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1

Growth Temperature Effect of Atomic-Layer-Deposited GdOx Films

Ryu Sung Yeon, Yun Hee Ju, Lee Min Hwan, Choi Byung Joon

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 3

755--758

EN

Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) is one of the lanthanide rare-earth oxides, which has been extensively studied due to its versatile functionalities, such as a high permittivity, reactivity with moisture, and ionic conductivity, etc. In this work, GdOx thin film was grown by atomic layer deposition using cyclopentadienyl (Cp)-based Gd precursor and water. As-grown GdOx film was amorphous and had a sub-stoichiometric (x ~ 1.2) composition with a uniform elemental depth profile. ~3 nm-thick GdOx thin film could modify the hydrophilic Si substrate into hydrophobic surface with water wetting angle of 70°. Wetting and electrical test revealed that the growth temperature affects the hydrophobicity and electrical strength of the as-grown GdOx film.

2

Optical and thermal properties of TeO2–B2O3–Gd2O3 glass systems

Eevon C., Halimah M. K., Azlan M. N., El-Mallawany R., Hii S. L.

Materials Science Poland

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2019

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Vol. 37, No. 4

517--525

EN

New glass samples with composition (1 – x)[(TeO₂)₇₀(B₂O₃)₃₀] – x(Gd₂O₃) with x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 in mol% have been synthesized by conventional melt-quenching techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were performed in order to confirm the amorphous nature of the samples. The density of the samples has been found to vary with the Gd₂O₃ content, whereas an opposite trend has been observed in the molar volume. The analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of the samples showed that the glass network is mainly built of TeO, TeO₄, BO₃ and BO₄ units. The addition of Gd₂O₃ changed the refractive index, optical band gap and Urbach energy of the glass samples. The thermal properties of the studied glasses were investigated by measuring the thermal diffusivity of the samples by using photoflash method at room temperature.

3

Ocena efektywności nowej generacji betonów osłonowych przed promieniowaniem jonizującym w oparciu o pomiary we wzorcowych polach promieniowania

Piotrowski T., Gryziński M. A.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2016

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z. 63, nr 1/I

141--148

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów właściwości osłonowych przed promieniowaniem jonizującym (gamma i neutronowym) betonów zwykłych i ciężkich, które poddano dodatkowej modyfikacji materiałowej przy użyciu wyselekcjonowanych dodatków. Pomiary wykonywano we wzorcowych polach promieniowania gamma (źródło Cs-137 i Co60) oraz promieniowania neutronowego (źródło Pu-Be). Na podstawie wyznaczonych wartości grubości HVL i TVL potwierdzono skuteczność betonów ciężkich jako osłon przed promieniowaniem gamma oraz dokonano oceny modyfikacji materiałowych w celu poprawy osłonności. Efektywnymi dodatkami zarówno wobec promieniowania gamma jak i neutronowego okazał się zarówno tlenek gadolinu jak i dyspersja polimerowa.

EN

The article presents the results of measurements of the properties of shielding against ionizing radiation (gamma and neutron) of ordinary and heavy-weight concrete, which were subjected to additional material modification with selected additives. Measurements were performed in the standard gamma radiation (source of Cs-137 and Co60) and neutron radiation (source Pu-Be) fields. Based on the determined values of HVL and TVL, the efficiency against gamma radiation of heavy-weight concrete was confirmed, and material modifications in order to improve neutron shielding was evaluated. Effective additions to both for the gamma and neutron radiation was gadolinium oxide and polymer dispersion as well.

4

Nowej generacji beton osłonowy przed promieniowaniem jonizującym

Piotrowski T.

Materiały Budowlane

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2015

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nr 9

38--41

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pierwszego etapu badań dotyczących właściwości osłonowych betonów przed promieniowaniem jonizującym, które obejmowały pomiary liczby neutronów termicznych w kanale bloku parafinowego. Dwa specjalnie zaprojektowane układy pomiarowe pozwoliły na przeprowadzenie oznaczeń przy wyizolowanej ze źródła Pu-Be wiązki neutronów prędkich i termicznych. Zliczoną przez detektor helowy liczbę neutronów termicznych analizowano w odniesieniu do tła (liczby neutronów w pustym kanale). Badaniom poddano betony referencyjne (zwykły z kruszywem żwirowym i ciężki z kruszywem magnetytowym) oraz betony modyfikowane polimerem i tlenkiem gadolinu. Wyniki potwierdziły dużą skuteczność gadolinu w absorpcji neutronów termicznych, wpływ polimeru był korzystny jedynie w przypadku betonu zwykłego, natomiast dla betonu ciężkiego wynik był niezgodny z założeniami teoretycznymi. Dalsze badania w celu wyjaśnienia tej anomalii są konieczne.

