Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Identifying region specifc seasonal crop for leaf borne diseases by utilizing deep learning techniques

Jayagopal Prabhu, Rajendran Sukumar, Mathivanan Sandeep Kumar, Sathish Kumar Sree Dharinya, Raja Kiruba Thangam, Paneerselvam Surekha

Acta Geophysica

|

2022

|

Vol. 70, no 6

2841--2854

EN

India economy depends on agriculture with severe climatic changes and a heavy infestation of diseases depleting food crop yield substantially. Rapid identification and real-time infestation feedback that affects plants are accomplished through computer vision and IoT, thereby providing a reliable system for farmers to increase the season’s growth yield. With LSTM, CNN provides an efficient way of identifying diseases specific leaf in plants through image recognition techniques. An extensive collection of plant leaf images is trained to recognize season-specific diseases like early blight and late blight, leaf mold, and yellow leaf curl. The proposed CNN model identifies the infestation with high accuracy and precision with significantly fewer training epochs. The proposed model provides an efficient way of identifying leaf borne infestation pertained to a particular agricultural region. Furthermore, there is a need to increase and improve different region-specific infestations that arise due to climatic and seasonal changes.

2

Prediction of Post-Diagnostic Decisions for Tested Hand Grenades’ Fuzes Using Decision Trees

Ampuła Dariusz

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

|

2021

|

Vol. 12, Nr 2 (44)

39--54

EN

The article presents a brief history of creation of decision trees and defines the purpose of the undertaken works. The process of building a classification tree, according to the CHAID method, is shown paying particular attention to the disadvantages, advantages, and characteristics features of this method, as well as to the formal requirements that are necessary to build this model. The tree’s building method for UZRGM (Universal Modernised Fuze of Hand Grenades) fuzes was characterized, specifying the features of the tested hand grenade fuzes and the predictors used that are necessary to create the correct tree model. A classification tree was built basing on the test results, assuming the accepted post-diagnostic decision as a qualitative dependent variable. A schema of the designed tree for the first diagnostic tests, its full structure and the size of individual classes of the node are shown. The matrix of incorrect classifications was determined, which determines the accuracy of incorrect predictions, i.e., correctness of the performed classification. A sheet with risk assessment and standard error for the learning sample and the v-fold cross-check were presented. On the selected examples, the quality of the resulting predictive model was assessed by means of a graph of the cumulative value of the lift coefficient and the "ROC" curve.

PL

We artykule przedstawiono krótką historię powstania drzew decyzyjnych oraz określono cel podjętych prac. Pokazano proces budowy drzewa klasyfikacyjnego według metody CHAID, zwracając szczególną uwagę na wady, zalety oraz cechy charakterystyczne tej metody a także na wymagania formalne, które są niezbędne do zbudowania tego modelu. Scharakteryzowano metodę budowy drzewa dla zapalników UZRGM, określając cechy badanych zapalników do granatów ręcznych oraz zastosowane predyktory, które są konieczne do tworzenia prawidłowego modelu drzewa. Zbudowano drzewo klasyfikacyjne na podstawie posiadanych wyników badań, przyjmując jako jakościową zmienną zależną przyjętą decyzję podiagnostyczną. Pokazano schemat zaprojektowanego drzewa dla pierwszych badań diagnostycznych, jego pełną strukturę oraz liczności poszczególnych klas węzła. Określono macierz błędnych klasyfikacji, która określa trafność błędnych predykcji, czyli poprawność dokonanej klasyfikacji. Przedstawiono arkusz z oceną ryzyka oraz błędem standardowym dla próby uczącej i v-krotnego sprawdzianu krzyżowego. Na wybranych przykładach oceniono jakość powstałego modelu predykcyjnego za pomocą wykresu skumulowanej wartości współczynnika przyrostu oraz krzywej "ROC".

