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EN
Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) is being used increasingly often in the structure of means of transport. Welds made of these steels can crack in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and have inferior mechanical properties compared to the base material. The goal of this paper was to solve the technological and material problem of obtaining highstrengh thin-walled welded structures of AHSS steel designed for heavily loaded elements of transport means. The novelty of the article is its presentation of a modified welding process which enables a high-strength structure of the obtained joint to be obtained without welding defects and incompatibilities. Copper backing was selected as an effective method of heat dissipation in the process, and, using the basic solutions method, the leverage of a heat flow process in the weld method deposit (WMD) was checked after cooling down the substrate. The fundamental solutions method was used to determine the optimal shape of the backing. It has been shown that the new backing affects the structure and mechanical properties of welds. In order to verify the newly developed method, tensile tests of the obtained joint were carried out, the hardness was assessed, the metallographic structure was analyzed, and non-destructive tests were performed. The developed material and technological solution were used, for example, for the construction of the arm element of the mobile platform.
EN
Paper presents results of laser welding of dissimilar joints. Flange pipe joints of austenitic TP347-HFG and low carbon S235JR steels were performed. Possibility of laser girth welding of dissimilar joints was presented. Welding of dissimilar materials are complex phenomena, chemical composition of chromium and nickel base austenitic steel with carbon amount of 0.07%, comparing to low carbon steel with trace amount of chromium, nickel and with 0.17% of carbon are different, and affect on welding result. Amount of carbon and chromium have great effect on steel phase transformation and crystallization process, which affect on material hardenability and strength characteristic. In conventional GMA welding methods solidification process of different metals is controlled by use of a selected filler material, for creating buffer zone. The main advantages of laser welding over other methods is process without an additional material, nevertheless some application may require its use. Laser welding with additional material combines advantages of both methods. To carry out weld with high strength characteristic, without welding defects, selecting chemical composition of filler wire are required. Welding parameters was obtained using numerical simulation based on Finite Element Method (FEM). Joint properties was investigated using hardness test. Metallographic analysis of obtained weld was carried out using optical microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis.
EN
Article presents results of laser overlaying welding of metal powder Inconel 625. Laser metal deposition by laser engineered net shaping (LENS) is modern manufacturing process for low scale production series. High alloy materials such as Inconel 625 nickel based super alloy have high thermal resistant and good mechanical properties, nevertheless it's hard to machining. Plastic forming of high alloy materials such as Inconel 625 are difficult. Due to high strength characteristic performing components made from Inconel alloy are complex, selective melting of metallic powder using laser beam are alternative method for Inconel tooling. Paper present research of additive deposition of spatial structure made from Inconel 625 metallic powder with CO2 laser and integrated powder feeder. Microstructure analysis as well as strength characteristic in normal condition and at elevated temperature was performed. Possibility of using LENS technology for manufacturing components dedicated for work in high temperature conditions are presented.
EN
In this paper, the effect of surface preparation after innovating welding technology with micro-jet cooling was reported. Substantial information about parameters of steel machine elements surfacing with the micro-jet cooling process was given. Recorded evidence concerning the influence of various micro-jet parameters on the metallographic structure of the machine shaft after surface welding was taken. There were tested metallographic and tribology properties of welds. The tribology interactions of a solid shaft surfaces were examined after surface welding.
EN
Aluminium alloys were used in many structural applications, including the civil engineering field. The innovative technology of welding with micro-jet cooling was tested and the effects were reported. The main information is given on the parameters of aluminum welding with the micro-jet cooling process. Information was also reported on the influence of various micro-jet parameters on the metallographic structure. Subsequently, metallographic and certain physical properties of welding structures (for example, mechanical resistance, electrical conductivity) were tested. Aluminum alloys are lightweight and resistant to corrosion in the natural and aquatic environment, which is why they are a suitable material for responsible structures (in the construction of ships, vehicles, electrical conductors). This article focuses on the mechanical and electrical properties of busduct welds made with the micro-jet cooling pioneering technology.
