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Preliminary Study of the Effect of Tourism Activities on Litter Pollution: a Case Study on Padar Island, Komodo National Park, Indonesia

Cordova Muhammad Reza, Purbonegoro Triyoni, Puspitasari Rachma, Subandi Riyana, Kaisupy Muhammad Taufik, Wibowo Singgih Prasetyo Adi, Nurjamin, Suparmo, Sapulete Serly

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 8

131--139

EN

Tourism is a significant socioeconomic activity in a coastal country such as Indonesia. However, it degrades the ecosystem quality when the increasing litter pollution is poorly managed in the marine tourism area. The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of tourism on the litter pollution on the Padar Island, Komodo National Park, Indonesia, specifically on the hiking track. According to the performed investigation, plastic litter was discovered dominant on the Padar Island (131 of 146 items). It was found that filter cigarette butts (49 items, 33.56%), candy wrapper (18 items, 12.33%), wet tissue/wet wipes (17 items, 11.64%) and outsole from shoe/sandals (13 items, 8.90%), dominated the litter collected. Smoking activity, food and beverage consumption, and hiking activity are all examples of activities that may result in litter from visitors in this national park area. Tourism impacts the litter pollution in the Padar Island hiking trail. Therefore, more robust awareness strategies and controls are required to reduce the litter pollution and prevent further consequences.

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Profil organicznych związków lotnych różnych rodzajów ściółek pochodzących z kurników zlokalizowanych w Polsce

Stuper-Szablewska K., Buśko M., Szablewski T., Ostrowska A., Matysiak A., Nowaczewski S.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2015

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T. 20, nr 3

188-201

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki analizy profilu związków lotnych za pomocą GC/MS trzech rodzajów ściółek pochodzących z kurników w których utrzymywane są kury nioski. Zidentyfikowano 115 związków lotnych, 46 należało do grupy metabolitów grzybów mikroskopowych. Wśród nich dominowały aldehydy i ketony - średnio od 0,5222 (RU) dla słomy pszennej do 2,7536 (RU) dla sieczki słomiastej, oraz węglowodory - średnio od 0,1825 (RU) dla sieczki słomiastej do 1,0918 (RU) dla słomy żytniej. Przeprowadzona analiza dyskryminacyjna wykazała, że największe znaczenie podczas rozdziału populacji grup analizowanych prób ściółek na podstawie profilu związków lotnych mają następujące związki: 2-metylobutanal, 1-heptanol, naftalen oraz trichodien.

EN

The paper presents results of analyses of the volatile compound profile provided by GC/MS for three types of litters from laying houses (poultry houses for layer hens). Among 115 identified volatile compounds 46 were found to be metabolites of microscopic fungi, predominantly aldehydes and ketones accounting on average for 0.52 (RU - peak area/area of internal standard - tridecane) for wheat straw up to 2.75 (RU) for chopped chaff, as well as hydrocarbons ranging from 0.18 (RU) for chopped chaff up to 1.09 (RU) for rye straw. Discriminant analysis showed the greatest role of 2-methylbutanal, 1-heptanol, naphthalene and trichodiene in the population distribution of groups of analyzed litter samples based on their profiles of volatile compounds.

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Zanieczyszczenie grzybami mikroskopowymi różnych rodzajów ściółki stosowanej w kurnikach

Stuper-Szablewska K., Szablewski T., Cegielska-Radziejewska R., Ostrowska A, Matysiak A., Perkowski J.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2014

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T. 19, nr 2

199-204

PL

Analizowano pod względem ilościowym i jakościowym poziom zanieczyszczenia grzybami mikroskopowymi 5 rodzajów ściółek pochodzących z kurników (kury nioski, stada 250-300 kur) zlokalizowanych na terenie Polski północno-zachodniej, zebranych latem 2013 r. w szczycie nieśności kur rasy Ross. Wśród badanych ściółek najbardziej zanieczyszczona okazała się ściółka z sieczki słomiastej mieszanej, natomiast ściółki z trocin oraz wióry drzewne były najmniej zanieczyszczone grzybami mikroskopowymi. Na podstawie wykonanych badań stwierdzono, że rodzaj materiału, z którego przygotowana jest ściółka, jest bardzo ważny nie tylko ze względu na zapewnienie dobrostanu ptakom, ale również ich bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego związanego z narażeniem na choroby o etiologii grzybowej.

EN

Analyzed in terms of quantitative and qualitative level of contamination by microscopic fungi 5 types of litter collected from poultry houses (laying hens, flocks of hens 250-300) located on north-west Poland in the summer of 2013 at the peak of laying hens breed Ross. Among the respondents, the most contaminated litter mulch proved to be chopped straw, and littered with sawdust and wood chips were the least contaminated by microscopic fungi. Based on the tests performed, it was found that the type of material from which the litter is prepared is very important not only because of the welfare of the birds, but also their health safety arising from exposure to the fungal disease etiology.

