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1

O małym pospolitym ruszeniu : kilka współczesnych refleksji

Stankiewicz W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2015

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nr 1(98)

182-204

PL

Posługując się z konieczności ograniczoną wiedzą i czerpiąc z tradycji i historii, pragnę zasygnalizować wybrane fragmenty doktryny obronnej zawarte w traktatach Andrzeja Maksymiliana Fredry (ok. 1620-1679), wybitnego działacza i uczonego, nawiązując do koncepcji polskiego merkantylizmu, wpływów obcej myśli militarnej i przykładów rozwiązywania problemów obronności w skali makro i mikro, od dyplomacji i polityki po logistykę wojskową sięgającą pojedynczego żołnierza. Zamierzam treść artykułu ująć w krótkich tezach o tradycjach pospolitego ruszenia i omawiając działalność Fredry i treść jego traktatów. Pamiętając o znaczeniu pytania o pożytki płynące z przypominania doświadczeń, ryzykuję kilka ocen.

EN

Examples found in the general and Polish history, concerning the institution of mass levy, point to its basic problem – the necessity to determine the size of citizens mobilization proper for the foreseen threat. Common conscription was used rarely, in extreme situations of total defeat and propaganda was usually at the lost position. In this article I made a short analysis of the set of concepts of the ‘small mass levy’ as it was seen by Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro (circa 1620-1679), statesman and practitioner using his broad knowledge. His presentation of the rules of such a doctrine was based on the elements of mercantilism doctrine, physiocracy and in connection with military science – it developed the method of economy and military logistics. Being forced to use limited knowledge and culling from tradition and history, I would like to put emphasis on the chosen pieces of defence doctrine incorporated in the tractates of Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro (about 1620-1679), a prominent activist and scholar, alluding to the concept of Polish mercantilism, the influence exerted by foreign military thought and the examples of solving defence problems on the macro- and micro-scale, starting from diplomacy and politics and ending at the military logistics pertaining to every single soldier. What I intend to do is to present the content of the article in short theses concerning the tradition of mass levy and deliberating on Fredro’s activity and his tractates. Keeping in mind the question concerning the benefits stemming from the process of recalling experiences, I take the risk of some assessment.

2

Przemiany w myśleniu i działaniu strategicznym

Smolak L.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 2(83)

204-231

EN

A good strategy of action has always been the synonym of success. In the retrospective approach, the appropriate strategy means physical, material and national victory leading to fame of the distinguished commander. It is thanks to outstanding commanders and their historic achievements, often eulogized in literature, that we can now trace and analyse the courses of battles and wars that are located in the catalogue of the 18 decisive battles in the world history. Poles also contribute to create this history. Władysław Jagiełło’s or Marshall Piłsudski’s military thought proves profound capabilities in working out strategies of battles and wars. The world is fascinated with Greeks’ and Romans’ achievements, seeking patterns in their cultures that grant recognition and carry numerous messages and conclusions, and imply also influence on strategic management at present. The article presents the main directions in strategic thinking, major orientations in shaping geo-political strategies visions and implications for contemporary international relations. The paper also shows the evolution process of strategy forming from political and military aspects to treating this kind of documents as integrated with the Polish Republic’s strategic development. The author also discusses the latest governmental concepts in this area, describing basic thesis currently consulted in government strategies, including the Strategy of National Security System Development of the Republic of Poland for 2011-2012.

3

Wojna : definicje, teorie, klasyfikacje

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 4(81)

376-402

EN

The author has assumed that war, as an extremely complex phenomenon should be considered from many points of view taking concrete criteria as a basis of division. The analysis of military, psychological, legal, economic and sociological signs of war leads to a conclusion that all of them may be considered as factors causing a changeable degree of intensity in war. They are mutually interpenetrating in the phenomenon of war itself. In the introduction, the author stresses the fact that philosophers, historians, sociologists and the art of war theoreticians have always tried to answer the question what war actually is. Dealing with the issue of war, its definition, theory and classifications, he refers to (among others) Plato, Aristotle, Democritus, Epicure, Cicerone, Hobbes, Rousseau, Hegel, Bouthoula, Huxley, Comte, Spencer, Sun Tzu, Clausewitz, Grotius, Walzer, Fukuyama and Beaufre. Polish authors include: Skibiński, Chocha, Kaczmarek (Julian), Nożko. According to the author, many theoreticians trie to explain the basic sources of war with psychological, geographical, racial or anthropological factors. However, facts prove that the reasons of war do not root from allegedly constant features of human nature. They are not an eternal and inevitable phenomenon in human history. Some primeval societies are known who did not wage wars and did not use force in order to achieve their goals, although elements of fight appeared in these tribal communities. There have been many theories of war: demographic, ethical, biological, geo-political, philosophical, economic, psychological, ideological or sociological ones.