3

Trait Variability in the Rare Plant Species Arum alpinum in Carpathian Beech Forest Dentario glandulosae-fagetum (Western Carpathians, Poland)

Wójcik Tomasz, Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt Kinga

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2020

|

Vol. 68, nr 1

23--36

EN

The investigations of trait variability in Arum alpinum were conducted in 2016-2017 in two Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum patches (Chełm Mountain Reserve, Western Carpathians). Patch I (510 m a.s.l.) was located on a sharp steep slope and dominated by plant species with oblong leaves, whereas Patch II (400 m a.s.l.) was situated at the bottom of a wide ravine densely overgrown by species forming broad leaves. The height of plants growing in vicinity of A. alpinum in both study sites was rather similar, whereas the soil reaction and humidity were much higher in Patch II. Despite the different habitat conditions, the abundance of both A. alpinum populations was similar. The length of leaf petioles, dimensions of leaf blades, as well as the number of leaves per rosette were significantly greater in Patch I. The dimensions of leaves and flowering stems of individuals growing in Patch I were greater in 2016 than in 2017. The length of infructescences and number of fruits in both populations did not show either spatial or temporal variability. Moreover, the positive correlations between length of the highest leaf petiole and the dimensions of leaf blade, as well as between the height of the flowering stems and number of fruits and length of infructescence were noticed. Our results providing interesting data about of the spatio-temporal variability in A. alpinum traits in Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum patches reveal the need for this type of research in other plant communities.

4

Decision trees in the tests of artillery igniters

Ampuła Dariusz

Journal of KONBiN

|

2020

|

Vol. 50, iss. 1

95--116

EN

The article addressed the method for building decision trees paying attention to the binary character of the tree structure. The methodology for building our decision tree for KW-4 igniters was presented. It involves determining features of tested igniters and applied predictors, which are necessary to create the correct model of the tree. The classification tree was built based on the possessed test results, determining the adopted post-diagnostic decision as the qualitative independent variable. The schema of the resultant classification tree and the full structure of this tree together with the results in end nodes were shown. The obtained graphic and tabular sequence of the designed tree was characterized, and the prediction accuracy was evaluated on the basis of the resultant matrix of incorrect classifications. The quality of the resultant predictive model was assessed on the basis of the chosen examples by means of the 'ROC' curve and the graph of the cumulative value of increase coefficient.

PL

W artykule opisano metodę budowy drzew decyzyjnych zwracając uwagę na binarny charakter struktury drzewa. Przedstawiono metodykę budowy drzewa dla zapłonników typu KW-4, określając cechy badanych zapłonników oraz zastosowane predyktory, które są niezbędne do tworzenia prawidłowego modelu drzewa. Na podstawie posiadanych wyników badań, zbudowano drzewo klasyfikacyjne, określając jako jakościową zmienną niezależną przyjętą decyzję podiagnostyczną. Pokazano schemat powstałego drzewa klasyfikacyjnego oraz pełną strukturę tego drzewa łącznie z wynikami w węzłach końcowych. Scharakteryzowano uzyskaną graficzną i tabelaryczną sekwencję zaprojektowanego drzewa oraz oceniono trafność predykcji na podstawie powstałej macierzy błędnych klasyfikacji. Oceniono na wybranych przykładach jakość powstałego modelu predykcyjnego za pomocą krzywej „ROC” oraz wykresu skumulowanej wartości współczynnika przyrostu.

5

Adaptative strategy of leaf traits to drought conditions: Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forest (The Qinling Mts. China)

Wang M., Wan P., Chai Y., Guo Y., Zhang X., Yue M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2015

|

Vol. 63, nr 1

77--87

EN

In a climax community where all species are sharing relatively similar and stable habitat, there are differences in leaf traits between deciduous trees and shrubs and dominant species and companion species, especially in leaf lifespan (LLs). What are the differences of relationships among leaf traits between deciduous trees and shrubs? What are the mechanisms of this phenomenon? Here, we presented a one-year observation and recorded the LLs followed a modified method in a Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forest in the north slope of the Qinling Mountains, China. We found that (i) Different species in the same stand performed quite differently in their LLs (P <0.005). Average LLs of shrubs was slightly longer (P = 0.05) than that of deciduous trees. (ii) LLs showed a significant negative correlation with specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) (P <0.05) in deciduous trees, however, a significant positive correlation with LNC and leaf carbon content (LCC) (P <0.05) was detected in shrubs. (iii) The comparison of the traits between dominant and companion species in arbor layer and shrub layer showed that there was no significant difference in LLs, LCC and LNC, except SLA in arbor layer. Our study indicated that the amount of light, at the community scale, might be a main factor determining the LLs of wood plants in deciduous forest. The difference between trees and shrubs in relationships among leaf traits suggests that deciduous trees and shrubs may take different strategies to adapt to the environment. SLA is likely to be a marker trait to distinguish dominant and companion species in arbor layer of deciduous broad leaved forest

