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EN
This article presents the vehicle selection problem in the vehicle fleet of a retail and service company. In practical solutions, fleet managers focus on minimizing TCO (total cost of ownership) while ignoring the impact of the fleet on the environment. Therefore, a literature review of current solutions in fleet selection and their determinants is presented. Considering the latest trends and regulations, an optimization model for vehicle selection was developed, considering the issues of emissions and external costs. The developed model was implemented in a simulation environment, and a sensitivity analysis of the solutions obtained was carried out. The research made it possible to indicate the impact of the pollutant emission factor on the fleet structure.
PL
Znane z socjologii określenia: "syndrom NIMBY" (ang. not in my backyard - wszędzie, tylko nie na moim podwórku) i "syndrom BANANA” (ang. build absolutely nothing, anywhere near anything - nie budować absolutnie niczego, nigdzie i w pobliżu czegokolwiek) doskonale ilustrują sytuację, z jaką spotykają się samorządowcy czy przedsiębiorcy chcący dziś zbudować instalację termicznego przekształcania odpadów (ITPOK) w Polsce.
EN
The subject of the article is the study of pollutant emissions from automotive combustion engines that operate in conditions corresponding to the actual use of vehicles. Includes information on the properties of exhaust gas parameters characterizing the following features: energy, economic, environmental impact and serviceability, additional and constant. Reference was also made to the possibility of determining driving tests on the basis of the similarity of the frequency characteristics of the speed processes in both driving tests and in the real use of vehicles. The article presents the results of research on pollutant emissions from a passenger car during the RDE test. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon dioxide, as well as the number of particulate matter, were examined. The process of pollutant emission intensity and particle number intensity was presented. Tests were carried out on the statistical properties of the car speed, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter. Correlation studies were carried out on the speed of the vehicle, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter.
EN
The functioning of societies involves the generation of large amounts of municipal waste. This study analyses the amounts of pollutants emitted during waste incineration at selected waste incineration plants in 2022. Four plants were analyzed, including three with the highest waste processing efficiency (Copenhagen, Poznan and Kraków) and one with the lowest efficiency (Konin). The choice of the factory in Copenhagen was also dictated by its strategic location in the city center. Analysing the emissions from the selected plants it can be concluded that environmental safety was maintained and none of the plants exceeded the permissible emissions value.
EN
The article presents a method of determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions and fuel mass consumption in real driving conditions based on a single test using the Monte Carlo method. The exhaust emission characteristics used are the relations between the emissions and the average vehicle speed, and the characteristic of the fuel mass consumption is the dependence of the fuel mass consumption at the average vehicle speed. The results of empirical research of a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine in the RDE test were used. The use of the Monte Carlo method made it possible to select the initial and final moments of averaging the process values, thanks to which it was possible to determine the discrete values of the characteristics for various values of average vehicle speeds. The determined discrete characteristics of the particulate mass and number emissions and fuel mass consumption relative to the average vehicle speed were approximated by polynomial functions of the second and third degree. The determined discrete characteristics, presented as sets of points, were characterized by a relatively small dispersion in relation to their polynomial approximations. The average relative deviation of the points of discrete characteristics from the value of the polynomial was in most cases small – less than 4%, only in the case of the number of particles emitted deviated from this, as the average relative deviation of the measured points from the determined polynomial was nearly 14%. Combined with the results of RDE empirical studies, the Monte Carlo method proved to be an effective method for determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions, measured in real vehicle operating conditions. The main advantage of the proposed method was a significant reduction in the actual workload necessary to carry out the empirical research – where it became possible to determine the characteristics in a large range of vehicle average speed values with just one drive test. Using standard methods of measuring this type of data, it would be necessary to conduct multiple tests, driving at different average vehicle speeds.
PL
Już od dawna jesteśmy świadomi poważnego problemu, którym jest zanieczyszczenie powietrza w miastach spowodowane przez pyły zawieszone i szkodliwe dla zdrowia związki chemiczne. Rzadko jednak uświadamiamy sobie, że powietrze w budynkach jest równie zanieczyszczone jak to na zewnątrz, a niekiedy nawet o wiele bardziej.
8
Content available remote Badania emisyjno-energetyczne typoszeregu kotłów małej mocy
PL
Przedstawiono dyskusję i analizę porównawczą wyników eksperymentalnego określenia parametrów kotła z wynikami uzyskanymi metodą obliczeniową poprzez wykorzystanie interpolacji liniowej. Stosowanie interpolacji liniowej do określenia zgodności parametrów kotła w typoszeregu z wymaganiami ekoprojektu jest w pełni uzasadnione i prawidłowe, pomimo pewnych ograniczeń tej metody.