PL
Stopy aluminium były wykorzystywane i zastosowane w wielu konstrukcjach, w tym dla potrzeb inżynierii lądowej. Przetestowano innowacyjną technologię spawania z chłodzeniem mikro-strumieniowym i przedstawiono wyniki badań. Główne informacje dotyczą parametrów spawania aluminium z chłodzeniem mikro-strumieniowym. Podano również informacje o wpływie różnych parametrów chłodzenia mikro-strumieniowego na strukturę stopiwa. Sprawdzono strukturę spoin i pewne właściwości fizyczne złączy spawalniczych (na przykład wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i przewodność elektryczną). Stopy aluminium są lekkie i odporne na korozję w środowisku naturalnym i wodnym, dlatego są odpowiednim materiałem na odpowiedzialne konstrukcje (w budowie statków, pojazdów, szynoprzewodów). W tym artykule skupiono się na właściwościach mechanicznych i elektrycznych spoin szynoprzewodów wykonanych z użyciem pionierskiej metody chłodzenia mikro-strumieniowego.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono powiązanie charakteru mikrostruktury różnoimiennych złączy spawanych laserowo z podstawowymi właściwościami mechanicznymi. Do badań zastosowano stal austenityczną 1.4301 oraz ferrytyczną 1.4509 w postaci blachy o grubości 1,2 mm. W badaniach właściwości mechanicznych określono rozkład mikrotwardości w obrębie złącza, oraz wytrzymałość na rozciąganie wykonanych próbek. Przedstawiono podstawowe problemy, które mogą wystąpić podczas spawania, związane ze zmianami struktury metalograficznej w obszarze materiału rodzimego – SWC- spoiny. Przedstawiono wstępną ocenę struktury połączeń spawanych w oparciu o skład chemiczny łączonych stali i wykres Scheafflera.
EN
The article presents the connection between the microstructure character of dissimilar laser welded joints and basic mechanical properties. Austenitic steel 1.4301 and ferritic 1.4509 were used for the tests in the form of 1.2 mm thick sheet. Microhardness distribution in the joint and tensile strength of the samples produced were determined. The article shows basic problems that may occur during welding, related to changes in the metallographic structure in the area of the parent material - SWC-weld. An initial assessment of welded joints structure was made, based on the chemical composition of the combined steel and the Scheaffler diagram.
8
Content available Shaft Wear After Surfacing with Micro-Jet Cooling
EN
A paper presents a piece of information about innovate surfacing technology with micro-jet cooling. There are put down information about parameters of shaft surfacing with micro-jet cooling process. There were given information about influence of various micro-jet gases on metallographic structure of machine shaft after surfacing. There were analyzed tribological properties of welds. Welding surfacing process is very often used to apply a hardness or wear-resistant layer of base metal. It is very important method of extending the life of machines, tools, and construction equipment. Surfacing is also known as wearfacing, is often used to build up shafts, gears or cutting edges. Regenerated surface properties of various machine elements do not provide good tribological properties. The tribological interactions of a solid shaft surfaces were tested after welding with micro-jet cooling.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono informację na temat innowacyjnej technologii nawania z chłodzeniem mikro-strugowym. Przedstawiono informacje na temat parametrów napawania wału maszynowego z chłodzeniem mikro-strugowym. Podano informację na temat doboru różnych gazów stosowanych w chłodzeniu mikro-strugowym i ich wpływ na strukturę metalograficzną napawanego wału. Analizowano właściwości tribologicznych spoin. Powierzchniowy proces spawania jest bardzo często używany do podniesienia twardości i odporności na zużycie warstwy metali. Jest to także bardzo ważna metoda pozwalająca na przedłużenie czasu eksploatacji elementów maszyn i elementów konstrukcji. Napawanie powierzchniowe jest również stosowane w wytwarzaniu wałów, przekładni, krawędzi tnących, itp. Regenerowane powierzchnie różnych elementów maszyn nie zawsze posiadają dobre właściwości tribologiczne. W artykule analizowano wpływ chłodzenia mikro-strugowego na poprawę własności tribologicznych napawanych wałów maszynowych.
