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EN
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) belong to a new, continuously developing group of materials, finding application in various branches of industry. The idea of freely designing their construction profile, restricted only by the available manufacturing techniques, enables obtaining materials with composition and structure gradients having unprecedented properties. In this paper, selected results of works carried out by the authors and relating to the application of the developed metal-ceramic composites were presented in order to manufacture functionally graded materials for target purposes. Gradient structures with various construction profiles that can play different roles were produced on the basis on the following material pairs: Cr-Al2O3, NiAl-Al2O3 and Cu-AlN. Manufacturing conditions, microstructure characteristics and selected properties, crucial from the point of view of future applications, were presented.
EN
The main goal of the paper is to design and implement a framework based on the cellular automata (CA) method, which is dedicated to numerical simulations of microstructure evolution in metallic materials under thermal and mechanical processing. Major assumptions and implementation details of the proposed solution involving classes containing dedicated fields and methods are discussed. Finally, the cellular automata framework (CAF) is tested for selected case studies supported by the Windows Workflow Foundation (WWF) approach. Particular attention is put on modelling simple grain growth, static recrystallization and phase transformation phenomena occurring at the microstructure level. Obtained results of simulations as well as performance characteristics are also presented in the paper. As a result, the CA framework, which supports design of complex algorithms with flexible data flow and reusable components is proposed.
Logistyka
|
2014
|
nr 6
757--764, CD 2
PL
W artykule opisano procesy korozyjne metalicznych materiałów stosowanych na konstrukcje metalicznych pojemników z bojowymi środkami trującymi (bst) zatopionymi w akwenach morskich. Opisano mechanizm i ocenę odporności degradacji korozyjnej stali zastosowanych na wspomniane pojemniki. Przedstawiono stan faktyczny konstrukcji tych pojemników i możliwości oceny ich trwałości. Przedstawiony w artykule stan faktyczny zlokalizowanych pojemników świadczy o konieczności podjęcia czynności zabezpieczających a działania prewencyjne ( monitoring korozyjny) można zastosować jedynie do niewielkiej ilości szczelnych pojemników.
EN
The paper concerns corrosion processes of the metallic materials used for construction of the containers for hazardous substances of military origin, which are disposed at the seabed. The mechanism of degradation and resistance to corrosion of steel intended for these containers have been described. Current condition of the containers and possible methods of their durability evaluation have been presented. The actual state of the localized containers described in the paper suggests application of protection measures whereas prevention action (corrosion monitoring) can be applied only to the limited number of hermetic containers.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań histopatologicznych mózgu oraz kości czaszki szczura, do którego na okres 120 dni zaimplantowane były próbki wykonane z miedzi pokrytej srebrem. Wyniki badań wskazują na dobrą tolerancję wszczepionych implantów w zadanym okresie trwania doświadczenia.
EN
Paper presents the results of histophatological investigations of rats cerebral and osseous tissues being in contact with silver coated copper implants. Period of implantation carried out 120 days. Results of research indicate for good tolerance of implanted material in assigned period of enduring of experience.
5
Content available remote Crevice corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy after various surface treatments
EN
Purpose: The aim of the work was determination of crevice corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy after various surface treatments. Design/methodology/approach: The evaluation of the electrochemical behavior of NiTi alloy was realized by recording of anodic polarization curves with the use of the potentiodynamic method in the presence of a crevice former. Tests were carried out in Tyrode’s physiological solution. Findings: Surface condition of metallic biomaterial determines its corrosion resistance. In the course of the work it was observed that only ground samples showed no resistance to crevice corrosion. Suggested surface modifications ensure good crevice corrosion resistance. Practical implications: On the basis of the obtained results it can be stated that the suggested surface treatment can be applied for medical implants due to increase of the crevice corrosion resistance and in consequence increase of biocompatibility. Originality/value: The paper presents the influence of various methods of surface treatment on crevice corrosion resistance of the NiTi alloy. The suggested methods can be applied in treatment of the material intended for medical applications especially as reduced and complex shape implants (contact of metallic material with human body fluids in a small and occluded space).
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań histopatologicznych mózgu szczura, do którego na okres 120 dni zaimplantowane były próbki wykonane z takich materiałów metalicznych jak: wolfram, molibden, chromel, wolfram-ren20. Wyniki badań wskazują na dobrą tolerancję wszczepionych materiałów w zadanym okresie trwania doświadczenia.
EN
Paper presents the results of histophatological investigations of rats cerebral tissues being in contact with implants of such metals like: molybdenum, tungsten-rhenium 20, chromel and alumel. Period of implantation carried out 120 days. Results of research indicate for good tolerance of implanted material in assigned period of enduring of experience.
7
Content available Analiza połączenia protetycznego metal - ceramika
PL
Celem pracy jest analiza struktury połączenia pomiędzy materiałem ceramicznym, a podbudową metaliczną, w zależności od obecności, lub braku warstwy oxydacyjnej na powierzchni metalu. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analiz charakteru połączenia, które zostały przeprowadzone na jednym stopie metalu i jednym materiale ceramicznym o zróżnicowanym przygotowaniu podłoża zalecanym i nie zalecanym przez producenta. Wyniki badań metalograficznych makrostruktury koron przedstawiono na próbkach za pomocą mikroskopu stereoskopowego w powiększeniach 10x, 200x, 500x. Zmiany stężenia pierwiastków analizowano przy pomocy mikroanalizatora rentgenowskiego Jeol J7, które przeprowadzono na granicy warstw metal-ceramika.