EN
The characteristic parameters of the boiler were detd. by the computational method using the linear interpolation of the analogous parameters obtained exptl. for adjacent boilers in the series of types. The values of energy and emission indicators obtained as a result of exptl. studies and linear interpolation were compared with the criteria of the EU regulation. In each tested series, these boilers met all the necessary criteria with regard to the requirements of the EU regulation.
PL
Pomimo że spalanie odpadów na skalę przemysłową znane i stosowane praktycznie jest już od blisko 150 lat, to ciągle każdy pomysł budowy takiej instalacji budzi ogromne emocje i protesty społeczne. Zastanawiające jest, dlaczego budowa spalarni odpadów spotyka się z tak ogromnym oporem.
PL
Kraków po raz drugi przymierza się do wprowadzenia Strefy Czystego Transportu. Pierwsza próba zakończyła się niepowodzeniem, bo od stosukowo twardych reguł i norm pozostawiono zbyt wiele wyjątków. W efekcie skuteczne egzekwowanie zakazów okazało się w praktyce niemożliwe.
PL
W Europie funkcjonuje ponad 500 spalarni odpadów, na całym świecie ponad 2500, a w Polsce ledwie 9. Dlatego konieczna jest budowa kolejnych. Wbrew obawom, budowa instalacji nie jest groźna dla środowiska. Konieczne jest zatem obalenie szeregu mitów.
EN
The paper describes the method of determination of exhaust emission characteristics from a vehicle engine based on the results obtained in a driving test simulated on an engine dynamometer. These characteristics are the relations between the specific distance emissions and the zero-dimensional characteristics of the process of vehicle velocity: the average velocity value and the average value of the absolute value of the product of vehicle velocity and acceleration. The exhaust emission characteristics are used to simulate the emissions from vehicles operating in different types of traffic conditions. The engine operating states in the engine dynamometer tests were determined by the operating conditions of the vehicle during the test. The authors applied the Monte Carlo method in order to determine the characteristics of different values of the zero-dimensional characteristics of the vehicle velocity process. This enabled the determination of the characteristics based on the test results from a single realization of the process of vehicle velocity. Additionally, the developed method allowed a replacement of the empirical research on the chassis dynamometer with the one performed on the engine dynamometer. The obtained exhaust emission characteristics are in line with the characteristics obtained on the chassis dynamometer in multiple tests.
EN
Nanomaterials are a new group that has quickly found a wide range of applications in medicine, cosmetology, the food, weapons or automotive industry. They are also used as a fuel additive. This paper reviews the literature and assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the use of nanoparticles in automotive engine fuels. The results obtained so far are presented and further research directions in this field are identified.
EN
Energy efficiency has a central role to play in achieving decarbonisation targets in the transport system by changing the demand for mobility (eg. by influencing on peoples behaviors) and improving the performance of the fleet. In recent years there has been an increase of use of private transport, partly due to the recent pandemic and the reduced choice of public transport. People's travel habits have changed in frequency and motivation due to the reduced number of seats on public transport, due to social distancing but also due to online education and teleworking. This increase of use private cars has led to an increase in environmental emissions as a result of the high proportion of vehicles with combustion engines in urban areas. The highest concentrations have been recorded at road intersections and in particular at roundabout configurations where there is a higher number of stop-and-go's overall. The increasing importance of air pollution from vehicle traffic has suggested that environmental considerations should be added to these aspects as a criterion for intersection design. Several studies in the literature analyze the environmental emissions generated by vehicle traffic using different methods such as on-site recording, mathematical modeling of dispersion phenomena, micro-simulation of vehicle traffic, use of appropriately equipped vehicles with sensors. This paper presents a comparison between the results obtained from the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) and the results obtained from the VERSIT+ emission model. Specifically, using a Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) installed on a series of test cars, instantaneous CO2 and NOX emissions were measured on repeated trips along two-lane roundabout intersections. The study was carried out by examining a selected two-lane roundabout in the city of Rzeszow (Poland) using 9 different vehicles fueled by petrol, diesel, and LPG. The results show that the investigated VERSIT+ emission model used led to an inaccuracies in the calculation of CO2 and NOx emissions. Furthermore, current micro-scale emission models may not estimate emissions of harmful exhaust components with sufficient accuracy due to the specificities of roundabout driving. Therefore, there is a strong demand for the development of new emission models, adapted to the driving behavior of drivers appropriate for different infrastructure objects such as roundabouts.
15
Content available remote Multi-objective ant lion optimizer for solving environmental/economic dispatch
EN
In this paper, a new meta-heuristic algorithm, called multi-objective ant lion optimizer (MOALO) is presented to solve environmental economic dispatch (EED) problem considering transmission losses. MOALO is inspired by the hunting mechanism of ant lions in nature. It has fast convergence speed due to the use of roulette wheel selection technique. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus test system and the results were compared with other methods reported in recent literature. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous optimization methods.