EN
Micro-jet cooling after welding was tested only for MIG welding process with argon, helium and nitrogen as a shielded gases. A paper presents a piece of information about nitrogen and oxygen in weld after micro-jet cooling. There are put down information about gases that could be chosen both for MIG/MAG welding and for micro-jet process. There were given main information about influence of various micro-jet gases on metallographic structure of steel welds. Mechanical properties of weld was presented in terms of nitrogen and oxygen amount in WMD (weld metal deposit).
PL
Chłodzenie mikro-jetowe było stosowane tylko w spawalniczym procesie MIG, gdzie gazem osłonowym były argon, hel i azot. W artykule przedstawiono informacje na temat zawartości azotu i tlenu w spoinie po chłodzeniu mikro-jetowym. Podano informacje zarówno dla gazów, które mogą być wybrane dla spawania MIG/MAG i dla mikro-jetowego procesu. Uzyskano informacje o wpływie doboru gazu mikro-jetowego na strukturę metalograficzną stalowych spoin. Własności mechaniczne złącza podano w funkcji zawartości azotu i tlenu w stopiwie.
10
Content available Gas Mixtures for Welding with Micro-Jet Cooling
EN
Welding with micro-jet cooling after was tested only for MIG and MAG processes. For micro-jet gases was tested only argon, helium and nitrogen. A paper presents a piece of information about gas mixtures for micro-jet cooling after in welding. There are put down information about gas mixtures that could be chosen both for MAG welding and for micro-jet process. There were given main information about influence of various micro-jet gas mixtures on metallographic structure of steel welds. Mechanical properties of weld was presented in terms of various gas mixtures selection for micro-jet cooling.
PL
Chłodzenie mikro-jetowe było stosowane tylko w spawalniczym procesie MIG i MAG, gdzie gazem osłonowym były tylko argon, hel i azot. W artykule przedstawiono informacje na temat wykorzystania mieszanek gazowych do chłodzenia mikro-jetowego. Podano informacje zarówno dla gazów, które mogą być wybrane dla spawania MAG i dla mikro-jetowego procesu. Uzyskano informacje o wpływie doboru mieszanek gazowych do chłodzenia mikro-jetowego na strukturę metalograficzną stalowych spoin. Własności mechaniczne złącza podano dla złączy wykonanych różnymi mieszankami gazowymi.
EN
Micro-jet welding is an innovative method of weld forced cooling immediately after welding. It allows to obtain weld with superior properties in comparison to conventional welding. The reason for this is to obtain a more favorable structure of the weld metal deposit (WMD) with much higher amount of acicular ferrite (AF). Different structures and mechanical properties of weld metal deposit were obtained by using various gases for cooling. The paper shows the relationship between the type of gas for micro-jet cooling and plastic properties of the weld joint. Coefficient of restitution and plastic strain were selected to describe changes of weld plastic properties for different micro-jet cooling gases. The tests were performed in dynamic conditions (impact).
PL
Spawanie z chłodzeniem mikrojetowym to nowatorska metoda spawania z wymuszonym chłodzeniem spoiny bezpośrednio po spawaniu. Pozwala ona na uzyskanie połączeń spawanych o właściwościach lepszych w porównaniu do spawania tradycyjnego. Przyczyną tego jest uzyskiwania korzystniejszej struktury stopiwa z większą zawartością drobnoziarnistego ferrytu (acicular ferrite – AF). Dzięki zastosowaniu różnych gazów do chłodzenia spoiny, można uzyskiwać różne struktury stopiwa i właściwości mechaniczne. W artykule przedstawiono zależność pomiędzy rodzajem gazu do chłodzenia mikrojetowego, a własnościami plastycznymi połączenia spawanego. Jako wielkości opisujące własności plastyczne wybrano współczynnik restytucji i odkształcenie trwałe. Testy przeprowadzono w warunkach dynamicznych.
