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1

The Effect of biofuel on the emission of exhaust gas from an engine with a common rail system

Łagowski Piotr

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2020

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Vol. 90, nr 4

33--44

EN

The paper presents the results of experimental tests of a FIAT MultiJet 1.3 SDE 90 PS engine equipped with a common rail system, running at full load operation at rotational speeds of n = 1000 rpm, 1750 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm and 4200 rpm, carried out on a dynamometer stand. During the tests, the engine was supplied with diesel oil and rape oil fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the following proportions: B20 (80% diesel oil and 20% FAME), B40 (60% diesel oil and 40% FAME), B60 (40% diesel oil and 60% FAME) and B80 (20% diesel oil and 80% FAME). This paper presents an assessment of the effect of the additions of rape oil fatty acid methyl esters to diesel oil on the unit fuel consumption and the emission of the following harmful exhaust gas components: nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulates and carbon dioxide. The fuel consumption was measured using a AVL 730 Dynamic Fuel Consumption fuel dosimeter. The measurements of the concentrations of the above-mentioned harmful exhaust gas components were performed using a MEXA-1600 DEGR analyser manufactured by Horiba, while particulate emissions were measured with a MEXA-1230PM analyser manufactured by Horiba.

2

Identification of indicators sensitivity of emissions as a diagnostic parameter during the dynamic process of marine diesel engine

Zadrąg Ryszard, Bogdanowicz Artur

Diagnostyka

|

2019

|

Vol. 20, No. 3

79--86

EN

The change of some parameters of an engine structure affects emission of harmful components in engine’s exhaust. This applies first of all to damages in a charge exchange system as well as in a fuel system and an engine supercharging system. These changes are significantly greater during dynamic states and in the time transient processes. It is possible to talk about different sensitivities of emission factors understood here as diagnostic parameters for the same extortion from the structure of the engine but executed in other load states. The article presents a diagnostic model of the engine in which the diagnostic symptoms are indicators and characteristics of the emission of gaseous exhaust components. The model was supplemented with the results of tests on the real object, which was a marine diesel engine. Propose measures of the sensitivity of the diagnostic parameter during dynamic processes - processes characterized by high variability of waveforms, which variability causes problems not only of measurement nature, but also often interpretive.

PL

Zmiana niektórych parametrów struktury silnika wpływa na zmianę emisji składników szkodliwych w spalinach. Dotyczy to przede wszystkim uszkodzeń następujących w układzie wymiany ładunku a także w układzie paliwowym i układzie doładowania silnika. Zmiany te są zdecydowanie większe podczas trwania stanów dynamicznych i towarzyszących im procesów przejściowych. Można więc mówić o różnej wrażliwości wskaźników emisji rozumianych tutaj jako parametrów diagnostycznych na te same wymuszenia pochodzące od struktury silnika, ale realizowane w innych stanach obciążenia. W referacie przedstawiono model diagnostyczny silnika, w którym symptomami diagnostycznymi są wskaźniki i charakterystyki emisji gazowych składników spalin. Model uzupełniono wynikami badań na obiekcie rzeczywistym, którym był okrętowy silnik spalinowy. Zaproponowano również miary wrażliwości parametru diagnostycznego podczas procesów dynamicznych - procesów charakteryzujących się dużą zmiennością przebiegów, która to zmienność powoduje problemy nie tylko natury pomiarowej, ale również często interpretacyjnej.

3

Analysis of the impact of damage to the injection system on the emission of toxic substances in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine

Dziubiński Mieczysław, Siemionek Ewa, Drozd Artur, Żur Paweł, Ścirka Michał, Tatarynow Dawid

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 4

112--118

EN

The article presented analyses the impact of damage to the injection system on the emission of toxic subsumes in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine. The work focuses on the basic elements of the injection system, which include injectors, throttle position sensor, coolant temperature sensor and lambda sensor. In addition, a catalytic reactor has been included in the context of its direct cooperation with the injection system under set conditions. The toxicity of exhaust gases of different spark-ignition engines fueled with petrol or gas in determined operating conditions using the MAHA MGT5 exhaust gas analyser was tested. The content of toxic substances in the exhaust gases was recorded for the correct settings of the injection system and for the engine working with damage to this system. The tests carried out will allow to assess the impact of the damage of the injection system on the toxicity of exhaust gases.