PL
Przedstawiono nowy meta-heurystyczny algorytm MOALO do rozwiązywania problemu ekonomicznego rozsyłu energii z uwzględnieniem warunków środowiskowych. Algorytm jest inspirowany mechanizmem polowania. Daje on szybkie rozwiązanie z wykorzystaniem zasady koła w ruletce. Algorytm sprawdzono wykorzystując system testowy IEEE-30-bus.
PL
Rolnictwo odgrywa ogromną rolę w polskiej gospodarce i tym samym wywiera znaczny wpływ nie tylko na środowisko, ale też na społeczeństwo. Mowa tu w szczególności o emisji zanieczyszczeń w postaci gazów cieplarnianych, za które w znacznej mierze odpowiada rolnicza działalność, a dokładnie utrzymanie zwierząt gospodarskich, zwłaszcza bydła. Ponadto trend uprzemysłowienia, widoczny w rolnictwie, niesie wiele negatywnych skutków – od degradacji ekosystemów po wpływ na zdrowie i życie ludzi oraz zwierząt.
PL
Przedstawiono przegląd piśmiennictwa dotyczącego trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych uwalnianych w wyniku pożarów składowisk odpadów oraz ich negatywnego wpływu na zdrowie ludzi. Uwzględniono także niektóre aspekty edukacyjne.
EN
A review, with 68 ref., of persistent org. pollutants generated landfills fires. Negative impact of exposure to them on human health was discussed. Some educational aspects were also taken into consideration.
PL
Wskazano na nieustannie i dynamicznie wzrastające na świecie zapotrzebowanie na energię pochodzącą w znacznej części z zasobów konwencjonalnych. Wymusza to stosowanie dopasowanych do zakładu metod zmniejszania emisji zanieczyszczeń do środowiska. Przedstawiono wpływ funkcjonowania zakładu termicznego przekształcania odpadów na wybrane elementy środowiska: powietrze, wody i gleby oraz klimat akustyczny. Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów przepływu strumienia oczyszczonej pary i pyłu do otoczenia oraz wyniki symulacji zależności stężenia zanieczyszczeń na poziomie gruntu w funkcji odległości od emitera. Stwierdzono niewielki wpływ zakładu termicznej utylizacji odpadów na stan środowiska.
EN
A review, with 16 refs., of solid process wastes, water and soil contaminants as well as acoustic and air pollutants. The impact of the thermal waste treatment plant on the state of the environment was found as a low one.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki doświadczalnych badań procesu spalania węgla kamiennego oraz węgla kamiennego z dodatkiem niskoemisyjnego innowacyjnego paliwa węglowego określanego jako bezdymny węgiel. Testy spalania standardowego węgla kamiennego oraz dwóch próbek węgla o różnej zawartości nowego dodatku przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu tego samego kotła górnego spalania z zasypem ręcznym o mocy 22,5 kW. W spalinach powstałych ze spalenia czystego węgla kamiennego oraz mieszanek węgla kamiennego z dodatkiem bezdymnego węgla w stosunku 85/15 i 70/30 zmierzono stężenia CO, NOx i SO₂ oraz zawartość pyłów, PM₁₀ i PM₂.₅, wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych Σ16 WWA i Σ4 WWA, a także benzo(a)pirenu. Porównano emisję tych związków. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że podczas spalania mieszanek węgla 85/15 oraz 70/30 nastąpiło znaczące zmniejszenie większości wskaźników emisyjnych w porównaniu ze spalaniem czystego węgla kamiennego.
EN
The water boiler was fed with hard coal or smokeless coal-contg. mixts. in mass ratios of 85/15 and 70/30. The compn. of exhaust gases was analyzed for the content of CO, CO₂, NOx, SO₂, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A significant redn. of emission factors was obsd. during the combustion of blends with smokeless coal as compared to the combustion of hard coal.
PL
Przeprowadzono ocenę emisji zanieczyszczeń z kotłów opalanych węglem, biomasą, gazem ziemnym, lekkimi olejami opałowymi oraz z pomp ciepła. Wyliczono całkowite zużycie paliwa do wytwarzania energii oraz wielkość emisji zanieczyszczeń towarzyszącej procesowi spalania. Najniższą emisję obserwowano w przypadku kotła na gaz ziemny.
EN
Pollutant emission anal. was carried out for coal-fired, biomass-fired, natural gas or light fuel oil-fired boilers and a heat pump. The total fuel consumption for generation primary and final energy and the emission of pollutants accompanying its combustion were calculated. The lowest emission was obsd. for supplying energy by using a natural gas boiler.
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