EN
The paper provides an analysis of the reasons for excessive wear of the camshafts system components based on models developed to describe the impact of selected material, technological and operational factors. The subject of the research was wear of camshaft cams studied in accordance with results of operation tests. Based on the said tests, the dependence of wear intensity of cams from their angular position was established. The respective calculation results enabled the function of cam fallibility to be determined.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę przyczyn nadmiernego zużycia elementów układu rozrządu w oparciu o modele opracowane w celu opisania wpływu wybranego materiału, czynników technologicznych i operacyjnych. Przedmiotem badań było zużycie krzywek wałka rozrządu badanych zgodnie z wynikami badań eksploatacyjnych. Na podstawie tych prób ustalono zależność intensywności zużywania krzywki od ich położenia kątowego. Wyniki obliczeń pozwoliły wyznaczyć funkcję zużycia krzywki.
13
Content available Acicular Ferrite in Micro Welding Technologies
EN
Laser is widely applied in micro welding. Apart from that method, welding with micro-jet cooling could be treated as another important method for thin structure welding. Until that moment micro-jet technology is not very popular. An article presents actual information about innovate welding technology with micro-jet cooling in comparison with standard laser welding. There were given information about influence of both micro welding method on metallographic structure of thin steel welds. Amount of AF was tested in two cases.
PL
Laser jest szeroko stosowany w mikro-spawaniu. Oprócz tej metody, spawanie z chłodzeniem mikrojetowym powinno być traktowane jako ważna metoda spawania cienkościennych konstrukcji. W artykule przedstawiono innowacyjną technologię spawania z chłodzeniem mikrojetowym w porównaniu do spawania laserowego. Uzyskano informacje o wpływie obu metod na strukturę metalograficzną stalowych cienkościennych konstrukcji. Zawartość ferrytu AF była porównana w obu przypadkach.
14
EN
Until that moment micro-jet technology was tested only for MIG welding process with argon as a shielded gas. An article presents actual information about innovate welding technology with micro-jet cooling. There are put down information about gases that could be chosen both for MIG/MAG welding and for micro-jet process. There were given information about influence of various micro-jet gases on metallographic structure of steel welds. Mechanical properties of weld was presented in terms of oxygen amount in WMD (weld metal deposit).
PL
Dotychczas technologia mikrojetowa była stosowana tylko w spawalniczym procesie MIG, gdzie gazem osłonowym był argon. W artykule przedstawiono innowacyjną technologię spawania z chłodzeniem mikrojetowym. Podano informacje zarówno dla gazów, które mogą być wybrane dla spawania MIG/MAG i dla mikrojetowego procesu. Uzyskano informacje o wpływie doboru gazu mikrojetowego na strukturę metalograficzną stalowych spoin. Własności mechaniczne złącza podano w funkcji zawartości tlenu w stopiwie.
15
Content available Main micro-jet cooling gases for steel welding
EN
An article presents actual information about innovate welding technology with micro-jet cooling. There are put down information about gases that could be chosen for micro-jet process. There were given information about influence of various micro-jet gases on metallographic structure of steel welds.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono innowacyjną technologię spawania z chłodzeniem mikro-jetowym. Podano informacje nt gazów, które mogą być wybrane dla mikro-jetowego procesu. Uzyskano informacje o wpływie doboru gazu mikro-jetowego na strukturę metalograficzną stalowych spoin.
