capture property. Various molten salt systems with different melting points (CaCl2 , LiCl, LiCl-CaCl2 , and LiCl-KCl) were used to control the operation temperature from 450 to 850ºC in order to determine the effect of the operation temperature on the chemical reaction between CaO and CO2 . The CaO sorbent showed the best performance at 550ºC in the LiCl-CaCl2 molten salt (conversion ratio of 85.25%). This temperature is lower than typical operation temperature of the solid-state CaO sorbent (~700ºC).
4
Content available W poszukiwaniu seryjnie produkowanego reaktora XXI wieku
Kulczyński D. W.
Postępy Techniki Jądrowej
|
2017
|
z. 4
8--11
PL
Artykuł omawia propozycję budowy (modularnego) reaktora typu IMSR chłodzonego stopioną solą przez kanadyjską firmę Terrestrial Energy Inc. TEI przewiduje wprowadzenie reaktorów IMSR do seryjnej produkcji od połowy lat 20. XXI wieku.
EN
The article discusses Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR®) proposed by Canadian company Terrestrial Energy Inc. TEI envisages mass production of IMSR reactors after 2025.
5
Content available Morphology Change Of Si Deposit In Molten Salt Electrorefining
Ryu H. Y., Kwon S. C., Han M. H., An Y. S., Lee J. S., Lee J. H.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2015
|
Vol. 60, iss. 2B
1491--1497
EN
The effects of processing parameters on the morphology change in a Si deposit recovered by means of molten salt electrorefining are evaluated using electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry at 800°C. It was found that concentration of K2SiF6 and current density were important parameters in determining deposit size. Higher concentrations of K2SiF6 were effective in coarsening the silicon deposit and decreasing the cell potential. Silicon nanofiber was recovered at 5 wt% of K2SiF6 whereas dense particles were prepared at 30 and 50 wt% of K2SiF6. The morphology of the Si deposit was determined by the concentration of Si in the electrolyte which is related to the formation of crystal and growth of Si. The formation mechanism of the Si deposit was interpreted by using high resolution TEM as well as electrochemical properties.
6
Content available remote Magnetohydrodynamic pumps for molten salts in cooling loops of high-temperature nuclear reactors
Doležel I., Kotlan V., Ulrych B.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2011
|
R. 87, nr 5
28-33
EN
Possibilities of using the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect for pumping molten salts in cooling loops of high-temperature nuclear reactors are analyzed. Two basic ways of producing magnetic field in the pump (saddle coils and permanent magnets) are evaluated with respect to the total Lorentz force and resultant pumping head of the device. The corresponding mathematical models are solved numerically
PL
W pracy przeanalizowano możliwość zastosowania efektu magnetohydrodynamicznego (MHD) do pompowania płynnych soli w obwodach chłodzących wysokotemperaturowych reaktorów jądrowych. Zbadano dwa podstawowe sposoby wytwarzania pola elektromagnetycznego (cewki siodłowe i magnesy trwałe) pod kątem całkowitej siły Lorentza i wytwarzanego ciśnienia względnego. Do porównania wykorzystano numeryczny model efektu MHD.
7
Content available remote Thermodynamic properties of intermetallic compounds in Al-Sc, Cu-Sc and Pb-Sc systems
Shubin A., Shunyaev K., Yamshchikov L.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2008
|
Vol. 53, iss. 4
1119-1125
EN
The partial Gibbs free energies of formation of intermetallic compounds (IMC) in Al-Sc, Cu-Sc and Pb-Sc systems were determined by e.m.f. method. Electromotive forces of galvanic cells were measured in wide temperaturę rangę. The data obtained were used to find integral thermodynamic properties of IMC at 298.15 K. The integral Gibbs energy of Pb5Sc6 formation from solid scandium and liquid lead obtained from e.m.f. measurements can be described by the eąuation (at 650-1040 K): ΔfG (Pb5Sc6) = - (49.60 ± 1.1) + (3.63 ± 1.3) º1O-3 T, kJ/mol of atoms. The standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfH298), of the IMC in Al-Sc system assessed using experimental data of different authors, are the following (kJ/mol of atoms): Al3Sc: - 42.6; Al2Sc: - 47.8; AISc: - 51.1; AlSc2 - 41.0. The Cu-Sc intermetallides were investigated in the temperaturę rangę of 650-1050 K. Integral thermodynamic functions of IMC in Cu-Sc system can be presented as the following equations (kJ/mol of atoms): ΔfG (Cu4Sc) = - (23.1 ± 0.8) + (9.2 ± 1.0) º10-3T; ΔfG (Cu2Sc) = - (32.8 ± 1.0) + (14.5 š 1.2) º10-3T; ΔfG (CuSc) = - (35.5 ± 1.3) + (13.5 ±1.6) º10-3T.
