Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Spoil Heaps of Ain Aouda Mine (Taza, Morocco)

Assabar Narmine, Lahmidi Ikram, Jabrane Raouf

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 3

224--231

EN

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of heavy metal contamination in the spoil heaps of the former Ain Aouda mine (Taza). In this regard, solid samples of the study area were sampled. The set of analyses carried out have detected the presence of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) that remain in these metal discharges. The calculation of contamination/pollution indices: the Geo Accumulation Index (Igeo), the Enrichment Factor (EF) and the Pollution Index (IP) were used to predict the extent of heavy metal contamination. The results of this study suggest that the spoil heaps reveal polymetallic contaminations allowing the trace metal elements to be classified in the following order Zn ˃ Pb ˃ As ˃ Cu > Ni. Knowing well that the alteration and erosion of this stock of mine waste could contribute to the degradation of the natural environment by these elements that are present.

2

Quasi Real-Time X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer in Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in a Typical Suburban Area

Mach Tomasz, Rybak Justyna, Bihałowicz Jan, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 10

89--97

EN

The article studies the data from a weekly campaign devoted to the study of the elemental composition of PM10 in a selected receptor, in a suburban area (Mazowieckie Voivodeship). The sampling point was located at the intersection of main roads and in the vicinity of a typical single-family housing, not far from the electrified Warsaw-Białystok railway line and a small heating plant. The research was carried out in the summer season, in order to minimize the impact of municipal emissions on the concentrations and elemental composition of PM10. A Horiba PX-375 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to measure the one-hour concentrations of elements related to PM10. On the basis of the obtained results, the enrichment factors for PM10 in the analyzed elements (EF) were calculated and the principal components analysis (PCA) was performed. It was found that although the elemental composition of PM10 in all tested time intervals was noticeably influenced by the emissions from transport, the municipal emissions had a significant impact on the elemental composition, especially those related to coal combustion, and thus the concentration of PM10 during the study period. It seems that the possibility of observing the influence of all relevant sources on the composition and concentration of PM10 was possible owing to the use of hourly-averaged measurements of the elemental composition of PM10. In the case of daily averaged measurements, in a receptor with such PM10 elemental profile, it would be impossible to determine the periods, in which specific – qualitatively completely different – emission sources dominate.

3

Sources of anthropogenic contamination of soil in the Upper Silesian Agglomeration (southern Poland)

Pasieczna Anna, Konon Agnieszka Anna, Nadłonek Weronika

Geological Quarterly

|

2020

|

Vol. 64, No. 4

988--1003

EN

This assessment of the environmental degradation by toxic chemical elements within the Upper Silesian Industrial Agglomeration of Poland encompasses the impact of mining for base metals and coal and non-ferrous metalurgy, as well as the discharge of industrial and municipal sewage causing strong degradation of the natural environment in the area over the years. The content of the following elements: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sn, Sr, Ti, V and Zn has been assessed both in the topsoil (0.0-0.3 m) and the subsoil (0.8-1.0 m) of the study area. Concentrations of the elements in the <2 mm soil fraction were analysed using the ICP-OES method after Aqua regia extraction. The soil contamination was assessed based on the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The tests revealed elevated contents of several metals, arsenic and sulphur, exceeding the regional geochemical background levels. Unusually high concentrations of the following elements: As (up to 5,300 mg/kg), Cd (up to 388.8 mg/kg), Cr (up to 1,638 mg/kg), Cu (up to 13,230 mg/kg), Hg (up to 23.44 mg/kg), Mo (up to 93.7 mg/kg), Pb (up to 54,940 mg/kg), Sn (up to 701 mg/kg) and Zn (up to 88,120 mg/kg) were recorded. The highest concentrations of these elements were found in the proximity of smelters and residential areas. The spatial distribution of metals is shown as interpolated data on maps and compared with the locations of mining and industrial sites.

4

Geochemistry of surface sediments from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico : implications for provenance and heavy metal contamination

Armstrong-Altrin John S., Botello Alfonso V., Villanueva Susana F., Soto Luis A.