4

Optimalization of sorbent feeding in the dry method of flue gas desulfarization

Kwiatkowski P., Zadrąg R.

Journal of Polish CIMEEAC

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2017

|

Vol. 12, no 1

51--58

EN

The swiftly developing sea transport contributes to a considerable increase of fuel usage in the international shipping, which results in the escalation of toxic compounds emitted into the atmosphere. It is followed by the constantly heightened requirements limiting those emissions. In the case of sulfur oxide emission, inside of SECA (Sulfur Emission Control Area), the maximum content of sulfur in the shipping fuels used on the territorial seas was reduced to 0.1% per mass unit, but at the same time the legislator allows the ability to use a desulfurization installation working in a closed configuration. One of the desulfurization methods fulfilling those requirements is the dry method of desulfurization. In this paper are presented the results of research conducted on this very topic in the Department of Marine and Land Power Plants. The focus is the presentation of formulated characteristics of adsorbent feeding by an injection system dedicated to the dry method.

5

Ocena wpływu dodatku ozonu na jakość spalin silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym

Prajwowski K., Gołębiewski W., Kordas M., Rakoczy R.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

|

2017

|

Nr 4

138--139

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań jednostki wysokoprężnej (Fiat 1,3 JTD 16V MULTIJET). Praca miała na celu określenie wpływu ozonu na toksyczność spalin wylotowych. Zaobserwowano znaczącą redukcję toksyczności spalin poddanych oddziaływaniu ozonu.

EN

The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained for the compression- ignition unit (Fiat 1,3 JTD 16V MULTIJET). The primary objective of this work was to determine the effect of ozone on exhaust gas toxicity. A significant increase in the reduction of exhaust gas toxicity was observed.

6

Utilization of the zero unitarization method for the building of a ranking for diagnostic marine engine parameters

Zadrąg R., Kniaziewicz T.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

44--50

EN

Changing some of the parameters of the engine structure affects the emission of harmful components in the exhaust gases. This primarily concerns damage in the cargo exchange system as well as in the fuel system and engine boost system. Changes in emissions of harmful compounds are often ambiguous, depending largely on the parameters that shape the combustion process. An additional problem is that often simple but undesired interactions occur with the interaction of these parameters. It is therefore possible to speak of different diagnostic parameters' sensitivity to the same extractions from the engine structure, but implemented in other load states. In cases where the set of parameters is numerous and the values of these parameters are similar, there is a real problem with their proper classification, often based on the discretion of the researcher. In the paper the authors propose a methodology for classification of acquired diagnostic parameters. In previous papers [4, 5], Hellwig's method of information capacity index was proposed as a measure of diagnostic parameter sensitivity. This method can be used to build a diagnostic parameter ranking that divides the set of diagnostic variables into stimulators, destimulators and nominators. This normalization of the set seems to be helpful in making a diagnostic decision not influenced by the discretion of the researcher. The zero unitary method can also be helpful in creating diagnostic tests.

7

Creating a ranking of diagnostic parameters for the dynamic process of marine combustion engine in the aspect of multi-criteria evaluations

Zadrąg R.

Journal of Polish CIMEEAC

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2016

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Vol. 11, no 1

211--218

EN

The change of some of the engine’s structural parameters affects the change of toxic compound emission in exhaust gases. It mainly applies to the damage sustained by the charge exchange system as well as the fuel system and the engine supercharging system. These changes are definitely higher during dynamic states and the related transient states. As such, it is possible to speak of a diverse sensitivity of the diagnostic parameters on the exact same excitations which come from the structure of the engine but are realized in other states of load. In the paper presented is the diagnostic model of an engine, based on the theory of multi-equation models, in which the diagnostic symptoms are the indices and characteristics of exhaust gas compound emissions. For the sake of this paper, the modal value of the structure parameters was assumed to be the change in the angle of advance of the fuel injection. The diagnostic model of the engine was supplemented with the results of research conducted on a station equipped with a single cylinder CI test engine. In previous works of the author, the information capacity index method (the Hellwig method) was suggested for the measurement of the sensitivity of a diagnostic parameter. Based on this method, a ranking of diagnostic parameters can be created, which divides the collection of diagnostic transients into stimulators, destimulators and nominants. This normalization of the collection seems to be helpful during making a diagnostic decision.