PL
Metodą pomiaru siły elektromotorycznej ogniw galwanicznych wyznaczono cząstkowe energie swobodne tworzenia związków międzymetalicznych w układach Al-Sc, Cu-Sc I Pb-Sc w szerokim zakresie temperatur. Uzyskane wyniki posłużyły do wyznaczenia własności termodynamicznych badanych związków w 298.15 K. Energia swobodna tworzenia związku Pb5Sc6 ze stałego skandu i ciekłego ołowiu można na podstawie pomiarów SEM opisać równaniem (650-1040 K): ΔfG (Pb5Sc6) = - (49.60 ± 1.1) + (3.63 ± 1.3) º10-3 T, kJ/mol. Standardowe ciepło tworzenia (ΔfH298), związków międzymetalicznych w układzie Al-Sc zostało oszacowane na podstawie danych doświadczalnych pochodzących z różnych źródeł, jak następuje (kJ/mol): AI3SC: -42.6; Al2Sc: -47.8; AISc: -51.1; AlSc2: -41.0. Związki międzymetaliczne z układu Cu-Sc zbadano w przedziale temperatur 650 - 1050 K; ich własności termodynamiczne opisano następującymi równaniami (kJ/mol): ΔfG (Cu4Sc) = - (23.1 ± 0.8) + (9.2 ± 1.0) º10-3T; ΔfG (Cu2Sc) = - (32.8 ± 1.0) + (14.5 š 1.2) º10-3T; ΔfG (CuSc) = - (35.5 ± 1.3) + (13.5 ±1.6) º10-3T.
8
The Influence of teh Experimental Setup Upon the Modelling of the Impedance Spectra in Molten Salts
Kisza A., Kaźmierczak J., Meisner B.
Polish Journal of Chemistry
|
2004
|
Vol. 78 / nr 9
1235-1244
EN
To settle the frequently raised problem of the influence of cell geometry on the value of the evaluated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) double layer capacitance, in this paper two types of cells have been tested in two and three electrodes experiments in molten salts. In the first type cell, the working silver electrodes were immersed directly in the molten NaCl - KCl eutectic mixture at 700°C, while in the second type cell, the working silver electrodes were placed inside quartz tubes connected to the bulk melt by a small hole. The only effect of the quartz tube was the desired increase of the electrolyte resistance from 0.7_ to 5.5 _, which is important in lowering the ac measuring current of the Solartron 1260 Phase Gain Analyser. The evaluated values of the double layer capacitance were to experimental uncertainty the same in both cells. It can be thus concluded, that the frequently raised in aqueous electrolytes problem of the influence of the cell geometry upon the values of the evaluated double layer capacitance, in molten salts does not lead to any significant errors. This is presumable due to the fact that the conductivity of molten salts is usually two order higher than aqueous electrolytes, and the corresponding ohmic drops are much smaller.
9
The Double Layer Capacitance of the Liquid Lead Electrode in Molten NaX-KX (X=Cl, Br, I) Eutectic Mixtures
Kisza A., Kaźmierczak J., Meisner B.
Polish Journal of Chemistry
|
2004
|
Vol. 78 / nr 4
561-573
EN
Using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, the double layer capacitance of the liquid lead electrode in the molten NaX-KX eutectic mixture has been evaluated at several temperatures at the rest potential, and in the potential range from 0 to -1Vagainst reversible lead electrode in the same melt. At no applied potential the liquid lead electrode in the studied eutectic melts can be treated as an "ideally polarizable" electrode. It has been found that the double layer capacitance at the rest potential is very small of the order of 0.9_F cm-2 for chloride, 0.6 for bromide and 0.2 _F cm-2 for iodide melts. As expected its value is decreasing with the increase of the temperature. At the far negative end of the potential range (-1.0 V), the double layer capacitance is decreased by the faradaic process (formation of the alkali metal - amalgam in liquid Pb).With the increase of the potential, the rate of this process decreases and the double layer capacitance increases.With a further increase of the potential, the alkali metal cations in the primary ionic shell are substituted by the halide anions, decreasing the charge density in the primary ionic shell, which results in the decrease of the capacitance toward some small value at the "potential of zero charge". Still further increase of the potential creates a new double layer, composed mainly of halide ions and the charge density increase is accompanied by the increase of the double layer capacitance. When the anodic dissolution of the metallic lead starts, another decrease of the double layer capacitance is observed. The evaluated values are much lower than the previous results, obtained in early sixties of the 20-th century, which has been obtained by the neglecting of the frequency dependence of the measured capacitance.
10
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Indium Electrode in Molten Ethylammonium Tetrafluorogborate
Więcek B.
Polish Journal of Chemistry
|
2001
|
Vol. 75, nr 7
1031-1038
EN
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been studied at indium electrode in pure molten ethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (EtNH3BF4). Measurements were carried out from 424 to 474 K. The a.c. impedance and potentiostatic polarization techniques were used. The exchange current density of the HER, its overall apparent activation energy, the cathodic transfer coefficient and the double layer capacitance have been determined. It has been postulated that the amine molecules do not adsorb on the indium electrode surface in the potential range applied and do not inhibit the HER.
11
Hydrogen evolution on cobalt cathode in molten organic salt
Więcek B.
Polish Journal of Chemistry
|
1999
|
vol. 73 nr 3
493-500
EN
The cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction on cobalt electrode in pure molten triethylammonium trtrafluoroborate has been studied using ac impedance and polarization curves methods. The data consist of Tafel slopes, exchange current densities, the apparent heat of activation and the double layer capacitance.
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