4

Generał Carl von Clausewitz : dziedzictwo i wpływ

Millotat C. O. E.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 3(80)

247-263

5

Ewolucja sztuki operacyjnej wybranych państw europejskich na początku XXI wieku

Joniak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 4(81)

419-439

EN

The turn of the 21st century proved that the current reality is highly dynamic and undergoes constant changes. The growing pace of these changes in all walks of life requires adapting to new conditions, which is determined by the necessity to make deep analyses and evaluations in the operational art, and consequently devise new concepts of planning and conducting operations. The author analyses the directions of operational art evolution in countries that, on the one hand, are highly technologically advanced, on the other, have a lot of experience in carrying out various kinds of military operations in a multinational environment. Modern directions of operational art evolution are focused on stressing the importance on the joined character of operations, on their effect-based planning and conducting. This approach also results in developing new organizational and structural solutions and implementing new technologies in the equipment and armament systems. These changes are connected with undertaken efforts aiming at adjusting the armed forces to contemporary and future tasks. The information factor must also be underlined as it greatly determines the future shape of operations. Acquiring and sending appropriate information to appropriate receivers in a particular moment is and will be in future essential, especially as far as the effect maximization is concerned.

6

Tradycja sprawiedliwej wojny w kontekście antropologii filozoficznej

Mazurek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 4(69)

269-284

EN

The aim of the article is to present underestimated so far possibilities of political theories’ interpretation on the example of recognising in them influences of the state notion antropomorphisation. The essential thesis of the article claims that the just war concepts clearly reflect how much human philosophy translates into the notion of law and the idea and function of the state. It is not about finding accidental coincidences between individual ethics and law and ethos of the state but to show a deep connection between the human nature notion and the vision of the ideal state, which is the reference point for practice. Thus the way of perceiving the distance between sovereign states, the kind of international relations understood as politically correct and justified or impossible, irreconcilable with the function of the state and its organisations’ aim is a valuable source of knowledge about how the human condition is understood in the light of a particular outlook.

7

Co nowego w sztuce wojennej?

Świątnicki W.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

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2005

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Nr 2

63--69

PL

Tytuł artykułu opatrzono znakiem zapytania. Nieprzypadkowo. O sztuce wojennej, uprawianej od tysięcy lat, wiadomo bardzo wiele. Czy wszystko? Autor usiłuje wskazać, jakim istotnym przemianom ulegają aktualnie główne zasady sztuki wojennej. W jej ramach zasady strategii i taktyki, według części państw także sztuki wojennej, jeśli jest ona przez nie wyróżniana. Analizie poddano pięć najważniejszych zasad sztuki wojennej: gotowość bojową: zaskoczenie; przewagę; ciągłość działań; morale i dyscyplinę. Autor nie wyklucza innych zasad, ale te uważa za główne. Stymulatory wyboru głównego kierunku działań czy masowania sił nie uległy istotnym zmianom. Z treści artykułu wynika, że poddane analizie zasady są raczej powszechnie uznawane. W niektórych armiach dodawane były też inne, na przykład „współdziałanie”. Zgodnie z tytułem artykułu skupiono uwagę na zjawiskach nowych w sztuce wojennej. Nie pominięto nawet reperkusji fanatycznego terroryzmu.

8

Próba refleksji nad współczesnymi konfliktami zbrojnymi

Piątek J. J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

275-286

9

Działania nieregularne w polskiej myśli wojskowej XIX i XX wieku

Wyszczelski L.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

13-29

EN

The theory of irregular operations dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and it was connected with experiences of partisan operations in Spain. The Italians were its creators. The Poles contributed immensely to it thanks to Gen. Wojciech Chrzanowski, the author of the book entitled “On Partisan War” published in 1835. Also the literary outputs of Gen. Józef Zachariasz Bem, Aleksander Jelocicki and Ludwik Bystrzowski were significant. In turn, the Poles, namely Karol Bogumił Stolzman and Henryk Kamieński, created the theory of people's war. The theory of irregular operations had been undergoing a revival until World War II. American and French theoreticians contributed mostly to it. It was an after- math of partisan wars waged mainly in Asia and Africa.

10

Geneza i rozwój polskiej myśli obronnej

Balcerowicz B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 4(45)

7-15

EN

The article is a lecture containing the history and evaluation of Polish defence throught. The author established the following evaluation criteria: the number and importance of people dealing with defence, significance and activities of scientific - research centres, the number, importance and range of publications in the area of defence. A particular attention has been drawn to distinguished intellectuals, beginning with hetman (commander-in-chief) Jan Tarnowski and conducting with contemporary military thought experts, the most outstanding ones, according to the author, include: Franciszek Skibiński, Bolesław Chocha, Kazimierz Nożko and Stanisław Koziej. The current state of Polish defence thought has been discussed in the further part of the article; the most important research centres thet develop military studies and research institutions that create defence - technological science have been analysed. The author, as the commandant of the National Defence University, focused on the university and its scientific developments.

11

Poglądy na wojnę i pokój : krok w starożytność

Kardas J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1998

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nr 1(30)

252-260

EN

For hundreds of years people have attempted to understand and explain the complex phenomena of war and peace in the life of individuals and communities. The first reflections concerning anatomy, aetiology and social functions of wars and peace were bom in the oldest Oriental cultures and civilisations. In Europe clear themes of such considerations can be found in treaties by Homer (7th century BC), Hesiod (the turn of 8th and 7th centuries BC). Interesting remarks relating to war and peace subject can be also traced in lively materialistic concept of Heraklit from Efez (about 540-480 BC) and Hipias from Elida. The ideas of Plato (about 427-347 BC) have made a new phase in socialising wars and peace. He discusses the essence and sources of wars, their character, results and kinds. There should be stressed a thesis that war should be only a means to strengthen peace and peace should not be treated as a means to prepare to a next war. For many philosophers, Plato including, human being was the highest value.