8

The identification of toxic compound emission sensitivity as a diagnostic parameter during dynamic processes of the marine engine

Zadrąg R., Kniaziewicz T.

Journal of Polish CIMEEAC

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2015

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Vol. 10, no 1

161--170

EN

Changing some parameters of the engine structure alters the emission of harmful components in the exhaust gas. This applies in particular to the damage of charge exchange system as well as fuel system and engine supercharger. These changes are much greater during the dynamic states and their accompanying transitional processes. The different sensitivity of diagnostic parameters to the same force, coming from the engine structure, but realized in other loading conditions can be discussed. Presented in the paper is a model of the engine diagnostic, in which symptoms are indicators of diagnostic and emission characteristics of gaseous exhaust components. For the purpose of the paper the parameters were taken as the dominant structure in the change of fuel injection timing. The diagnostic engine model, based on the theory of multi-equation models, was supplemented by the results of the tests on the single-cylinder research engine ZS. Also proposed is a measure of the sensitivity of the diagnostic parameter during dynamic processes. The following paper is building on the problem previously published by the authors in [X].

9

Modelling of toxic compounds emission in marine diesel engine during transient states at variable pressure of fuel injection

Zadrąg R., Zellma M.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2014

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Vol. 9, no 1

135--144

EN

Transient states are an important part o f the spectrum of engine loads, especially the traction engines. In the case of marine diesel engines , transient states are of particular importance in reducing the analysis of motion units for special areas and maneuvering in port, the participation of transient states in the load spectrum significantly increases, also, the emission of toxic compounds from this period increases proportionally. The factors which determine the value of the emission are the forces shaping transient states a nd the technical condition of the engine itself. To describe the transient states , authors propose the use of multi equation models , the presented material focuses on the analysis of changes in toxic compound concentrations during transients at varying pressures of the injector opening, which is a typical regulatory parameter that undergoes relatively frequent changes in the process of using the engine. This paper presents a description of transient states using multi equation models, and the analysis of their relevance. It also presents a comparison of toxic compounds concentration at modified angles of fuel injection advance.

10

Modelling of toxic compounds emission in marine diesel engine during transient states at variable angle of fuel injection

Zadrąg R., Zellma M.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2013

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Vol. 8, no 1

105--114

EN

Transient states are an important part of the spectrum of engine loads, especially the traction engines. In the case of marine diesel engines, transient states are of particular importance in reducing the analysis of motion units for special areas and maneuvering in port, the participation of transient states in the load spectrum significantly increases, also, the emission of toxic compounds from this period increases proportionally. The factors which determine the value of the emission are the forces shaping transient states and the technical condition of the engine itself. This paper presents a description of transient states using multi-equation models, and the analysis of their relevance. It also presents a comparison of toxic compounds concentration at modified angles of fuel injection advance.

11

The usage of multi+equation models in the analzsis of dynamic process in marine diesel engine research

Zadrąg R., Zellma M.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2012

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Vol. 7, no 1

295-304

EN

Contemporary empirical researches on the object, which is combustion engine, are processed basing on the theory of experiment. Available software applications to analyze the experimental data commonly use the multiple regression models, which enables studying effects and interactions between input values of the model and single output variable. Using multi-equation models gives free hand at analyzing measurement results because it enables analysis of effects and interaction of many output variables. It also allows analysis of the measurement results during dynamic process. In this paper author presents advantages of using the multidimensional regression model on example of researches conducted on engine test stand.