6

Eocene flora and trace fossils from the Hruby Regiel section in the Tatra Mountains (Poland): Taxonomic revision of the Wiktor Kuźniar fossil plant collection

Worobiec G., Jach R., Machaniec E., Uchman A., Worobiec E.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2015

|

Vol. 65, no. 2

203--226

EN

Latest Eocene plant macrofossils and trace fossils collected a century ago by Wiktor Kuźniar are revised and their stratigraphical and palaeoecological meaning is re-considered. They derive from marine limestones and marls cropping out on the northern slope of the Hruby Regiel mountain in the Western Tatra Mountains. Leaves belonging to the families Fagaceae and Lauraceae and fruits of the palm Nypa are recognized. The co-occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer taxa Chiloguembelina cf. gracillima and Globigerinatheca cf. index and fruits of Nypa suggests a latest Eocene age of the fossil flora. The plant assemblage is typical of paratropical or subtropical evergreen forests in a warm and humid subtropical climate, recent counterparts of which occur in southeast Asia. The presence of Nypa is characteristic of mangroves. The good state of preservation of the leaves suggests coastline proximity during sedimentation of the plant-bearing deposits.

7

Differential effects of grazing on plant functional traits in the desert grassland

An H., Li G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2014

|

Vol. 62, nr 2

239--251

EN

Plant functional traits are linked with environmental factors, individuals and ecosystem structure and functions as plants respond and adapt to the environment. Here, the whole-plant traits (plant height and plant biomass), leaf morphological (leaf area, leaf dry mass and specific leaf area) and chemical traits (leaf carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus contents, C/N and N/P ratio) of six dominant species (Cynanchum komarovii Al, Euphorbia esula Linn, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Lespedeza potaninii Vass, Agropyron mongolicum Keng and Stipa breviflora Griseb) were studied in the desert grassland of China, with a grazing experiment including four grazing intensity (0.00, 0.45, 1.00, 1.50 sheep ha-1). The effect of grazing on leaf morphological traits were significant for the six dominant species, while the effects on whole-plant traits were highly significant for S. breviflora, A. mongolicum, G. uralensis, L. potaninii and C. komarovii. Three of the six species (S. breviflora, A. mongolicum and L. potaninii) decreased in plant height (PH) with increasing grazing intensity, while specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf N (Nmass) showed the opposite trend. The whole-plant traits were significantly positively correlated with leaf dry mass (LM), but significantly negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents. The first principal component analysis (PCA) axis corresponding to plant size (PH and PB) and leaf size (LA and LM), while the second axis of PCA to leaf chemical traits (Nmass, P, C and N/P). Variations of plant traits in response to grazing were mainly explained by size trait and chemical traits. The functional traits cannot be the only basis for predicting plant species in response to grazing, and a functional analysis of the trade-off between plant traits is also needed.

8

Morphological plasticity of leaves in natural regeneration of Fagus sylvatica L. : effects of direct and diffuse light, ontogeny and shoot type