16
Content available remote Innovative surface welding with micro-jet cooling
EN
Purpose: of that paper was analysing main surfacing welding process with parameters of micro-jet cooling. The main reason of it was investigate possibilities of getting varied amount of martensite and bainite in surface weld of machine shafts. For getting various amount of martensite and bainite in this method it is necessary to determine the main parameters of the process such as. number of jets, diameter of stream of the micro-jet injector, type of micro-jet gases, micro-jet gas pesure. Design/methodology/approach: During research with varied micro-jet parameters the chemical analysis, micrograph tests and hardness test of the metal weld were carried out. Findings: There were gettable varied amount of martensite and bainite in weld surface metal in terms of micro-jet cooling parameters (numbers of jet, gas pressure). Possibilities of steering the structure (varied amount of martensite and bainite in this case) using micro-jet technology must be treated as an innovate way for MIG/MAG welding. Research limitations/implications: That research was made for MIG/MAG method (according to PN-EN ISO 4063:2009) only. Another method of welding in this article was not tested. Other methods (for eg. TIG) have not been tested, but it is suspected that similar phenomena are taking place. Practical implications: Micro-jet cooling it is way to get various amount of martensite and bainite in surface weld than the usual methods of welding. It is very important because it could be used to steering of weld joint structure and mechanical properties (for example hardfacing or wearfacing). Originality/value: In this research new method of cooling weld joint during welding was used. At the present time use of micro-jet cooling while MIG is in the testing phase and requires an accurate diagnosis.This method is very promising and capable of industrial application, mainly due to the significant improvement of weld quality and reduces costs in welding regeneration.
17
Content available Low alloy steel welding with micro-jet cooling
EN
Low alloy steel is used for many important structures. In that material there is a small amount of carbon and controlled percentage of alloy elements such as Ni, Mn, Mo, Si in steel and welded joints. Especially Ni, Mo, O could be treated as elements positively influencing impact toughness of welded structures. Metallographic structure of weld metal deposit (WMD) having composition of 400 ppm O and 2% Ni or 0.4% Mo and is very beneficial because of high percentage of acicular ferrite (until 65%) and thus WMD has good mechanical properties. For a long time researchers were putting two questions: how to lift percentage of AF in weld, and further what consequence that fact gives? Micro jet technology could be treated as a chance to resolve that problem. The present paper describes the influence of artificially lifted amount of acicular ferrite in WMD (above 65%) on the behaviour of steel weld properties using micro-jet cooling.
PL
Do ważnych konstrukcji używana jest stal niskostopowa, bardzo często z małą ilością węgla i kontrolowaną zawartością pierwiastków stopowych, takich jak Ni, Mn, Mo, Si. Zwłaszcza Ni, Mo, O są uważane za pierwiastki pozytywnie wpływające na udarność spawanych konstrukcji. Struktura metalograficzna stopiwa posiadającego 400 ppm O i 2% Ni albo 0,4% Mo korzystnie wpływa na własności mechaniczne złącza z powodu wysokiej zawartości drobnoziarnistego wewnatrz-ziarnowego ferrytu (ferryt AF) w stopiwie (do 65%) i przez to na dobre własności mechaniczne. Przez długi czas badacze zadają dwa pytania: jak można podnieść zawartość ferrytu AF w spoinie i jakie to przyniesie następstwa? Technologie microjetowa uważa się za szansę na rozwiązanie tego problemu. Przedstawiony artykuł opisuje wpływ sztucznie zawyżonej zawartości ferrytu AF w stopiwie (ponad 65%) na właściwości stalowego złącza ze względu na zastosowanie mikrojetowego chłodzenia.
EN
The paper presents the characteristics of innovative technology of micro-jet cooling in MIG welding (according to PN-EN ISO 4063:2009). Presented results received at different jet hole geometry and various coolant pressure. This technology allows get, with appropriately selected parameters of cooling increased ferrite AF content in weld metal, up to 14% for standard MIG technology. This structure proves toughness, especially at temperature -40 degree Celsjus.