12

Research on influence of selected control parameters of the injection system marine diesel engine on its exhaust gas toxicity

Witkowski K.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

551-556

EN

This paper devoted to pollution of the atmosphere due marine diesel engines in operation. In the paper presented are results of the investigations carried out in the Gdynia Maritime Academy laboratory with the use of a ship diesel engine, one-cylinder, two-stroke, crosshead of longitudinal scavenging, which was loaded by means of the water brake. This diesel engine combusting heavy fuel oil IF 40. The test-involved effect of two selected control parameters of fuel injection system ship diesel engine: fuel injection pressure and injection advance angle. Both selected control parameters were changed during the experiment separately, each of them three times. And so: changing the fuel injection pressure - for three selected values: 18, 22 and 26 MPa; changing the fuel injection advance angle - for three selected values: -10 centigrade, -13 centigrade and -16 centigrade before the piston's top dead centre (BTDC). The measurements were performed within the wide range of engine load at the permanent rotational speed of 220 rpm. For each of the above selected values six measurements were performed at the following engine loads: 25%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% nominal loads. Control parameters to change the injection pump and injector engine, during operation of the engine, by means of a supplementary-scaled instrumentation of the injector and injection pump. Owing to this is was not necessary to stop the engine before each successive test cycle. This way of realization of the measurements guaranteed running them in steady conditions. The elimination of influence of possible disturbances witch could arise from multiple starting and stopping the engine improved accuracy and reliability of the obtained results.

13

Wpływ dodatku ozonu na parametry pracy i toksyczność spalin silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym

Stoeck T., Prajwowski K.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2012

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R. 13, nr 10

85-87

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wstępnych, które prowadzono na typowym stanowisku dynamometrycznym w hamowni silnikowej. Obiektem pomiarów była jednostka wysokoprężna Fiat 1.3 JTD 16V MULTIJET. Zasadniczym celem eksperymentu było określenie wpływu ozonu na parametry robocze silnika oraz toksyczność spalin wylotowych. W poszczególnych cyklach badawczych jego dodatek doprowadzano przez układ recyrkulacji gazów z kadłuba i głowicy, wykorzystując przewód powietrza do turbosprężarki. Końcowe wyniki przedstawiono w formie graficznej, w postaci wybranych charakterystyk zewnętrznych silnika.

EN

In this paper are presented the results of preliminary tests which were conducted on a typical dy-namometer of engine test bench. The object of measurements was Fiat 1.3 JTD 16V MULTIJET compression-ignition unit. The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of ozone on engine working parameters and exhaust gas toxicity. In respective test cycles, its addition was being supplied through exhaust gas re-circulation system from the engine block and the cylinder head, using the air line to turbo-compressor. Final results are presented in a graphical form as selected external engine performance characteristics.

14

Analysis of a chosen combustion parameters of dual fuel SI engine fuelled with alcohol and gasoline

Stelmasiak Z., Larisch J., Semikow J.

Silniki Spalinowe

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2009

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R. 48, nr 2

26-36

EN

The paper presents comparison of a selected combustion parameters of dual fuel, spark ignited engine run on gasoline and methyl alcohol. To the testing was used a four cylinder Fiat 1100 MPI engine with multipoint injection of gasoline and alcohol to area of inlet valve. Preliminary tests of the engine pointed at significant differences of its performance when the engine was run on alcohol only and on gasoline only [1]. In connection with it an indicator tests were performed in order to determine, on their base, a differences present in runs of combustions of the both fuels. The paper presents comparison of maximal pressure, rate of pressure rise, average temperature of working medium, heat release rate, total angle of combustion and indicated efficiency. These parameters were analyzed both in function of crankshaft rotation angle as well as engine load. Obtained results show at different course of methanol combustion comparing to gasoline. Run of methanol combustion is more rapid, what leads to growth of engine efficiency and increase of maximal cylinder pressures. Growth of working medium temperatures during combustion, what can lead to growth of thermal load of the engine, can be included to disadvantageous phenomena. Performed tests point at necessity of engine tuning modification during feeding with methanol, what would enable to take full benefits of advantageous properties of that fuel. Simultaneously, optimization tests have enabled to restrict disadvantageous effects of combustion of methanol.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono porównanie wybranych parametrów spalania dwupaliwowego silnika o zapłonie iskrowym zasilanego alkoholem metylowym oraz benzyną. Do badań wykorzystano 4-cylindrowy silnik Fiat 1100 MPI z wielopunktowym wtryskiem alkoholu i benzyny w okolice zaworu dolotowego. Badania wstępne silnika wykazały istotne różnice jego parametrów zewnętrznych przy zasilaniu samym alkoholem i samą benzyną [1]. W związku z tym przeprowadzono badania indykatorowe, aby na ich podstawie określić różnice występujące w przebiegu spalania obydwu paliw. W artykule przedstawiono porównanie ciśnienia maksymalnego, szybkości narastania ciśnienia, średniej temperatury czynnika, szybkości wydzielania ciepła, całkowitego kąta spalania oraz sprawności indykowanej. Parametry te analizowano zarówno w funkcji kąta obrotu wału korbowego, jak i obciążenia silnika. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują na odmienny przebieg spalania metanolu w stosunku do benzyny. Przebieg spalania metanolu jest szybszy, co prowadzi do wzrostu sprawności silnika oraz podwyższenia maksymalnych ciśnień w cylindrze. Do niekorzystnych zjawisk należy zaliczyć wzrost temperatur czynnika podczas spalania, co może prowadzić do wzrostu obciążenia cieplnego silnika. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na konieczność zmian regulacji silnika przy zasilaniu metanolem, które pozwoliłyby w pełni wykorzystać korzystne właściwości tego paliwa. Równocześnie badania optymalizacyjne pozwoliłyby ograniczyć niekorzystne skutki spalania metanolu.