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Zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologiczne ściółki i powietrza podczas odchowu kurcząt brojlerów

Witkowska D., Chorąży Ł., Mituniewicz T., Makowski W.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2010

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T. 10, z. 2

201-210

PL

Celem podjętych badań było określenie liczby bakterii tlenowych mezofilnych oraz grzybów w świeżej ściółce i powietrzu w zależności od zmieniających się warunków termiczno-wilgotnościowych oraz właściwości fizykochemicznych ściółki w poszczególnych tygodniach odchowu kurcząt brojlerów. Stwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem kurcząt ogólna liczba bakterii tlenowych mezofilnych oraz grzybów w świeżej masie ściółki zwiększała się, przy czym w ostatnim tygodniu liczba bakterii wynosiła 2,32 · 109, natomiast grzybów - 1,3 · 108 jtk ·g- ¹. W miarę upływu czasu odchowu ptaków nieznacznie zwiększała się również wartość pH ściółki, co wobec coraz większej ilości pomiotu i procesów fermentacyjnych zachodzących w świeżej ściółce mogło sprzyjać rozwojowi drobnoustrojów. Czynniki te wpłynęły także na zwiększanie się ilości powstającego w ściółce amoniaku. W powietrzu, mimo stopniowego spadku jego temperatury i wzrostu wilgotności, nie zaobserwowano tak wyraźnej tendencji zmian liczebności mikroorganizmów, jak w ściółce. Zarówno liczba bakterii, jak i grzybów ulegała wahaniom w poszczególnych tygodniach odchowu, co najprawdopodobniej było związane ze zmieniającym się zapyleniem i niejednakową wentylacją pomieszczeń. Liczba bakterii była najmniejsza w III tygodniu (3,64 · 104 jtk · m- ³), a największa - na końcu odchowu (2,12 · 105 jtk · m- ³). Najmniejszą liczbę grzybów stwierdzono na początku odchowu (1,71 · 104 jtk · m- ³), a największą - w II i V tygodniu (odpowiednio 4,63 · 104 i 4,47 · 104 jtk ·m- ³). Zaobserwowano, że w powietrzu i ściółce na początku badań przeważały grzyby pleśniowe (Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp.), natomiast w końcowym okresie, zwłaszcza w ściółce, wzrastała liczebność drożdży (do 90-100%).

EN

The objective of the undertaken study was to determine the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi in fresh litter and air in relation to different temperature, humidity and physicochemical properties of litter in particular weeks of broiler chicken rearing. The study demonstrated that along with the growth of the chickens, the number of aerobic mesophiles and fungi in fresh litter showed an increasing tendency; in the last week of rearing the number of bacteria was 2.32 · 109 cfu ·g- ¹ and that of fungi -1.3 · 108 cfu ·g- ¹. In subsequent weeks of rearing, the increase was also observed in litter pH, which together with increasing bulk of faeces excreted by the chickens and fermentation proceeding in fresh litter might have facilitated the growth of microorganisms. The above factors were also shown to affect the content of ammonia formed in the litter. When it comes to microbiological contamination of air, despite a successive decrease of temperature and an increase of air humidity, such a distinct tendency in changes of bacterial count as in the case of litter was not observed. Both the number of bacteria and that of fungi were subject to fluctuation in particular weeks of rearing, which was most likely due to varying dustiness and irregular ventilation of rooms. The number of bacteria was the lowest in the 3rd week and reached 3.64 · 104 cfu · m- ³, and the highest - at the end of rearing when it reached 2.12 · 105 cfu · m- ³. The lowest number of fungi was found at the beginning of rearing (1.71 · 104 cfu · m- ³), whilst the highest one in the 2nd and the 4th week (4.63 · 104 cfu · m- ³ and 4.47 · 104 cfu · m- ³, respectively). Fungal analyses demonstrated that mould fungi (Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp.) were prevailing in both litter and air at the beginning of the study, and that the number of yeasts rose to 90-100% at the termination of the study, especially in the litter.

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Enchytraeids (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) in midfield shelterbelts of different age and in adjoining croplands

Nowak E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

681-690

EN

The objective of this paper was to recognize the influence of forest strips planted (as the shelterbelts) in agricultural area, on adjoining cereal fields basing on the distribution and composition of enchytraeid community. Species composition, density and individual size of enchytraeids were estimated in October and April 2003-2005 along two transects: 6 and 11 years old shelterbelts > ecotones > fields (at a distance of 15 and 50 m. from the wood strip) and in two reference sites: large (about 100 ha) forest stand and the field ("control" field) located in deforested area. The results have been compared with the published results of the previous studies made in the same area four years before (1999-2000). Samples were colleted with soil corer 10 cm[^2] in area and 15 cm deep. Ten samples in each site were taken twice a year. Sixteen species were found in total. The range of density and biomass of enchytraeids for all study sites accounted for 1.6 to 15.3 ind. m[^-2] and 55 to 956 mg f.wt. m[^-2] (i.e. 15-308 mg d.w.) respectively. The lowest density was obserwed in the control field located in the deforested area. However, density and biomass of enchytraeids in the fields accounted for 67% and 47% respectively of those in shelterbelts. Species composition of enchytraeids in the young (2-11 yrs old) forest strips and in the adjacent fields was similar, however different from those in the forest stand and in old (150 yrs) shelterbelt. The response of enchytraeids to grass litter introduced on the soil surface was assessed in the experiment performed in a control field and in the transect of wood strip > field. The 7-10 portions of dried grass Dactylis glomerata (L.), (10 g each) were exposed in each plot for 12 and 18 months. More animals was found in the upper soil laver taken below the exposed litter as well as the density of all enchytraeids and percent share of the dominant genus Enchytraeus increased in the soil after 18 months of litter exposure.