EN

In this study there are presented first stage results of research on ionizing radiation shielding properties of concrete. They were based on measures of the number of thermal neutrons in the channel located a paraffin block. Two specially designed measuring set-ups allowed to perform measurement under fast neutron beam and thermal neutron beam isolated from the source of Pu-Be. The number of thermal neutron counted by a helium detector were analyzed in relation to the background (the number of neutrons in an empty channel). The study involved reference concretes (normal-weight concrete with gravel and heavy-weight concrete with magnetite aggregate) and concrete modified with polymer and gadolinium oxide. The results confirmed the effectiveness of gadoliniumin the absorption of thermal neutrons, while the impact of the polymer was positive only in the case of ordinary concrete whereas the heavy concrete result was inconsistent with the theoretical assumptions. Further research in order to explain this anomaly are necessary.

5

Osłony elastomerowe redukujące dawki promieniowania X w technikach tomografii komputerowe

Kusiak E., Zaborski M., Staniszewska A., Bem H., Szajerski P., Baryń W.

Polimery

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2013

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T. 58, nr 7-8

519--523

PL

Opracowano bezołowiowe osłony redukujące dawki promieniowania w diagnostyce technikami tomografii komputerowej. Podstawę stanowiła matryca z kauczuku naturalnego napełnionego tlenkami: bizmutu, wolframu lub gadolinu. Ze względu na generowanie przez bizmut wtórnego promieniowania fluorescencyjnego rozszerzono pierwotne składy kompozytów. Stwierdzono, że otrzymane kompozyty kauczuku naturalnego zawierające kombinacje tlenków metali charakteryzowały się dużymi wartościami masowych współczynników pochłaniania, wpływały na redukcję natężenia promieniowania padającego o energii: Eg = 60 keV o ok. 50 % a o energii Eg = 122 keV o ok. 20 %. Jednocześnie prawie wszystkie próbki wulkanizatów wykazywały korzystne właściwości wytrzymałościowe.

EN

We have developed lead-free shields reducing the radiation doses in the diagnostic computed tomography techniques. They are based on natural rubber matrix with oxides of bismuth, tungsten and gadolinium as fillers. Due to the generation of secondary fluorescence radiation by bismuth, the study was extended to other compositions. The obtained natural rubber composites containing the combinations of metal oxides were characterized by high values of the mass absorption coefficient, which effected in the reduction in the intensity of incident radiation with an energy Eg = 60 keV by about 50 % and for Eg = 122 keV by about 20 %. It should be noted that virtually all vulcanizates showed good strength properties.

6

Safety assessment of nanoparamagnetic contrast agents with different coatings for molecular MRI

Azizian G, Riyahi-Alam N, Haghgoo S, Saffari M, Zohdiaghdam R, Gorji E

Materials Science Poland

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2013

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Vol. 31, No. 2

158--164

EN

Despite the wide application of gadolinium as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there is a serious lack of information on its toxicity. Gadolinium and gadolinium oxide (Gd-oxide) are used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There are methods for reducing toxicity of these materials, such as core nanoparticles coating or conjugating. Therefore, for toxicity evaluation, we compared the viability of commercial contrast agents in MRI (Gd-DTPA) and three nanoparticles with the same core Gd2O3 and small particulate gadolinium oxide or SPGO (< 40 nm) but different coatings of diethyleneglycol (DEG) as Gd2O3-DEG and methoxy polyethylene glycol-silane (mPEG-silane: 550 and 2000 Dalton) as SPGO-mPEG-silane550 and SPGO-mPEG-silane2000, respectively, in the SK-MEL3 cell line, by light microscopy, MTT assay using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, and the LDH assay detecting lactate dehydrogenase activity. The viability values were not statistically different between the three nanoparticles and Gd-DTPA. The MTT and LDH assay results showed that Gd2O3-DEG nanoparticles were more toxic than Gd-DTPA and other nanoparticles. Also, SPGO-mPEG-silane2000 was more biocompatible than other nanoparticles. The obtained results did not show any signiﬁcant increase in cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles and Gd-DTPA, neither dose-dependent nor time-dependent. Therefore, DEG and PEG, due to their considerable properties and irregular sizes (different molecular weights), were selected as the useful surface covering materials of nanomagnetic particles that could reveal noticeable relaxivity and biocompatibility characteristics.

7

Evaluation of MOSFETs with crystalline high-k gate-dielectrics: device simulation and experimental data

Zaunert F., Endres R., Stefanov Y., Schwalke U.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2007

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nr 2

78-85

EN

The evaluation of the world's first MOSFETs with epitaxially-grown rare-earth high-k gate dielectrics is the main issue of this work. Electrical device characterization has been performed on MOSFETs with high-k gate oxides as well as their reference counterparts with silicon dioxide gate dielectric. In addition, by means of technology simulation with TSUPREM4, models of these devices are established. Current-voltage characteristics and parameter extraction on the simulated structures is conducted with the device simulator MEDICI. Measured and simulated device characteristics are presented and the impact of interface state and fixed charge densities is discussed. Device parameters of high-k devices fabricated with standard poly-silicon gate and replacement metal gate process are compared.