EN
The aim of the work is an analysis of connection structure between a ceramic material and a metallic substructure depending on presence or lack of an oxidised layer on the metal surface and the class of metal treatment by aluminium oxide which were conducted on one metal alloy and one ceramic material with various preparation of a base which was and was not recommended by the producer. Results of metallographic researches of heads macrostructure were recorded on samples for analysis which were gained with the use of a stereoscopic microscope with a magnification of 10x, 200x, 500x. Changes of chemical elements concentration were analyzed by a rentgenographic microanalizer Jeol J7 which was recorded on the border of metal-ceramics layers.
8
Content available remote Laboratorium wytwarzania proszkowych materiałów metalicznych metodą rozpylania
PL
Przedstawiono wyposażanie aparaturowe oraz lokalowe nowego laboratorium wytwarzania proszkowych materiałów metalicznych metodą rozpylania strugą gazu obojętnego, powstałego w Zakładzie Spawalnictwa Instytutu Technologii Maszyn i Automatyzacji Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Laboratorium wyposażone jest w wieżę rozpyłową o wysokości ok. 5 m, piec indukcyjny do topienia wsadu, stanowisko do pomiaru wielkości ziaren oraz do ich segregacji. W laboratorium możliwe jest wytwarzanie na skalę nawet półprodukcyjną materiałów proszkowych.
EN
The new apparatus and equipment of a new laboratory of manufacturing the powder metallic materials by the spraying method with use of inert gas stream, that was built in Welding Technology Division in Institute of Production Engineering and Automation of Wrocław University of Technology. Laboratory is equipped in 5 m high spraying tower, inductive furnace for melting the charge, facility for grain size measurement and for grain segregation. In the laboratory it is possible to manufacture powder materials even in half-technical scale.
9
Content available remote Corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy in simulated body fluids
EN
Purpose: Corrosion resistance of an implant alloy is a very important determinant of its biocompatibility. The nature of an environment and surface treatments have a significant influence on corrosion. Most of the knowledge on the corrosion behavior of NiTi is from studies of "standard" corrosion tests. In fact, the knowledge of the corrosion behavior of NiTi inside the body is very limited. The main aim of the research was evaluation of corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy in various simulated body fluids. Design/methodology/approach: The evaluation of the electrochemical behavior of NiTi alloy was realized by recording of anodic polarization curves with the use of the potentiodynamic method. The tests were carried out for differently modified surfaces in diverse simulated body fluids. Findings: Surface condition of a metallic biomaterial determines its corrosion resistance. In the course of the work the good corrosion resistance of all the tested samples (with different surface conditions) was observed. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results are the basis for the optimization of physicochemical properties of the NiTi alloy. The future research should be focused on selected specific implants specially with respect to their application features. Practical implications: On the basis of the obtained results it can be stated that the suggested surface treatment can be applicable for NiTi alloys due to the increase of the corrosion resistance. Originality/value: The paper presents the influence of various methods of the surface treatment on corrosion resistance of the NiTi alloy. The suggested surface treatment methods can be applied to implants intended for diverse medical applications, especially in cardiology and urology.
PL
W pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki badań obecności kilku metali (pochodzących z takich materiałów jak: wolfram, molibden, chromel, wolfram-ren 20 w tkance mózgowej oraz podskórnej szczurów. Analizowano zmiany stężeń podstawowego pierwiastka metalicznego oraz tlenu w badanych mikroobszarach przed i po implantacji. Otrzymane wyniki badań wskazują na przechodzenie cząstek tlenu z powierzchni metalicznej do tkanki żywej dla niektórych metali. Można tu mówić o dyfuzji tlenu i absorpcji przez tkankę żywą np. dla wolframu. Natomiast dla pozostałych pierwiastków takich jak np. molibden dyfuzja i wsteczna dyfuzja tlenu w obszarze badanych tkanek była stabilna.
EN
Paper contains results of presence several metals (originating from the source metallic materials like wolfram, molybdenum, chromel wolfram – ren 20 in brain and subcutaneous tissue of rats. Authors analyzed changes of basic metallic elements concentration and oxygen in tested micro-areas before and after implantation. The obtained data indicate passing of oxygen particles from metallic surface to lively tissues in some cases. We can say about oxygen diffusion and absorption by lively tissue when wolfram is applied. Whereas, with reference to remaining elements, like e.g. molybdenum, the diffusion and backward diffusion of oxygen in investigated areas of tissue was stable.
11
Content available Lead free thick film circuits
EN
Distribution of lead in thick film circuits has been indicated. Two categories of lead containing materials, ceramic and metallic, have been distinguished. A short history of removing lead oxides from ceramic materials has been presented. Metallurgical reactions between solder and thick film material, during the soldering and after the joint solidification have been discused. Diverse courses of soldering process of thick film layers and cupper layers of printed circuits have been compared. Useful lead free alloys for soldering lead free thick film have been presented.