Geological Quarterly

|

2019

|

Vol. 63, No. 3

522--538

EN

Thirty-five near-surface sediment samples were recovered from the continental shelf and upper slope regions of the north-western (NW) Gulf of Mexico. The geochemical data of the sediments recovered were examined to investigate the weathering intensity, provenance, palaeo-oxygenation condition, and level of heavy metal contamination. The sediments analysed showed a moderate to high intensity of chemical weathering. Major and trace element concentrations indicated a terrigenous origin, closely related to the weathering of rocks rich in aluminosilicates. The results of this study further revealed that major rivers, the Bravo and Soto La Marina, played an important role in delivering sediments to the study area. The concentration of transition trace elements such as Cr, Cu, Ni, and V revealed that the sediments were derived from intermediate rocks such as andesite. The V/Cr, Ni/Co, and Cu/Zn ratios in the sediments were <2, <5, and <1, respectively, suggesting a depositional process occurred under well-oxygenated conditions. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) did not show a significant difference in sediment texture between the continental shelf and slope areas. The enrichment factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation index (lgeo) values were <2 and <1, respectively, suggesting the absence of an anthropogenic input.

5

Metal pollution of sediments in small water reservoirs in the Kielce Highland (South Eastern Poland)

Sałata Aleksandra, Bąk Łukasz Z., Chmielowski Krzysztof, Rabajczyk Anna

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2019

|

Vol. 45, no. 2

12--21

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the degree of pollution of bottom sediments from small water reservoirs with heavy metals on the basis of geochemical criteria: the enrichment factor and the geo-accumulation index. The investigations concerned sediment from eight small water reservoirs located in the Kielce Highland. Selected heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc, were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method. Additionally, particle size distribution and the content of organic matter expressed as loss of ignition were designated. The concentration of heavy metals in sediments was characterized by a great variety. The sediments of Morawica and Rejów show very high and extremely high enrichment in Cr, Zn, Pb and Cd. The values of EF>20 indicate also an extremely high enrichment in Cd of sediments in Mostki. In addition, over 50% of the samples of sediment from Suchedniów, Kaniów, Mostki and Jaśle reservoirs (the value of EF for Cr exceeded 5) indicate a moderately high enrichment of this element. Results of the analysis of the Igeo values indicate that the tested sediments are characterized by moderately high [formula] or high [formula] pollution. The differences in individual enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index values may result in the nature of heavy metals, their pollution loads, as well as speciation forms of trace elements occurrence in sediment-water complex. These findings indicate that the integration of geochemical methods is necessary for an appropriate ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in bottom sediments.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było określenie stopnia zanieczyszczenia osadów dennych pochodzących z małych zbiorników wodnych metalami ciężkimi. Do oceny zanieczyszczenia osadów zastosowano następujące wskaźniki: współczynnik wzbogacenia (EF) oraz indeks geoakumulacji (Igeo). Badaniom poddano osady z ośmiu małych zbiorników zaporowych zlokalizowanych na terenie Wyżyny Kieleckiej. Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich (kadmu, miedzi, chromu, ołowiu i cynku) określono metodą atomowej spektrometrii emisyjnej ze wzbudzeniem w plazmie indukowanej (ICP-OES). Dodatkowo określono skład granulometryczny osadów oraz zawartość materii organicznej – wyrażonej jako straty po prażeniu (LOI). Stężenie poszczególnych metali ciężkich w badanych zbiornikach było zróżnicowane. Osady zbiorników Morawica oraz Rejów charakteryzowały się bardzo dużym wzbogaceniem w chrom, cynk, ołów i kadm. Wyliczone wartości EF>20 wskazywały również na bardzo wysokie wzbogacenie w kadm osadów zbiornika Mostki. Ponadto, przeszło 50% przebadanych próbek osadów pochodzących ze zbiorników Suchedniów, Kaniów, Mostki i Jaśle odznaczało się umiarkowanie wysokim wzbogaceniem w chrom (EF>5). Natomiast wyniki analizy wartości indeksu Igeo wskazywały na umiarkowanie wysokie [formuła] lub wysokie [formuła] zanieczyszczenie osadów badanych zbiorników pierwiastkami śladowymi. Różnice w ocenie stopnia zanieczyszczenia osadów w oparciu o wyliczone wartości EF i Igeo mogą wynikać z samej natury pierwiastków śladowych, ładunku zanieczyszczeń wprowadzanych do środowiska wodnego jak również form specjacyjnych metali występujących w kompleksie woda–osad. Spostrzeżenie to implikuje konieczność integracji metod geochemicznych w ocenie ryzyka ekologicznego oraz stopnia zanieczyszczenia osadów dennych metalami ciężkimi.