Jarcuska B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2011

|

Vol. 59, nr 2

339-353

EN

It is known that the role of accessible light as a growth-determining factor in beech natural regeneration rises in importance with growth of individuals. However, the accompanied changes in leaf traits underlying this shift in light demands are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate influence of ontogenetic stage (0.5 m high 'seedlings', 2.1 m 'saplings'), shoot type (terminal, lateral long and lateral short) and diffuse and direct light on morphological traits of leaves at spring-shoot-level in naturally regenerated beech individuals - shoot mean leaf area (mLA), shoot mean leaf weight (mLW), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf area per shoot unit length (LAL), leaf mass per shoot unit length (LWL), number of leaves per shoot unit length (NLL), and ratio of mean-leaf width to its length (LSh). Ontogenetic drift affected the values of these traits; its influence depended on shoot type and component of light. The light explained more trait variability in saplings compared to seedlings (on average 45% vs 32%). The most evident shift was in the case of direct light - while direct light explained on average 18% of traits variability in seedlings, it was about 42% in saplings. The saplings compared with seedlings showed higher values of mLA, mLW, LMA, LAL on short shoots, LWL on lateral long and short shoots, LSh on terminal and lateral long shoots, and lower NLL values on terminal and long lateral shoots. Plastic response to light was higher in saplings than in seedlings (except mLA). Generally, the observed traits showed more plastic response to diffuse than to direct light in seedlings; the response of saplings was similar in both light components. The most plastic trait was LMA, the least LSh. Individuals of saplings displayed higher plasticity in traits close correlating with annual length growth of main axis, which suggests that saplings would benefit from increased light availability more than seedlings.

9

Correlation between leafing phenology and traits : woody species of evergreen broad-leaved forests in subtropical China

Liu Z., Li K., Cal Y., Fang Y.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2011

|

Vol. 59, nr 3

463-473

EN

Leaf phenology has been considered to evolve to maximize plant carbon gains, and it reflects plant life history strategies. To determine the effect of leaf traits on leaf phenology, leaf emergence (such as timing of leaf emergence, leaf expansion rate, durations of leaf expansion), leaf traits (leaf mass per area - LMA and leaf size), and their relationships were investigated for 40 woody species from 13 families in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, southeast China. Compared with understorey shrubs (23 species), trees species (17 species) were significantly later in timing of leaf emergence, greater in leaf area and leaf expansion rate. This is assumed to be a strategy for large-leaved tree species to decrease damage during leaf expansion. In terms of leaf size, the small-leaved species leafed out earlier than the species with large leaves, but the largeleaved species were greater in leaf expansion rate than their counterparts. Leaf expansion rate was positively correlated with leaf area and timing of leaf emergence. Leaf herbivore rate was positively correlated with leaf area and leaf expansion period, but negatively with LMA. These results suggest that large- and small-leaved species possibly employed different strategies to minimize herbivore damage. Small-leaved species avoid defoliator damage by early leafing, while largeleaved species have shorter expansion times and thereby shorten vulnerable time to herbivores. In general, dynamics of emergence and expansion of the woody species in the study forest indicate that the leaf phenology is of significance for species. carbon gain and survival.

10

Leaf nitrogen resorption pattern along habitats of semi-arid sandy land with different nitrogen status

Luo Y., Zhao X., Zuo X., Zhang J., Liu R., Wang S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2010

|

Vol. 58, nr 4

707-716

EN

To assess nitrogen (N) resorption patterns in semi-arid sandy land, N concentrations in green leaves (N[g]) and senesced leaves (N[s]) of 35 species of shrubs and herbages were measured along habitats of decreasing soil total N (0.54 to 0.041 g g[^-1] d.w. of top soil level) in Horqin Sandy Land (Inner Mongolia, China). These habitats are following: inter-dune grassland (IDG), fixed sand dune (FD), semi-fixed sand dune (SFD), semi-mobile sand dune (SMD), and mobile sand dune (MD) were considered. Results showed that Ng and Ns (i.e. nitrogen resorption proficiency, NRP) increased and leaf nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased significantly with increasing soil N status across the above habitas, but nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) was not affected. The levels of N[g], N[s] and NUE experience two stages across habitats: first, there were low N[g] and N[s and high NUE in MD and SMD; second, there were high N[g] and N[s] and low NUE in IDG, FD and SFD. Plants from IDG, FD and SFD had incomplete N resorption during foliar senescence, but plants from MD and SMD had complete N resorption. Leaf NRE was determined by life forms which had no significant effect on N[g] but on N[s] and NUE. For all plants in the five habitats, NRE and NUE decreased with the sequence of grass, herb, shrub, while Ns showed a contrary tendency. Plants from strong N limitation habitats did not show higher NRE, but showed higher NRP and leaf NUE, so NRP was a more sensitive indicator of changes in N status than NRE. In conclusion, Leaf N resorption patterns were mainly determined by soil N status across habitats, and there were some consistent patterns among life forms.