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Chemical properties of litter of forest and grassland ecosystems: transect studies in Siberia (Russia)

Bieńkowski Piotr, Titlyanova Argenta A., Shibareva Svetlana

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 1

91-104

EN

The aim of this paper was to study comparatively the amount, chemical composition and energy content of litter from forest and grassland ecosystems along a transect in Central Siberia, running from the north (68[degrees] N, Forest tundra) to the south (50[degrees] N, Dry steppes); it is about 2 000 km. In the boreal forests litter standing crop ranges from 15 to 78 t[x]ha^-1 d.w., in subboreal birch stands - it is about 17 t[x]ha^-1 d.w. and in grasslands - the litter standing crop decreases southward along the transect from 6 to 1.5 t[x].ha^-1 d.w. All kinds of litter are rich in reduced compounds and have negative oxidation degree. Nevertheless oxidation degree increased from North to South in both ecosystem groups: from -0.6 to -0.3 in the boreal forests and from -0.5 to -0.2 in the subboreal ecosystems. The chemical composition of litter is specific and differs from both initial substrates, i.e. phytomass and products of humification. The litter contains as many carbon as many as fulvic acids, as many oxygen as humic acids and much more hydrogen than both acids together. Energy content values of litter were estimated to be lower than that of humic acids and higher than energy contents of fulvic acids. The transformation of litter organic substances seems to be shifted to the formation of fulvic acids.The content of minerals in litter changed in both series (forest and grassland) in the following order Si> Ca> F> Al> S> Mg> K> P> Na.

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Ocena własności termicznych materiałów ściółkowych stosowanych w produkcji drobiarskiej na podstawie zdjęć termowizyjnych

Słobodzian-Ksenicz O., Kuczyński T., Houszka H.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2005

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R. 13, nr 1

99--106

PL

Ocenie poddane zostały słoma i wióry - najczęściej stosowane w produkcji drobiarskiej materiały ściółkowe. Zdjęcia termowizyjne pokazały, iż ściółka z wiórów, pomimo większej wilgotności początkowej o 6,5 pkt %, wykazała o 0,7K większy przyrost temperatury w trakcie przygotowywania obiektu do zasiedlenia. Podczas trwania całego cyklu produkcyjnego odnotowano zbliżony pod względem tempa i wielkości spadek średnich wartości temperatury powierzchni obu podłoży, który w całym cyklu wyniósł 13.3K dla słomy i 13.2K dla wiórów. Stwierdzono, że podłoże wiórowe miało mniejsze tendencje do wahań temperatury powierzchni, jednakże przy obu materiałach wystąpił nasilający się w czasie rozrzut wartości.

EN

Straw and wood shavings - the materials most often used as a litter in poultry housing - were evaluated with the use of thermovision technique. The thermovision images showed that the litter of wood shavings, apart from its higher by 6,5% initial moisture content, at preparing the object to settling ensured the temperature rise higher by 0,7K. Similar drops of average temperature for the surface of both floors in terms of rate and height, were observed during whole production cycle; for the whole cycle the temperature decreases averaged 13.3K and 13.2K for the straw and wood shavings, respectively. The surface under wood shavings' litter showed less tendency to temperature variation, however increasing in time dispersion of these values was observed for both bedding materials used.

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The effect of shelterbelts on litter decomposition and fauna of adjacent fields : in situ experiment

Szanser M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 3

309-321

EN

The effect of mid-field shelterbelts on litter decomposition and the numbers and biomass of litter inhabiting invertebrate macrofauna was evaluated. The question was how far into the fields such an effect could reach. To answer this question an experiment was set up, in which a uniform substratum (sand and loam) was laid out inside the metal frames dug in the earth. Litter of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) was laid out on these substrates. Samples were taken from the middle of a seven years old wood strip (S) and along the transect i.e. in the ecotone from its wooded side (Es), from its field side (E[F]) and in the field 10 (F10) and 50 (F50) meters far from the shelterbelt. Decomposition rate of litter was retarded with increasing distance from the shelterbelt. Biomass of the litter dwelling macrofauna was lower in the field as compared to the shelterbelt and ecotones. Input of dead invertebrate mass to the soil under litter decreased also from the shelterbelt towards the field center. At the end of the experiment dead invertebrate biomass contributed to 24% of the total (dead and alive) of animal biomass in the transect. Average contribution of predators to the total animal biomass was the highest in the field ecotone (E[F] - 79%) and the lowest in the field site F50 (56%). A significant negative relationship was found between the density and biomass of predators (Carabidae) and the density and biomass of their potential prey (larvae of Diptera and Collembola) along the whole transect.