6

Distribution of metals and extent of contamination in sediments from the south-eastern Baltic Sea (Lithuanian zone)

Remeikaitė-Nikienė N., Garnaga-Budrė G., Lujanienė G., Jokšas K., Stankevičius A., Malejevas V., Barisevičiūtė R.

Oceanologia

|

2018

|

No. 60 (2)

193--206

EN

The distribution of metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn) in surface sediments and the potential pollution sources in the south-eastern part (SE) of the Baltic Sea (Lithuanian zone) were investigated in relation to the environmental characteristics (amount of fine-grained particles, TOC content in sediments, origin of sedimentary organic matter, salinity, water depth) in 2011-2014. The higher metal concentrations were measured in sediments of the Curonian Lagoon and in the open waters. An approach using various environmental indices (enrichment factor EF, geoaccumulation index Igeo and contamination factor CF) was used to quantitatively assess a contamination degree. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to further scrutinize pollution from metal sources. The values of the contamination indices showed no/very low sediment contamination with Ni and Cr, minor-moderate contamination with Cu, Zn and Pb and moderate-considerable pollution with Cd. The strong relationships among metals suggested their similar distribution pattern and a combination of natural and anthropogenic sources. The higher metal concentrations coincided with an increasing amount of fine-grained fraction and organic carbon. In the territorial waters, the distribution of elements was related to the water depth. In addition, the binding of metals with insoluble iron sulphides might explain their high concentrations at the most remote and deepest stations.

7

Comparison of Enrichment Factors for Heavy Metals in Urban Street Dust and Air Aerosols

Kantor P., Svedova B., Drozdova J., Raclavska H., Kucbel M., Raclavsky K.

Inżynieria Mineralna

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 1

209--216

EN

The article deals with the possibility of comparison of enrichment factors in air aerosols (PM10) and in the street dust, which is influenced by air pollution. For Pb and Sb, the same value of enrichment factor for both matrices was determined. The highest enrichment index (> 100) in air aerosols was found for Cd, Sb, and As, and also for Pb, and Zn (approximately 100). Enrichment factor shows significant differences in the summer and winter period, for Cd, Sb, As, Pb, and Zn it is > 2x higher in winter. Enrichment factor in street dust was also evaluated using geochemical background of soils from Olomouc. It was found that the highest value of enrichment factor is achieved by Cu, which comes from transport (probably bus operation).

8

Ocena zanieczyszczenia osadów dennych metalami śladowymi na przykładzie nizinnego zbiornika zaporowego w miejscowości Słup na Dolnym Śląsku

Senze M., Kowalska-Góralska M., Wondołowska-Grabowska A.

