Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Marine fuel from the past to the future

Herdzik Jerzy

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2023

|

nr 74 (146)

83--90

EN

Currently, about 90% of world transport is via water, which means that maritime transport is a decisive factor in the development of civilization. In order for it to effectively continue and compete with other means of transport, it is necessary to use the cheapest marine fuels on ships. The demand for machines generating mechanical energy to propel ships resulted in their dynamic development and, simultaneously, forced the search for primary energy sources (fuels) that enable the production of the working medium. The era of coal and petroleum fuels began in the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively. Today, in the 21st century, we stand at a crossroads – what next? The transition fuel will likely be LNG and biofuels. Ammonia will also occupy a significant share of the fuel market, but the target fuel will be hydrogen. Based on historical and contemporary sources, this article discusses the changes in the use of marine fuels that have occurred since the 19th century.

2

Effectiveness of current technology in GHG reduction – A literature survey

Klakeel T., Anantharaman M., Islam R., Garaniya V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

|

2023

|

Vol. 17 No. 1

171--176

EN

In 2018 during the 72nd session of the Maritime Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) IMO adopted its initial strategy for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the ships to meet the Paris Agreement Goals, 2015. This is considered as a major milestone in formulizing a clear strategy by IMO towards its objective of reducing the global GHG emissions from the ships. The strategy had two primary objectives: the first was to decrease total annual GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. The second objective was to promote the phasing out of GHG emissions entirely. In 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) conducted a study which revealed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping had increased by 9.6%. The rise in global maritime trade was identified as the main factor behind this increase. IMO's 2020 study also concluded that reducing GHG emissions by focusing only on energy-saving technologies and ship speed reduction would not be enough to meet the IMO's 2050 GHG reduction target. Therefore, greater attention needs to be given to the use of low-carbon alternative fuels. To understand the effectiveness of currently available technologies in reducing GHG emissions from ships, a literature survey was conducted in this study. The survey examined a range of related articles published between 2018 and 2022. This study aimed to identify the current stage and the quantity of literature available on various technologies and, more importantly, serve as a decision-making support tool for selecting a technology under specific circumstances in a quantitative manner. The technologies were divided into four groups: those that utilize fossil fuels, those that use renewable energy, those that use fuel cells, and those that use low-carbon or alternative fuels. The literature survey was conducted using Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar. The results of this study will also help to identify clear research gaps in comparing the effectiveness of various available technologies to reduce GHG emissions. Ultimately, the aim is to develop a comprehensive strategy that can be used to reduce GHG emissions from shipping and contribute to the global fight against climate change.

3

Porównanie właściwości fizykochemicznych oleju z pirolizy opon gumowych z właściwościami oleju opałowego ciężkiego

Krzak M., Milewska-Duda J., Jodłowski G. S., Wójcik M., Żmuda W. A., Borówka G.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2017

|

T. 96, nr 7

1550--1553

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów wybranych właściwości fizykochemicznych oleju powstałego w wyniku pirolizy zużytych opon samochodowych. Surowy olej pirolityczny pochodził z instalacji przemysłowej pracującej w trybie ciągłym. Próbkę oleju poddano destylacji, określając jego krzywą destylacji. Dokonano identyfikacji związków chemicznych występujących w oleju pirolitycznym. Porównano właściwości fizykochemiczne próbki z obowiązującymi normami dla olejów opałowych ciężkich. Stwierdzono, że olej pirolityczny może stanowić komponent oleju opałowego ciężkiego.

EN

The pyrolytic oil produced in a flow reactor at 450–500°C (residence time 20 min) was characterized by detn. of flash point, viscosity and chem. compn. The oil was recommended as a component of a heavy fuel oil.

4

Application of the theory of semi-markov processes to determine a limiting distribution of the process of changes of ability and inability states of fuel supply systems in heavy fuel diesel engines

Girtler J.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

|

2013

|

Vol. 8, no 1

39--48

EN

The paper presents applicability of the theory of semi-Markov processes to determine a limiting distribution of the process of changes of technical states of fuel systems for marine engines running on heavy fuel oils. The proposed study of this process includes the components of such fuel systems like: 1 - injectors, 2 - high pressure hoses, 3 - injection pumps, 4 - low pressure hoses, 5 – fine filters, 6 - coarse filters, 7 – fuel-feed pump, 8 – fuel heater and 9 – viscosistat with a viscometer. A semi-Markov state transition model consisting of ten states has been developed for such systems. Application of technical diagnostics has been pointed to be necessary to investigate the state transition process for the systems. The conclusions presented furthermore in the paper provide advantages which (according to the author) are of the most importance in the design and operation phases of fuel systems in marine diesel engines that run on heavy fuel oils.

5

Research on influence of selected control parameters of the injection system marine diesel engine on its exhaust gas toxicity

Witkowski K.