PL
W pracy scharakteryzowano innowacyjną technologię chłodzenia mikrojetowego podczas spawania metoda MIG (zgodnie z norma PN-EN ISO 4063:2009). Przedstawiono wyniki badań uzyskanych przy różnych ustawieniach geometrycznych otworów chłodzących oraz różnym ciśnieniu medium chłodzącego. Zastosowanie tej technologii pozwala uzyskać, przy odpowiednio dobranych parametrach chłodzenia większą zawartość ferrytu AF w stopiwie, do 14% w odniesieniu do standardowej technologii MIG. Ma to wpływ na udarność, szczególnie przy temperaturze -40 stopni Celsjusza.
19
Content available remote Parameters of welding with micro-jet cooling
EN
Purpose: of that paper was analysing main welding process with parameters of micro-jet cooling. The main reason of it was investigate possibilities of getting varied amount of acicular ferrite (AF) in WMD (weld metal deposit). High amount of acicular ferrite influences positively impact toughness of weld. For optimal amount of AF it is necessary to determine the parameters (eg. number of clusters, diameter of stream) of the micro-jet. Design/methodology/approach: During research with varied micro-jet parameters the chemical analysis, micrograph tests and Charpy V impact test of the metal weld deposit on pendulum machine were carried out. The Charpy V impact test was prepared according to standard ISO EN 148-1 Metallic materials - Charpy pendulum impact test - Part 1: Test method. Samples for impact testing were prepared according to standard ASTM A370. Findings: Varied amount of acicular ferrite in weld metal deposit (in range 55-75%) in terms of micro-jet cooling parameters (numbers of jet, gas pressure). This high amount of acicular ferrite is unheard in weld metal deposit in another way or other methods of welding like MAG or TIG. Research limitations/implications: That research was made for MIG method (according to PN-EN ISO 4063:2009) only. Another method of welding in this article was not tested. Other methods (for eg. MAG, TIG) have not been tested, but it is suspected that similar phenomena are taking place. Practical implications: Micro-jet cooling it is way to get higher amount of acicular ferrite in weld metal deposit than the usual methods of welding. It is very important because it could be used to steering of weld joint structure and mechanical properties (for example impact toughness). Originality/value: In this research new method of cooling weld joint during welding was used. At the present time use of micro-jet cooling while MIG is in the testing phase and requires an accurate diagnosis.This method is very promising and capable of industrial application, mainly due to the significant improvement of weld quality and reduces costs.
20
Content available remote Car body welding with micro-jet cooling
EN
Purpose: of that paper was analysing welding process with device to micro-jet cooling of weld joint during welding. The main reason of it was investigate possibilities of getting higher amount of desired phase acicular ferrite. High amount of acicular ferrite influences positively on high value of impact toughness. Increasing the value of impact toughness is particular importance when making repairs car body parts. It is necessary to determine the parameters of the micro-jet cooling so that you can introduce this method for widespread use. Design/methodology/approach: During research the chemical analysis, micrograph tests and Charpy V impact test of the metal weld deposit on pendulum machine were carried out. The Charpy V impact test was prepared according to standard ISO EN 148-1 Metallic materials - Charpy pendulum impact test - Part 1: Test method. Samples for impact testing were prepared according to standard ASTM A370. Findings: Micro-jet cooling of weld joint during welding could influence on amount of acicular ferrite in weld metal deposit (above 65%). This is unheard in other ways. Research limitations/implications: That research was made for MIG method only. Another method of welding was not tested. Other methods have not been tested, but it is suspected that similar phenomena are taking place. Practical implications: Micro-jet cooling it is way to get higher amount of acicular ferrite in weld metal deposit than the usual methods of welding. It is very important because it could be used to steering of weld joint structure and mechanical properties (for example impact toughness). Originality/value: In this research new method of cooling weld joint during welding was used. At the present time use of micro-jet cooling while MIG is in the testing phase and requires an accurate diagnosis. This method is very promising and capable of industrial application, mainly due to the significant improvement of weld quality and reduces costs.
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