Ochrona Środowiska

|

2017

|

Vol. 39, nr 4

51--56

PL

Analizowano stan zanieczyszczenia metalami śladowymi (ołów, miedź, nikiel, cynk, kadm, chrom, kobalt) osadów dennych w zbiorniku zaporowym „Słup” na Dolnym Śląsku na tle potencjalnego wpływu emisji z kopalni miedzi. Stopień zanieczyszczenia osadów dennych określono na podstawie wartości współczynnika geoakumulacji metali (Igeo). Spośród analizowanych metali śladowych kadm, ołów i cynk przyjmowały wartości mieszczące się w grupie osadów niezanieczyszczonych (I klasa czystości osadów). Z kolei zawartość kobaltu i miedzi osiągała wartości przypisane osadom niezanieczyszczonym i umiarkowanie zanieczyszczonym (klasa I i II), a nikiel i chrom osadom umiarkowanie zanieczyszczonym (klasa II). Badania wykazały nieznaczny wpływ oddziaływania kopalni miedzi na środowisko wodne zbiornika zaporowego. Możne to wynikać z napływu mas powietrza na teren Dolnego Śląska najczęściej z kierunków zachodniego i południowo-zachodniego. Dlatego kopalnia miedzi, znajdująca się na północ od zbiornika, nie ma większego wpływu na jakość wód retencjonowanych w zbiorniku zaporowym.

EN

Degree of trace metal contamination (lead, copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, chromium, cobalt) of bottom sediments from the Slup dam reservoir in Lower Silesia was analyzed considering potential effect of copper mine emissions. Degree of bottom sediment contamination was determined on the basis of a geoaccumulation factor for metals (Igeo). Among the analyzed trace metals, values for cadmium, lead and zinc were within the limits for the uncontaminated sediment group (class I). Cobalt and copper content were at the “uncontaminated” and “moderately contaminated” level (class I and II), while that of nickel and chrome — within limits for the moderately contaminated group (class II). The research pointed towards a negligible copper mine impact on the water environment of the dam reservoir. This could be explained by the inflow of air masses over the Lower Silesia Region mostly from the west and south-west. Therefore, the copper mine located to the north of the reservoir does not have a major effect on quality of the dam reservoir water.

9

Charakterystyka mineralogiczno-geochemiczna osadów westfalu Lubelskiego Zagłębia Węglowego wzbogaconych w mangan

Kokowska-Pawłowska M., Krzeszowska E.

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

|

2016

|

z. 5 (17)

121--133

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań petrograficznych i geochemicznych iłowców i mułowców z serii paralicznej i limnicznej (westfal A i B) Lubelskiego Zagłębia Węglowego zawierających podwyższone zawartości manganu. Analizy geochemiczne obejmowały oznaczenie zawartości Fe, V, Ca, Mg i Ni oraz ich korelacje z zawartością Mn. Badania wykazały, że we wszystkich próbkach wyraźnie wzbogaconych w Mn zawartość Fe jest również podwyższona, a pomiędzy wartościami wskaźników wzbogacenia EfMn i EfFe występuje silna korelacja. Stwierdzono ponadto, że podwyższonej zawartości Mn czasami towarzyszy podwyższona zawartość V, Ni lub Mg.

EN

The paper presents the results of petrographic and geochemical researches of the claystones and mudstones with high content of Mn from paralic and limnic series (Westphalian A and B) of the Lublin Coal Basin. Geochemical analysis included the content of Fe, V, Ca, Mg and Ni and their correlation with the content of Mn. Studies have shown that, for all samples significantly enriched in Mn concentration of Fe is also high and the correlation between the values of the enrichment factor EfMn and EfFe is very strong. It was also found that the increased content of Mn sometimes is accompanied by increased content of V, Ni or Mg.

10

Temporal and spatial variability of heavy metals in Marudu Bay, Malaysia

Soon T. K., Denil D. J., Ransangan J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2016

|

Vol. 45, No. 3

353--367

EN

The current study was conducted to estimate the baseline concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Marudu Bay. Environmental parameters were measured at the seafloor and samples of the surface sediment were collected at monthly intervals for the period of 12 months. The organic content, total N, total P and concentration of 16 trace metals in the surface sediment were analyzed. The baseline concentration of metals was estimated by geochemical normalization. Anthropogenic inputs of metals were then estimated by calculating the enrichment factor for each element. The result demonstrated that the C/N ratio of sediment at Marudu Bay varies from 15 to 342, which indicates the dominance of terrestrial organic matter. The baseline concentration of V, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ti, Rb and Sr were 26.74 mg kg-1, 1.04%, 205.31 mg kg-1, 34.09 mg kg--1, 507.61 mg kg-1, 93.25 mg kg-1, 37.56 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration of most metals was comparable to the baseline, except Mn and Zn which showed higher concentrations in most parts of Marudu Bay. In conclusion, the metal concentration in Marudu Bay is still within the permissible

11

Evaluation of metal uptake factors of native trees colonizing an abandoned copper mine e a quest for phytostabilization

Nirola R., Megharaj M., Palanisami T., Aryal R., Venkateswarlu K., Naidu R.