11

Life span of needles of Pinus mugo turra : effect of altitude and species origin

Boratyński A., Jasińska A., Boratyńska K., Iszkuło G., Piórkowska M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2009

|

Vol. 57, nr 3

567-572

EN

The needle life span of evergreen coniferous trees is a species-specific trait but can be also affected and modifies by environmental conditions. On the basis of field observations of needle life span during three periods in two populations of Pinus mugo in the Tatra Mts (altitude: 1600-1700 m) and Sudety Mts (altitude 830-1420 m), 11 populations from various altitudes we concluded that: 1) within the same population needle life span remained the same over the three periods of observations, 2) needle life span in the Tatra Mts is about 1 year longer than in the Sudety Mts, ranging from 5.5 to 5.9 years and 3) needle life span in the Sudety Mts increases significantly with the altitude of the population. The longer life span of needles in the Tatra Mts may be specific for the population, i.e. it may be due to a different population origin (another Pleistocene centre of the species), and the shorter life span of needles noted in the Sudety Mts may be due to higher soil pollution in this region.

12

Isometric scaling relationship between leaf number and size within current-year shoots of woody species across contrasting habitats

Li T., Deng J., Wang G., Cheng D., Yu Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2009

|

Vol. 57, nr 4

659-667

EN

The scaling relationship between the number and size of plant.s components has been observed traditionally as reflective of a trade-off in resource allocation over ontogeny. The recent finding of a negative isometric leaf size/number trade-off across 24 deciduous woody species extends knowledge of such trade-offs to current-year shoots. Before generally accepted, this isometry has to be consistent across more datasets that represent diverse habitats. We tested this scaling relationship using 12 deciduous shrub species from the western Gobi Desert and 56 woody species from the northeastern temperate zone of China. Our results showed that leaf number per stem mass of current-year shoots scaled approximately isometrically with individual leaf mass within and across habitats, which, combined with the independence of total leaf mass and individual leaf mass, supports isometric scaling for shoot-scale leaf deployment. However, the intercepts of these relationships decreased significantly along the environmental gradients, suggesting that habitats could place a constraint on the total leaf number that can be supported by a given size shoot. Convergence towards higher leaf number and smaller leaf size for some desert species suggests important adaptive implications for photosynthetic carbon gain and reproductive growth.

13

Simultaneous determination of 22 pesticides residues from steam and leaves of Panax ginseng by GC-ECD and GC-MS

Han L.-J., Li W., Han L.-K., Hu J.-N., Wang Z., Liu W.-C., Zheng Y.-N.

Chemia Analityczna

|

2009

|

Vol. 54, No. 6

1433-1443

EN

A rapid and simple method for simultaneous determination of 22 pesticides residues in stem and leaves of ginseng by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has heen developed. Pesticides were extracted from SLG samples with petroleum ether on a column packed with florisil silica. Recoveries of all studied residues ranged from 81.5 l%to 115.40% with relative standard deviation ranging from 2.81% to 4.93%. The lowest detection limit of 22 pesticides residues was from 1.0 to 5.0μg kg-1. The GC-MS assay showed that there were procymidone residues in several samples. The results suggest that the proposed method can be applied to the analysis of pesticides residues in ginseng samples by GC-ECD and GC-MS.

PL

Opracowano prostą i szybką metodę oznaczania śladów 22 pestycydów w łodydze i w liściach żeńszenia. Do oznaczania wykorzystano chromatografię gazowąz detektorem wychwytu elektronów lub ze spektrometrem mas. Pestycydy ekstrahowano z próbek eterem benzynowym z użyciem kolumny wypełnionej krzemionką florisilową. Odzysk pestycydów wyno- . siłod81,51 do 115,40% z odchyleniem standardowym od 2,81 do 4,93%. Najniższa granica wykrywalności 22 pestycydów wynosiła od 1,0 do 5,0 μg kg-1. Pomiary za pomocą spektrometru mas wykazały obecność śladowych ilości procymidonu w kilku próbkach.

