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EN
This study includes two parts; the first one, concerns evaluation of the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the urban wastewater of the city of Fez, through a space-time dynamics. In turn, the second part deals with the contribution to the treatment of these effluents, by a new biodegradable reagent in the process of physicochemical treatment (coagulation flocculation). For this purpose, the sampling of urban wastewater was carried out 4 months (September, December, February and June 2019), at a rate of two samplings per period on 4 specific sites along the river Fez, the degree of contamination of which differs from one site to another, according to space and time. The diagnostic of these stations showed a high level of pollution that is difficult to biodegrade. Indeed, this pollution can cause negative effects not only on the environment but also on human’s health. In order to take long-term action against the low quality of water and to replace certain inorganic coagulants, alternative processes for water treatment using cactus powder were set up. The characterization of results showed that the urban effluent has a high load in terms of electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as concentrations of faecal coliforms, streptococci and staphylococci. In addition, the purifying power revealed that the removal rate of COD reaches maximum values of 38% and 58% forlimeand the mixture of lime with cactus powder, respectively.
EN
In Indonesia, the river water quality has been determined based on Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021. This study aimed to determine the quality of surface water from the Damsari, Jabawi, Kleblow, and Komba Rivers in Jayapura Regency based on the monitoring data from 2016 to 2019. The CCME-WQI method is used to determine the status of rivers based on river water quality standards (class 1 to class 4). The results of the study showed that the parameters of water temperature, TDS, pH, NH3, NO3-, SO4-2, surfactant, oil/grease, Cr-(IV), Mn, Fe, Fecal Coliform, and Total Coliform were still in accordance with the quality standard. Meanwhile, TSS, COD, BOD, Total Phosphate, Hg, and Ni have exceeded the water quality standard, where the dominant pollutant source is an anthropogenic waste. On the basis of the WQI average value, the four rivers are not suitable as a source of drinking water (Poor-Marginal; 41.33 – 58.25). The Jabawi River can be used as a recreational facility, but it must be under special management (Fair; 69.75), while the other three rivers are not suitable (Marginal; 52.00 – 61.67). The Jabawi and Komba Rivers are in the Fair category (75.50 and 69.33) to support aquatic life, while the Damsari and Kleblow Rivers are in the Marginal category (59.00 and 61.25). The water quality of the four rivers is very good and suitable to be used as a water source for irrigation (Good category; 80.00 – 88.00). The strategies for controlling river water pollution and increasing the role of the government, stakeholders, and the community are needed.
PL
Badania miały na celu ocenę stanu mikrobiologicznego wód pobranych z użytku ekologicznego „Staw przy Kaczeńcowej” w Nowej Hucie (Kraków), a także określenie, czy w zbiorniku występują drobnoustroje potencjalnie niebezpieczne z epidemiologicznego punktu widzenia. Dodatkowo z wód „Stawu przy Kaczeńcowej” izolowano bakterie z gatunku E. coli, w celu określenia ich profilu lekooporności. Analizy mikrobiologiczne obejmowały określenie liczebności bakterii mezofilnych, psychrofilnych, bakterii z grupy coli, form kałowych E. coli, a także E. faecalis, C. perfringens, Staphylococcus spp. i Salmonella spp. Próbki wód pobierane były 4 razy w roku (wiosna, lato, jesień, zima) w 5 punktach na terenie zbiornika. Ponadto, w każdym punkcie pomiarowym mierzono temperaturę wody oraz powietrza. Za pomocą metody dyfuzyjno-krążkowej określono wrażliwość szczepów E. coli na powszechnie stosowane antybiotyki. W pobranych próbkach zidentyfikowano wszystkie badane wskaźniki czystości mikrobiologicznej wód, które stanowią potencjalne zagrożenie epidemiologiczne. Wyizolowano 60 szczepów zidentyfikowanych jako E. coli, które najczęściej miały oporność na tikarcylinę i ampicylinę. Mimo że stwierdzono obecność szczepów wielolekoopornych, mechanizmu ESBL (β-laktamazy o rozszerzonym spektrum substratowym) nie wykryto.