Journal of Sustainable Mining

|

2015

|

Vol. 14, iss. 3

115--123

EN

Accumulation and enrichment of heavy metals in the above ground parts of Australian native Acacia pycnantha (Ap) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Ec) growing in an abandoned copper mine located in Kapunda, South Australia have been studied. Cu and other metals (Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb) in plants and corresponding soils were analysed to evaluate plant interaction with soils containing heavy metals. As per the total metal analysis of leaf and corresponding soil samples, Ap accumulated 93.6 mg kgˉ¹ of Cu in leaf while the corresponding soil concentration was 1632 mg kgˉ¹. The Ec accumulated 5341 mg kgˉ¹ of Cu in leaf while the concentration of this heavy metal in soil was 65 mg kgˉ¹ in soil. The ESEM spectral analysis also showed a high leaf concentration of Cu in Ec (7%) as against only 0.12% in Ap. The average bioconcentration factor for Cu, Zn,Cd and Pb in Ec wasmuch higher than that of Ap. Similarly, enrichment factor was more in Ec for Cu, Zn and Pb than in Ap. In contrast, translocation factor for only Zn and Cd was high in Ap. This study points out that Ec and Ap have different stabilising potential in remediating heavy metals like Cu in mined soils.

12

Evaluation of the content of heavy metals in Fluvisols of floodplain area depending on the type of land use

Kobierski M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2015

|

Vol. 16, nr 1

23--31

EN

The aim of the research was the evaluation of the potential contamination with heavy metals in Fluvisols, used as grasslands and arable soils of Vistula River floodplain in the area of the Chełmiński and Nadwiślański Complex of Landscape Parks. The indicators proposed by Håkanson allow to evaluate the potential ecological risk of the contamination with heavy metals associated with the accumulation of one metal or a combination of multiple metals. The mean total content of Cd, Pb, Ni Cu, Zn, Mn, as well as Fe in Fluvisols at the depth of 120–150 cm was assumed as the content of the local geochemical background and it was: 1.0 mg·kg-1, 22.8 mg·kg-1, 26.9 mg·kg-1, 1.4 mg·kg-1, 60.8 mg·kg-1, 591 mg·kg-1, and 17.6 g·kg-1, respectively. The values of the indicators such as contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF) revealed higher levels of the accumulation of heavy metals in the soils of grasslands, which shows that the method of their use has a significant effect on the total metal content. Contamination with heavy metals in the surface layer of the investigated Fluvisols was found, and in terms of the content with cadmium a moderate and considerable potential ecological risk was reported. Due to the fact that no unfavourable effect of trace elements on the riverside environment was proved and that the floodplain areas are under agricultural use, to evaluate the contamination with metals, the limit values for the soils of agricultural land were assumed as stipulated in the Regulation of Minister of the Environment of September 9, 2002. According to that criterion, the soils studied do not qualify as contaminated with metals. Only in one of the soil sampling points the total content of zinc was higher than the one determined as the maximum for agricultural land soils, namely 350 mg·kg-1. A significantly positive correlation was noted between the content of C org and the total content of metals as well as very numerous interactions between metals. The results of cluster analysis confirm that the method of use determines the concentration of metals in the surface layer of the Fluvisols studied.