14

System komputerowy wspomagający analizę uszkodzeń liści rzepaku

Kozłowski R. J., Kozłowski J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

|

2008

|

Vol. 53, nr 2

61-65

PL

Doświadczenia laboratoryjne, które stanowią podstawę dla prezentowanej pracy, związane były z badaniami nad preferencjami pokarmowymi agrofagów i skutecznością działania środków ochrony roślin. Badania wykonane w formie testów "krążkowych" dotyczyły oceny stopnia akceptacji różnych gatunków roślin i ich odmian przez ślimaki oraz określenia skuteczności działania substancji aktywnych przeciwko tym szkodnikom. Stosowana metoda eksperymentalna polegała na wyznaczeniu pola powierzchni znormalizowanych próbek liści po 24 godzinach żerowania ślimaków. Dotychczas pomiaru powierzchni liści dokonywano z wykorzystaniem papieru milimetrowego. Bardziej precyzyjną i znacznie szybszą metodą jest zaproponowana w pracy technika rejestracji obrazu tych obiektów za pomocą skanera lub aparatu cyfrowego i ich analiza przy wykorzystaniu wytworzonego programu komputerowego. W pracy zaprezentowano wytworzoną aplikację komputerową FotoDetekt, której zadaniem jest zastąpienie tradycyjnych metod pozyskiwania danych, metodami komputerowej analizy obrazu. Zastosowanie metod komputerowej analizy obrazu pozwoliło na przyspieszenie całego procesu pozyskiwania danych z próbek oraz umożliwiło uzyskanie dokładniejszych, a co za tym idzie bardziej odpowiadających rzeczywistości, wyników.

EN

Image processing methods facilitating investigation in laboratory conditions are competitive with respect to traditional methods. In the vast majority of cases these methods make it possible to obtain more accurate results, while at the same time reducing the amount of work and time required to carry out the research. The laboratory tests which are the basis for this paper were connected with researches over the effectiveness of active substances against snails. The tests where made with use of the leaf discs. Slugs feeding preferences were tested in individual compartments with three leaf discs with same size. After a day of feeding the measurement of the damaged surface of leaf discs was made with utilization of millimeter paper. The more precise and considerably quicker method is proposed in this paper the technique of the image acquisition of the oilseed rape leaf discs with flat scanner or digital camera and their analysis in produced application. The image analysis with use of FotoDetekt application markedly simplified the process and provided high-quality measurements.

15

Vydelenie informativnyh priznakov bolezni kartofelâ po cvetobym harakteristikam lict'ev

Vatkin M E., Gančenko V.V., Dudkin A. A., Petrovskij A. I., Sobkowak B.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

|

2007

|

Vol. 52, nr 4

98-99

16

Kinetyka suszenia wybranych ziół w złożu fontannowym

Sobczak E., Gozdecka G.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

|

2007

|

Nr 1

112-114

PL

Badano kinetykę suszenia w złożu fontannowym liści dziesięciu wybranych ziół w zakresie temperatur 30÷50st.C oraz dla różnego stopnia rozdrobnienia. Wyniki badań skorelowano za pomocą zależności Mw = Mwoexp(-kPt) wynikającej z założenia proporcjonalności szybkości suszenia do zawartości wody w materiale suszonym i prężności pary wodnej w temperaturze procesu.

EN

The drying kinetics in a fountain bed for leaves of ten chosen herbs in a temperature range from 30 to 50"C was studied. Two different levels of a size reduction of leaves were applied. The results of studies were correlated by Mw = Mwv cxp(-kPi), assuming the drying rate proportionality to water content in dried material and water vapour pressure at the process temperature.

17

Fractionation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from medicinal plant samples

Konieczyński P., Wesołowski M.