PL
Wskazano położenie występowania ołowiu w układach grubowarstwowych. Wyróżniono dwie kategorie materiałów zawierających ołów: ceramiczne i metaliczne. Przedstawiono skróconą historię uwalniania materiałów ceramicznych od tlenków ołowiu. Omówiono przebieg reakcji pomiędzy lutowiem a materiałem warstw grubych, w czasie lutowania i po zestaleniu połączenia lutowniczego. Przeprowadzono porównanie przebiegu procesów lutowania warstw grubych ze zjawiskami zachodzącymi w czasie lutowania warstw miedzi w obwodach drukowanych. Przedstawiono propozycje użytecznych bezołowiowych stopów lutowniczych do lutowania warstw grubych wolnych od ołowiu.
PL
Celem pracy bylo przygotowanie monografii dotyczącej fluorescencyjnej analizy rentgenowskiej większości materiałów metalicznych wykorzystywanych na konstrukcje lotnicze, która pozwoli uporządkować ich analitykę i tym samym lepiej przygotować polski przemyśl lotniczy do wprowadzania (między innymi w ramach offsetu) nowych technologii, wymagających dotrzymania w sposób powtarzalny precyzyjnej zawartości składników stopowych.
EN
The aim of this paper was to prepare the monograph on fluorescent X-ray analysis of the majority of metallic materials intended for aircraft constructions. This will allow their analytics to be organised and the Polish aircraft industry to be better prepared for introduction (i.a. under offset) of new technologies that require maintaining precise contents of alloy components on a repeatable basis.
13
Content available remote Wyciskanie na zimno metalicznych materiałów porowatych
PL
Przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań związane z wyciskaniem na zimno metalicznych materiałów porowatych na przykładzie rozpylanego proszku aluminiowego RAL 1 dla wyraźnie zróżnicowanych frakcji ziarnowych 30, 110 i 450 um. Wykorzystano specjalnie przygotowany wsad wstępnie dwustronnie prasowany w szerokim zakresie ciśnień oraz proszek sypki frakcji 450 um. Wyciskanie prowadzono na prasie hydraulicznej 3MN o stabilizowanej prędkości ruchu stempla. Badano wpływ ciśnienia prasowania na charakterystykę siłową procesu, a poprzez ustalenie poziomu siły oceniano wpływ zastosowanego smaru, prędkości wyciskania, stopnia odkształcenia i kształtu matrycy. Określono zmiany gęstości wsadu i wyrobu w zależności od parametrów procesu. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają dokonać oceny możliwości wyciskania na zimno różnymi metodami metalicznych materiałów porowatych i ustalić właściwy dobór warunków prowadzenia tego procesu.
EN
The well known advantages of P/M technology focus our attention also on manufacturing long products of complicated cross-section. The extrusion process is capable of producing such products, and additionally, due to the favourable state of stress in the deformation zone, the high degree of material consolidation can be obtained. This influences in a positive way the mechanical properties of the product. The two extrusion techniques are possible in practice. First one (Fig. 1a,b) is similar to the conventional extrusion of solid feedstock; it consists in forward or backward extrusion of compacted samples. The second case consists in extrusion of a loose powder (Fig. 1d) material poured directly into the extrusion container, in which the opening (die) is covered with a metallic disk. The loose powder pressed by the punch undergo densification, next pushes out the disk and flows out through the die in the form of a solid extrudate. The second technique can be performed only in a room temperature without using of binders, that are usually added to the metal powder to enhance it densification. In this case the decisive role play the adhesive forces between the powder particles. The attraction of this procedure is shortened way from the powder to finished product, by eliminating compaction and sintering from the processing route. The aim of this work was to perform the extensive experiments on the cold extrusion of compacts and loose metallic powders. Three selected fractions of technical purity (99.5 wt.%) atomised aluminium powder RAL1 of 0:30, 110 and 450 um were used to prepare compacts of different green density (Fig. 2) for cold extrusion (Figs 3-5). Additionally, the loose fraction of 450 um was used directly in the extrusion. The extrusion was performed on a 3MN capacity vertical hydraulic press. The container of 35 mm in diameter was equipped with a dies having different opening diameter within the range of 16:9 mm. Before filing the container the die opening was covered with aluminium disks of various thickness. Due to this fact the extrusion was initiated at different loads, so that, the powder in the container was consolidated prior to extrusion to different density. At the stable state of the extrusion the process was interrupted and the rest of the feedstock was taken out of the container. The rests were next submitted to hardness examination on their axial cross-section (Fig. 6) to determine the mode of the material flow within the container. The density and hardness at different locations of the extruded rods were also examined. The extrusion load in dependence on the ram displacement was recorded during experiments (Figs 3, 7). The samples from different locations of the extrudate were submitted to mechanical testing. The obtained results enabled to determine the influence of the extrusion mode on the load required, on the material flow and on the distribution of mechanical pro­perties along the extrudate length.
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