13

Pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) as bioindicators in the assessment of urban environmental contamination with heavy metals

Parzych A., Jonczak J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2014

|

Vol. 15, nr 3

29--38

EN

The studies on Zn, Pb and Mn content in the needles of Pinus silvestris and the surface layers of soil (0.0–0.2 m and 0.4–0.6 m) were conducted in 2010. The research stations covered residential areas, municipal parks, neighborhoods of busy streets, industrial establishments, waste dump sites and sewage treatment plants. The tests showed variability of the analyzed elements in the needles of P.silvestris and in municipal soils, depending on concentration of urban and industrial activity, road traffic and the depth of the examined layer of soil. The content of heavy metals in soil varied. Zn was character-ized by the highest variability, depending on the depth (50.3–52.4%), Mn slightly lower (38.5–42.2%), and Pb, the lowest (29.1–33.2%). It was evidenced that the values of the heavy metals enrichment factors of the needles are closely connected with concentration of the examined metals in the soil. Along with the rise of Zn, Mn and Pb content in the soil, the values of enrichment factors decreased. The strongest negative correlations were found in the case of Zn, both in 1-year old needles (r = -0.82, p<0.05), as well as in 2-years’ old ones (r = -0.83, p<0.05), slightly weaker in the cases of lead and manganese.

14

Wykorzystanie współczynnika wzbogacenia, współczynnika kumulacji oraz równania podziału do oceny intoksykacji Pb lub Cu migdałka gardłowego

Nogaj E., Kwapuliński J., Bebek M., Mitko K., Suflita M., Brewczyński P., Babula M., Kowol J.

Journal of Ecology and Health

|

2012

|

R. 16, nr 2

70-75

PL

W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty obliczeń współczynników wzbogacenia i kumulacji, które wykorzystano do oceny zróżnicowania stopnia intoksykacji migdałka gardłowego Pb lub Cu dzieci zamieszkujących na terenie województwa śląskiego. Współczynniki równania podziału wskazują na większe znaczenie obecności tych pierwiastków w pyle zawieszonym w powietrzu w porównaniu do wtórnej emisji cząstek glebowych. Migdałek gardłowy jest dobrym bioindykatorem Pb i Cu. Pb i Cu oznaczono metodą ICP za pomocą aparatu Solar 2000 z dokładnością do 0,01ug/g.

EN

This work presents the results of enrichment and accumulation factor calculations which were used to estimate the level of Pb and Cu intoxication of pharyngeal tonsils of children living in the Silesian Region. The parameters of the equation of division indicate a higher significance of the presence of these elements in dust suspended in the air in comparison to secondary emission of soil particles. Pharyngeal tonsils are a good bio-indicator of Pb or Cu. Using the ICP method with the help of the Solar 2000 apparatus, the estimated accuracy of Pb and Cu were 0.01ug/g.

15

Analiza przydatności współczynnika wzbogacenia i kumulacji Ni i Ba w migdałkach gardłowych dzieci dla potrzeb oceny zróżnicowania stanu zanieczyszczenia

Nogaj E., Kwapuliński J., Suflita M., Babula M., Bebek M., Mitko K.

Ekologia i Technika

|

2011

|

R. 19, nr 4

225-230

PL

W pracy zamieszczono wyniki zawartości Ni i Ba w migdałkach gardłowych dzieci w poszczególnych miejscowościach województwa śląskiego. Potwierdzono duże właściwości kumulacyjne tkanki migdałka gardłowego w odniesieniu do Ni i Ba na podstawie wyznaczonych współczynników wzbogacenia i kumulacji. Migdałki gardłowe można wykorzystać do bioindykacji tych pierwiastków obecnych w pyle zawieszonym w powietrzu i powierzchniowej warstwie gleby.

EN

In this work results Ni and Ba contents in pharyngeals tonsils of children livng in voivodschip Silesia. Contributed high bio availability to accumulation of Ni and Ba was found on the basis enrichment factor and coefficient accumulation. The pharyngeals tonsils can be used as biomarker investigated elements in atmosphere aerosols and surface, layer of soil.