Chemia Analityczna

|

2007

|

Vol. 52, No. 2

243-252

EN

Total concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as of their chemical forms - nitrate nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus has been determined in aqueous and acidic (2%, v/v acetic acid solution) extracts from leaves, roots, and rhizomes of medicinal plants, using spectrophotometric method. Concentration ranges of total nitrogen and phosphorus determined in the studied plant material (in dry mass; d.m.) were 2.80-15.30 mg gsup>-1and 0.51-3.08 mg g-1, respectively. Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus in aqueous and acetic acid extracts of leaves, roots, and rhizomes were in the ranges: 0.4-35.1 % of the total nitrogen, and 17.8-99. f % of the total phosphorus. Statistical analysis has shown that there is no significant correlation between the total contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves, roots, and rhizomes. However, statistically significant correlation exists between the total phosphorus content and the content of phosphorus soluble in water and acetic acid extracts of leaves, as well as between nitrate nitrogen contents in aqueous and acetic acid extracts from roots and rhizomes. The results have proven that aqueous extracts of leaves, roots, and rhizomes contain significant fractions of nitrogen and phosphorus potentially bioavailable for these humans, who often take natural drugs.

PL

W pracy oznaczono spektrofotometrycznie całko witą za wartość azotu i fosforu, jak również ich chemiczne formy - azot azotanowy(V) i fosfor fosforanowy, w ekstraktach wodnych i kwaśnych (2% (v/v) roztwór kwasu octowego) z liści, korzeni i kłączy roślin leczniczych. Oznaczona, całkowita zawartość azotu mieści się w zakresie od 2,80 do 15,30 mg gsup>-1 suchej masy surowca (s.m.), a w przypadku całkowitego fosforu: od 0,51 do 3,08 mg gsup>-1 s.m. Zawartość azotu azotanowego(V) i fosforu fosforanowego w ekstraktach wodnych i octowych otrzymanych z liści, korzeni i kłączy wynosiła odpowiednio: od 0,4 do 35.1% azotu całkowitego, oraz od 17,8 do 99,1% fosforu całkowitego. Analiza korelacji wykazała brak istotnej statystycznie zależności między całkowitą zawartością azotu i fosforu w liściach, korzeniach i kłączach. Natomiast istotną korelację stwierdzono pomiędzy całkowitą zawartością fosforu i zawartościąjego formy rozpuszczalnej w wodzie i roztworze kwasu octowego w liściach, jak również między zawartością azotu azotanowego(V) w wodzie i roztworze kwasu octowego w korzeniach i kłączach. Wyniki badań wskazują ponadto na fakt, iż wodne ekstrakty otrzymane z liści, korzeni oraz kłączy zawierają znaczne ilości azotu i fosforu potencjalnie przyswajalnego przez ludzi często stosujących galenowe formy leku roślinnego.

18

Pomiar powierzchni liści wybranych roślin metodą video-komputerową

Kiełbasa P., Juliszewski T.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

|

2005

|

R. 9, nr 14

169--175

PL

W pracy podjęto próbę wyznaczenia metodą video-komputerową powierzchni asymilacyjnej roślin. Badaniami objęto pięć roślin. Badaniom poddano tylko blaszki liściowe mające decydujący wpływ na proces fotosyntezy [Hall 1999]. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie powierzchni asymilacyjnej liści wybranych roślin przy wykorzystaniu metody video-komputerowej. Określono powierzchnię fotosyntetyczną pojedynczych roślin oraz w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni uprawy. Stwierdzono, że w odniesieniu do roślin dwuliściennych metoda ta może być stosowana, a w przypadku roślin zbożowych ma ograniczone zastosowanie.

EN

The paper is an attempt to determine an assimilation surface of plants using a video-computer method. The tests covered five plants. The tests were performed only on leaf blades having decisive effect on photosynthesis process [Hall 1999]. The purpose of the performed tests was to determine the assimilation surface of the leaves of selected plants using video-computer method. A photosyntetic surface was determined for single plants and per cultivation surface unit. It was demonstrated that for bifoliate plants this procedure could not be used, and for grain crops its application was limited.