15

Charakterystyka katalizatora Ag/Al2O3 - SiO2 oraz badania redukcji tlenków azotu propanem w spalinach zawierających tlen

Kruczyński S.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2002

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Vol. 9, nr 2-3

275-284

PL

Przedstawiono badania fizykochemiczne charakteryzujące katalizator Ag/Al2O3 - SiO2 poprzez analizę struktury porowatej nośnika metodą DFT oraz dyspersję srebra metodą zliczania krystalitów z obrazów mikroskopu elektronowego. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań modelowych redukcji tlenków azotu propanem w spalinach silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym na katalizatorze umieszczonym w reaktorze cieplnym.

EN

Physical and chemical characteristics of Ag/Al2O3 - SiO2 catalyst through analysis of porous support structure using DFT method, as well as dispersion of silver through crystallites counting in electron microscope images were given. Simulation results are presented concerned with reduction of nitric oxides with propane in exhaust gas containing oxygen.

16

Badania redukcji tlenków azotu olejem napędowym na katalizatorach Ag/Al2O3-SiO2 i Pt/Al2O3 w spalinach zawierających tlen

Kruczyński S.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2002

|

Vol. 9, nr 2-3

267-274

PL

Przedstawiono badania aplikacyjne redukcji tlenków azotu olejem napędowym na katalizatorach Ag/Al2O3 - SiO2 oraz Pt/Al2O3. Oceniono wpływ opracowanego układu na szkodliwość spalin w wybranych punktach pracy silnika badawczego oraz w teście ECE R49. Ocenę zastosowanego układu katalitycznego przedstawiono w postaci uwzględniającej toksyczność poszczególnych składników spalin poprzez wykorzystanie w obliczeniach wartości NDS dla składników spalin.

EN

Data on reduction of nitric oxides with gas oil on Ag/Al2O3-SiO2 and Pt/Al2O3 catalyst systems have been presented. Effect of the elaborated system on harmfulness of exhaust gas in the selected point of test engine characteristics and in the ECE R49 test has been evaluated. The results have been presented in a form taking into consideration in computing process the toxicity (evaluated as the highest permissible values) of individual exhaust gas components for exhaust gas components.

17

Przegląd metod katalitycznego usuwania tlenków azotu ze spalin zawierających tlen

Kruczyński S.W.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2001

|

Vol. 8, nr 12

1221-1230

PL

Przedstawiono ogólną klasyfikacje katalitycznych metod usuwania tlenków azotu w spalinach zawierających duże ilości tlenu. Omówiono zagadnienia badawcze pojawiające się przy realizacji procesów redukcji NOx metodami NH3-SCR i HC-SCR oraz przedstawiono mechanizmy redukcji. Sformułowano podstawowe warunki i wymagania, jakie powinny spełniać mające praktyczne znaczenie reaktory katalityczne redukujące NOx w spalinach silników o zapłonie samoczynnym.