16

Surface microlayer in lakes of different trophic status : dissolved organic matter and microbial community

Kostrzewska-Szlakowska I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2005

|

Vol. 53, nr 3

341-351

EN

The aim of this paper was to recognize the abundance and frequency of occurrence of neustonic organisms (i.e. bacteria and algae) and accumulation of organic matter in the surface microlayer of three lakes of various trophic status. Water samples of surface microlayer (0.5-0.6 mm) were taken (with Larsson plate) as well as from respective epilimnion layer (0.5 m deep). The samples were collected from shallow, humic (Sphagnum bog) lake (L. Flosek), shallow, eutrophic (L. Zełwążek) and deeper, mesotrophic lake (L. Kuc) in the period May-October during several years. The ratio of the organisms' density in the surface microlayer to that in deeper (0.5 m) layer was considered as the enrichment factor (Ef). Heterotrophic bacteria accumulation in the surface microlayer was more frequent in the humic lake (75% of samples), than in meso- and eutrophic lakes (64%). Mean Ef values for bacteria ranged from 1.3 to 1.4. Frequent, but not strong accumulation of dissolved organic matter measured as the absorbance A254 was noted in the surface microlayer. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measured in automatic analyzer showed much stronger accumulation in microlayer, particularly in humic lake. Concentration of chlorophyll a in the surface microlayer was found as the most fluctuating and the highest mean Ef value was found in the mesotrophic lake (Ef = 6.3). An attempt was undertaken to explain these differences between the lakes in terms of variable ratio between allochthonous and autochthonous production in humic, mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes.

17

Surface microlayer in lakes of different trophic status : nutrients concentration and accumulation

Hillbricht-Ilkowska A., Kostrzewska-Szlakowska I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2004

|

Vol. 52, nr 4

461-478

EN

In humic, mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes (Masurian Lakeland, Poland) 100-200 samples of water were taken with the Larsson' plate from 0.5 mm surface microlayer (SM) and compared with the subsurface water (SSW). The concentrations of dissolved (in filtered water) and total (unfiltered) Kjeldahl nitrogen (organic and ammonium) (DKN, TKN) and phosphorus (DP,TP) were measured and the concentration of their particulate (sestonic) forms (PON, PP) estimated. The enrichment (accumulation) factor (Ef) values were calculated as the ratio of nutrients concentration in SM versus SSW. Accumulation of nutrients in SM was a common phenomena in the studied lakes. However, it occurred more frequently (close to 100% of samples) for TKN than for TP (60-70%) as well as generally more frequently in humic lake than in other lakes. Mean values of EF for TKN were 2.6, 2.2 and 1.6 respectively for the humic, meso- and eutrophic lakes but the accumulation values for TP were lower - 2.3, 2.1 and 1.5 respectively for above lakes (the differences between concentrations in both layers as well as between lakes are significant). It means that in avverage the concentration of N and P in SM is at least two times greater than in SSW in humic and mesotrophic lakes. Accumulation of particulate forms of nutrients (PP, PKN) in SM is less ffrequent but the respective values of EF are higher comparing with the total content of these nutrients and again higher for nitrogen than phosphorus. The higher values of the weight ration N:P (33-76) in seston were found in SM in comparison with SSW (24-56) as well as higher contribution of particulate (sestonic) N (PON) to its total content in respective layer. Generally higher values of these two indices were found in both layers of humic lake than in other lakes. No significant differences were found for the Ef values calculated for spring and summer periods (Expected to differ in organic matter production and algae biomass) as well as for different sites (open water, shore region) in the lakes. It was concluded that the humic substances of allochthonous origin (mostly refractory and of high molecular weight) possibly predominate in the surface microlayer of the humic lake and support the stability and specificity of this layer in comparison with deeper water layer as well as in comparison with the meso- and eutrophic lakes. In highly productive, eutrophic lake, the surface microlayer is less distinct and stable possibly because of relatively greater role in situ autochthonous production of labile organic matter which shows low affinity to the air-water interface. The surface microlayer in mesotrophic lake displays somehow intermediate properties in comparison with humic and eutrophic lakes.