Journal of KONES

|

2012

|

Vol. 19, No. 2

551-556

EN

This paper devoted to pollution of the atmosphere due marine diesel engines in operation. In the paper presented are results of the investigations carried out in the Gdynia Maritime Academy laboratory with the use of a ship diesel engine, one-cylinder, two-stroke, crosshead of longitudinal scavenging, which was loaded by means of the water brake. This diesel engine combusting heavy fuel oil IF 40. The test-involved effect of two selected control parameters of fuel injection system ship diesel engine: fuel injection pressure and injection advance angle. Both selected control parameters were changed during the experiment separately, each of them three times. And so: changing the fuel injection pressure - for three selected values: 18, 22 and 26 MPa; changing the fuel injection advance angle - for three selected values: -10 centigrade, -13 centigrade and -16 centigrade before the piston's top dead centre (BTDC). The measurements were performed within the wide range of engine load at the permanent rotational speed of 220 rpm. For each of the above selected values six measurements were performed at the following engine loads: 25%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% nominal loads. Control parameters to change the injection pump and injector engine, during operation of the engine, by means of a supplementary-scaled instrumentation of the injector and injection pump. Owing to this is was not necessary to stop the engine before each successive test cycle. This way of realization of the measurements guaranteed running them in steady conditions. The elimination of influence of possible disturbances witch could arise from multiple starting and stopping the engine improved accuracy and reliability of the obtained results.

6

Badania nad technologią wytwarzania katalizatorów ekologicznego spalania ciężkich olejów opałowych

Tic W. J., Guziałowska-Tic J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

|

2011

|

z. 58, nr 4

301-307

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wytwarzania katalizatorów metalicznych na bazie soli żelazowych i żelazowo-cerowych kwasów tłuszczowych rozpuszczonych w oleju opałowym. Sole metali kwasów tłuszczowych charakteryzują się dobrą rozpuszczalnością w oleju opałowym, a uzyskane roztwory katalizatora wykazują małą lepkość. Wytworzone katalizatory metaliczne zastosowano w testach spalania mazutu. Uzyskano ograniczenie emisji NOx i dodatkowy uzysk ciepła w wyniku pełnego spalania paliwa.

EN

Findings of research on the manufacture of metallic catalysts based on iron salts and ironand- cerium salts of fatty acids, dissolved in fuel oil, are presented. Fatty acid metal salts are characterized by good solubility in fuel oil and the resulting catalyst solutions show low viscosities. The obtained metallic catalysts were used in mazout combustion tests in which reduced emissions of NOx and additional heat recovery were obtained as the result of complete fuel combustion.

7

A review on electron beam flue gas treatment (EBFGT) as a multicomponent air pollution control technology

Basfar A. A., Fageeha O. I., Kunnummal N., Chmielewski A. G., Licki J., Pawelec A., Zimek Z., Warych J.

Nukleonika

|

2010

|

Vol. 55, No. 3

271-277

8

Biomasa ciekła jako substytut ciężkiego oleju opałowego

Zuwała J., Rejdak M.

Karbo

|

2010

|

Nr 2

88-94

PL

Omówiono uwarunkowania legislacyjne związane z wykorzystaniem mazutu i biomasy ciekłej jako substytutu ciężkiego oleju opałowego w zastosowaniach energetycznych. Przedstawiono wyniki analizy dostępności biomasy ciekłej na rynku krajowym i europejskim w perspektywie kilku najbliższych lat. Zaprezentowano potencjalne efekty ekonomiczne i ekologiczne zastąpienia mazutu biomasa ciekłą.

EN

Legislative conditions associated with the use of fuel oil and liquid biomass as a substitute for heavy oil in energy applications were discussed. The results were presented of the analysis of the availability of liquid biomass on home and European markets in the next few years. Potential economical and ecological effects of substitution of heavy fuel oil by liquid biomass were presented.

9

Acidity of Tallow (Animal Fat) and Its Effect on Suitability of Tallow as Fuel in Electricity Generating Engines

Piaszyk J., Wyszynski M. L., Tsolakis A.

Archivum Combustionis

|

2010

|

Vol. 30 nr 4

471-480

EN

The paper outlines properties of tallow to be used as fuel, its production process and annual variation of the measured parameters – density, acidity, impurities, calorific value etc. Most of the parameters are constant throughout the year, except acidity. Acidity is high during the summer and low in winter – this is consistent with environmental temperature changes. High levels of free fatty acids are consistent with the perceived low quality of fat and are also responsible for the unpleasant bitter taste of rancid fat. Admissible acidity levels of fuel for the four- and two-stroke heavy fuel oil (HFO) engines indicate that in winter the two stroke engine may be used, but in the summer acidity levels are generally too high. Possible industrial methods of acidity reduction are briefly discussed.

10

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy fuel oil components

Surygała J., Pieprz A.I.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2006

|

Vol. 8, nr 3

158-160

EN

Heavy fuel oils are blended products based on the residues from various refinery distillation and conversion processes. In refineries with hydrogen process units or lubricating oil rerafination units, the hydroprocessed vacuum residue or the used lubricating oil are fuel oil components. Appreciable concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be present in heavy fuel oils depending on the type of the components used. The goal of this study was the determination of the selected PAHs which are probably phototoxic or carcinogenic. The following components were put to the test: straight-run vacuum residue, hydroprocessed vacuum residue, vacuum gas oil, two samples of the used lubricating oils and two samples of vacuum distillate of the employed oils. The next PAH concentrations were determined: anthracene, benz(a)antracene, chrysene, benzo(b+k)fluorathene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene. The larger amounts of the most phototoxic and carcinogenic PAHs: benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene were found in the applied lubricating oil components.