EN

A general classification of catalytic methods for eliminating of nitric oxides from exhaust gas containing large amounts of oxygen has been presented. Research problems arising in connection with realization of NOx reduction processes using NH3-SCR and HC-SCR methods have been discussed and reduction mechanisms have been presented. Basic conditions and requirements to be met by usable catalytic reactors reducing NOx in exhaust gag of Diesel-type engines have been defined.

18

Ocena wpływu organizacji ruchu pojazdów drogowych na globalną emisję substancji szkodliwych dla środowiska naturalnego

Chłopek Z.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2000

|

Vol. 7, nr 7

723-737

PL

Opisano modele ruchu pojazdów drogowych w warunkach miejskich, pozamiejskich i na autostradach. Przeanalizowano wpływ warunków ruchu pojazdów na ich właściwości ekologiczne ze względu na emisję substancji szkodliwych dla środowiska. Przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne zmiany organizacji ruchu w miastach oraz zmiany poziomu ekologicznego pojazdów.

EN

In thesis vehicle models in urban road, rural road and highway were described. Valuation of influence of vehicle traffic organisation on exhaust global emission was analysed. Simulations of changes in city traffic organisation and in vehicle ecological standard have been done.

19

Ocena skuteczności zmniejszania toksyczności spalin silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym metodami konstrukcyjnymi.

Chłopek Z., Danilczyk W., Kruczyński S.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

1999

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Vol. 6, nr 8

737-750

PL

Usystematyzowano metody zmniejszania emisji substancji szkodliwych zawartych w spalinach silników o zapłonie samoczynnym. Dokonano oceny skuteczności zmniejszenia toksyczności spalin silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym metodami konstrukcyjnymi. Przedstawiono wyniki badań trzech silników z systemem wtrysku bezpośredniego, będących odmianami tej samej konstrukcji: oprócz silnika podstawowego przebadano silnik z turbodoładowaniem oraz silnik gruntownie zmodyfikowany konstrukcyjnie. Badania przeprowadzono zgodnie z regulaminem ECE R 49. Przeanalizowano wpływ zmian konstrukcyjnych na emisje poszczególnych szkodliwych składników spalin. Stwierdzono, że samymi zmianami konstrukcyjnymi możliwe jest osiągnięcie emisji jednostkowych tlenków azotu i cząstek stałych jedynie na poziomie limitów obecnie obowiązujących (EURO 2).

EN

Methods of toxicity decrease of exhaust gas produced by diesel engines are presented. The estimation of efficiency of exhaust gas toxicity decrease of diesel engine with design modifications was done. Results of testing of three engines with direct injection are given. There were three versions of the same engine: the first of them it was the standard engine, the second one was turbocharged and the third of them was completely modificated in design way. Tests were performed according to ECER-49 regulation. Design moifications which have an effect on the exhaust emission were analysed. It was founf that design modifications give possibility to achieve nitrogen oxides and particular matter emission reduction only to the levels which are obligatory now (EURO 2).

20

Badania modelu globalnej emisji spalin z silników pojazdów drogowych.

Chłopek Z.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

1999

|

Vol. 6, nr 8

719-735

PL

Sklasyfikowano substancje szkodliwe zawarte w spalinach silników trakcyjnych oraz czynniki determinujące globalną emisję spalin ze źródeł motoryzacyjnych. Przedstawiono modele emisji substancji zawartych w spalinach z silników nagrzanych i w czasie nagrzewania się silników oraz model emisji par paliwa z układu paliwowego pojazdu. Przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne emisji spalin z silników nagrzanych dla stanu motoryzacji w Polsce w 1997 r. dla ekologicznych charakterystyk pojazdów odpowiadających okresowi lat 1980-2010. Oceniono sposób oceny opóźnienia stanu polskiej motoryzacji w stosunku do Europy Zachodniej ze względu na strukturę pojazdów.

EN

The classification of toxic substances that are present in the road vehicle exhaust and factors determining global exhaust emissions from motorization sources were examined. Exhaust emission models of warm engines and while they are warming up and the evaporative emission model were given. Simulation tests of warm engine exhaust emissions for vehicle fleet in Poland in 1997 were performed. These tests involved vehicle ecology characteristics from 1980 to 2010. The way of estimation of the Polish motorization level delay in comparison with the structure of vehicle fleet in Western Europe was analysed.