EN
This study was aimed to assess the microbiological quality of water in the ecological area „Staw przy Kaczeńcowej” in Nowa Huta (Cracow) as well as to determine whether its waters contain microorganisms potentially dangerous from an epidemiological point of view. In addition, E. coli bacteria were isolated from the water of “Staw przy Kaczeńcowej” to determine their drug resistance profile. Microbiological analyses included the determination of the number of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria, coliforms, fecal E. coli, as well as E. faecalis, C. perfringens, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. Water samples were collected 4 times per year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) at 5 points within the area of the reservoir. Water and air temperature was measured onsite. Using the disc diffusion method, the sensitivity of E. coli strains to commonly used antibiotics was determined. All analyzed microbiological indicators of poor water quality were found in the analyzed water samples, which may pose a potential epidemiological risk. In addition were isolated 60 strains identified as E. coli, that most commonly had resistance to ticarcillin and ampicillin. Although, multidrug resistant strains have been identified, ESBL (β-lactamases with an extended substrate spectrum) mechanism has not been detected.
PL
Każdy producent kosmetyków powinien mieć świadomość, jak ważną rolę odgrywają badania czystości mikrobiologicznej wyrobu. Wykonanie badań zabezpiecza przed zepsuciem partii kosmetyków i, w razie obecności fl ory bakteryjnej, nie naraża zdrowia potencjalnego klienta. Ważna jest również higiena produkcji kosmetyków oraz ich opakowań, a także miejsce składowania wyrobów i warunki transportu.
EN
Each manufacturer of cosmetics should be aware of the important role played by research of microbiological purity of the product. Execution of research protects against deterioration of cosmetics and, in the case of the presence of bacteria, does not compromise the health of a potential customer. In cosmetics hygiene is also important in production, packaging, and also in storage location and conditions of transport.
PL
Jakość mikrobiologiczna suszy roślinnych pochodzących z liści jest zależna od sposobu pozyskiwania surowców, technologii wytwarzania i higieny suszenia. Prowadzone badania wykazały, że stopień rozdrobnienia suszy herbacianych i ziołowych wpływa na liczbę grzybów kserofilnych w tych produktach. Kserofilne grzyby strzępkowe jako mikroflora dominująca powinny stanowić wskaźnik jakości herbat czarnych i ziołowych. Wartość tego wskaźnika nie powinna przekraczać 3 log jtk/g. Wśród herbatek ziołowych najwyższy stopień zanieczyszczenia bakteriami i grzybami wykazuje rumianek.
EN
Microbiological quality of dried plants from the leaves is dependent on the method of obtaining raw materials, manufacturing technology, and drying hygiene. Studies have demonstrated that the degree of fragmentation of dried tea and herbs affects the number of xerophilic fungi in these products. Xerophilic filamentous fungi as a dominant micro flora should be an indicator of quality of black and herbal teas. The value of this ratio should not exceed 3 log cfu/g. Among the herbal teas, chamomile has the highest degree of contamination with bacteria and fungi.
PL
Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza jakości spożywczej mleka surowego pozyskiwanego prosto od krowy w gospodarstwie, a także technologicznych aspektów produkcji mleka pasteryzowanego w mleczarni. W mleku surowym liczba drobnoustrojów zależy od stanu zdrowotnego krów, warunków higienicznych gospodarstwa, higieny udoju oraz temperatury przechowywania mleka. Obecność mikroflory w mleku pasteryzowanym jest następstwem jego zanieczyszczenia po procesie obróbki cieplnej, nieskutecznej pasteryzacja bądź obecności w mleku surowym form bakterii przetrwalnych lub ciepłoopornych.
EN
The paper presents analysis of quality for consumption of a raw milk received on a farm as well as technological aspects of pasteurized milk production in a dairy. For that purpose a microbial purity of a fodder, of a "directly from a cow" milk, of raw, chilled milk, of pasteurized milk from a dairy, of water and air in diary was investigated. The investigations were carried out for occurrence of bacteria and fungi. Results of investigations show that during production of pasteurized milk critical points of control are located at following production stages: reception of raw material, pasteurization and chilling and packing. Those are the stages of a production process which essentially influence the quality of final product. From a consumer perspective of cow's milk is a natural source of high-value proteins, minerals and vitamins. It has to be tasty and safe, which means free from physical, chemical and biological threats. Microbiologists task is to indicate the locations which are particularly vulnerable to the possibility of microbial contamination. Food producers, taking into account the results of research and consumer expectations, are required to create products of the highest quality, free from pathogenic microorganisms, which reduce their durability.
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