19

Reaction of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus organs to lead stress

Chwil M., Mikuła A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2005

|

Vol. 12, nr 4

352-360

EN

Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus (Martens) cv. Polka were tested in water cultures at increasing concentrations of PbCl2: 0, 10,20 and 40 mg . dm[to -3]. Plants were grown for 14 days on modified Knop medium (pH = 5.5). Morphological changes of organs in studied plants were observed. Root tolerance index (IT) was calculated. The beginning of side-root zone at 5th, 7th and 14th day of growth was evaluated. Comparative anatomical studies of tissues in hypocotyl and leaves were performed. In the environment polluted with lead, roots excreted large amount of mucilage, they characterized diameter increase and shortening of zones. Increasing Pb concentration in a medium inhibited the formation of mechanical and vascular tissue. On a base of biomass gain, bean's organ sensitivity towards lead may be lined up as follows: roots > leaves > > stem.

PL

Siewki fasoli Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus (Martens) odm. Polka badano w kulturach wodnych przy wzrastających stężeniach PbCl2: 0,10,20 i 40 mg. Dm[do -3]. Rośliny rosły przez 14 dni w zmodyfikowanej pożywce Knopa o pH 5,5. W okresie wegetacji obserwowano zmiany morfologiczne organów badanych roślin. Obliczono indeks tolerancji (IT) korzenia. Określono początek strefy korzeni bocznych w 5, 7 i 14 dniu wzrostu. Przeprowadzono porównawcze badania anatomiczne tkanek w hypokotylach i liściach. Korzenie w środowisku skażonym ołowiem wydzielały znaczne ilości śluzu, charakteryzowały się zwiększeniem średnicy i skróceniem stref. Wzrastające stężenie Pb w pożywce hamuje wykształcanie tkanki wzmacniającej i przewodzącej. Wrażliwość organów fasoli na ołów na podstawie przyrostu biomasy można następująco uszeregować: korzenie> liście> łodyga.

20

Analysis of chemical composition of Acanthopanax Senticosus leaves applying high-pressure microwave-assisted extraction

Liu Z., Yan G., Bu F., Sun J., Hu X., Zhang H., Liu Z.

Chemia Analityczna

|

2005

|

Vol. 50, No. 5

851-861

EN

Flavonoids and saponins have been extracted from AcanthopcmaxSenticosus leaves applying high-pressure microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The influence of experimental conditions, such as concentration of ethanol in the clucnt, microwave irradiation time, processing pressure, etc., on the extraction yield has been studied. The results were compared to those obtained applying Soxhlet extraction (SE). Optimum conditions for MAE procedure were established; for flavonoids: concentration of ethanol 50%, pressure 700 kPa, microwave irradiation time 10 min; for saponin: 70%, 700 kPa, and 4 min, respectively. The results of electros pray ionization mass spectrornetry (EST-MS) experiments have confirmed that compounds (first peaks in chromatogram) arc the same for both MAE and SE. However, compared to SE, MAE is more advantageous in respect of extraction time and solvent consumption, as well as extraction yield and selectivity.

PL

Flawonoidy i saponiny wyekstrahowano z liści Acanlhopcmax senticosus metodą ciśnieniowej ekstrakcji wspomaganej mikrofalami (MAE). Zbadano wpływ warunków takich jak: stężenie etanolu w eluencie, czas naświetlania mikrofalami, ciśnienie itd. Na wydajność ekstrakcji. Otrzymane wyniki porównano z wynikami uzyskanymi metodaSoxhlet'a(SE). Ustalono optymalne warunki dla metody MAE: stężenie etanolu 50%, ciśnienie 700 kP, czas naświetlania mikrofalami l O min w przypadku flawonoidów oraz odpowiednio: 70%, 700 kP i 4 min w przypadku saponin. Wyniki analizy metodą sektrometrii mas z jonizacją elektrorozpyleniową wskazały, że kolejne piki na chromatogram ach pochodzą w obu metodach - MAE i SE od tych samych związków. Jednakże metoda MAE jest korzystniejsza od SE ze względu na krótszy czas naświetlania, mniejsze zużycie rozpuszczalnika, a także lepszą wydajność ekstrakcji i selektywność.