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1
Content available Zinc and graphene oxide composites as new protective coatings for oil and gas pipes
Asghar M. Sajid Ali, Amir Muhammad, Hussain Umer, Sabri Mohammed M.
Polimery
|
2023
|
Vol. 68, nr 7-8
378--385
EN
A method was developed to obtain a durable coating consisting of zinc and graphene oxide (Zn-GO) in order to reduce the mechanical wear and tear rate of oil and gas pipelines made of steel. Graphene oxide was obtained from graphite by wet chemical oxidation (unmodified and modified Hummers’ method) using potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid. The process was carried out at various temperatures. The steel was covered with an ultrathin layer of Zn-GO using the electrophoretic deposition method. The GO particle size (< 90 nm) was confirmed by XRD and laser analysis. For GO particles obtained by the modified Hummers’ method, a significant correlation was observed in the scratch (R2 = 0.87) and the Vickers microhardness tests (R2 = 0.93), which indicates a lower wear rate of Zn-GO-coated steel.
PL
Opracowano metodę otrzymywania trwałej powłoki składającej się z cynku i tlenku grafenu (Zn-GO) w celu zmniejszenia zużycia mechanicznego rurociągów naftowo-gazowych wykonanych ze stali. Tlenek grafenu pozyskano z grafitu metodą mokrego utleniania chemicznego (niezmodyfikowana i zmodyfikowana metoda Hummersa) z użyciem nadmanganianu potasu i kwasu siarkowego. Proces prowadzono w różnej temperaturze. Stal powlekano ultra cienką warstwą Zn-GO techniką osadzania elektroforetycznego. Metodą XRD i analizą laserową potwierdzono wielkość cząstek GO (≤ 90 nm). Dla cząstek GO otrzymanych zmodyfikowaną metoda Hummersa zaobserwowano znaczącą korelację w teście zarysowania (R2 = 0.87) i mikrotwardości Vickersa (R2 = 0.93), co świadczy o mniejszym stopniu zużycia stali pokrytej powłoką Zn-GO.
2
Parameters of the electrophoretic deposition process and its influence on the morphology of hydroxyapatite coatings. Review
Laska Aleksandra, Bartmański Michał
Inżynieria Materiałowa
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2020
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Vol. 41, nr 1
18--23
EN
Metalic materials intended for bone implants should exhibit not only appropriate mechanical properties, but also high biocompatibility. The surface treatment modifications, for example acidic treatment, laser treatment, ion implantation and deposition of highly biocompatible coatings, are practiced. One of the most popular methods of surface modification is to deposit hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings. HAp naturally occurs in human body, but can be also synthesized in laboratory conditions. Among diverse deposition techniques, electrophoretic deposition (EDP) is a cost-effective method in which charged particles, dispersed in an organic medium, after applying voltage migrate to the counter charged electrode forming a thin coating. There are several parameters that can be controlled during the process and that directly affect the morphology of the surface. The zeta potential and pH of prepared colloidal suspension are closely related to suspension stability and affect the susceptibility for agglomeration of the particles. Electrical settings, especially applied voltage, affect primarily the mass of deposition, but also the porosity of the coating, as well as its homogeneity. One of the basic parameters of EDP method is time of process. With increasing process time, the thickness of the deposited coating increases. Importantly, its mechanical properties also decrease. Moreover, the particles shape and size also affect the morphology of the deposited coating. The analysis of many variables is necessary to choose the right parameters to obtain the coating with desired morphology. In this paper, the influence of each parameter on the morphology of hydroxyapatite coatings is discussed.
PL
W artykule omówiono parametry procesu osadzania elektroforetycznego (EDP) ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wykorzystania tej metody do osadzania powłok hydroksyapatytowych (HAp) na metalicznych implantach kostnych. Bazując na obszernym przeglądzie najnowszej literatury, przedstawiono wpływ każdego z parametrów na strukturę powstającej powłoki.
3
Content available Wpływ metody trawienia i spiekania na właściwości mechaniczne powłok z nanorurek węglowych osadzonych elektroforetycznie na podłożu Ti13Nb13Zr
Rogala-Wielgus Dorota, Majkowska-Marzec Beata
Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny
|
2019
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Vol. 8, nr 5
417--420
PL
Do eksperymentu użyto stopu tytanu Ti13Zr13Nb, który ze względu na swój skład chemiczny i właściwości mechaniczne stanowi doskonały materiał do zastosowań w inżynierii medycznej. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu przygotowania podłoża (rodzaj zastosowanego odczynnika trawiącego) oraz obróbki końcowej (proces spiekania) powłok z wielościennych nanorurek węglowych na ich właściwości mechaniczne (nanotwardość, moduł Younga). Do wytworzenia powłoki węglowej wykorzystano metodę osadzania elektroforetycznego (EDP). Porównano działanie dwóch odczynników trawiących: 5% roztworu kwasu fluorowodorowego i 25% roztworu kwasu azotowego (V). Właściwości mechaniczne zmierzono za pomocą nanoindentera, a mikrostrukturę powierzchni badano z użyciem skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego (SEM). Zarówno rodzaj odczynnika trawiącego, jak i zastosowanie obróbki spiekaniem wpływa na mikrostrukturę powierzchni oraz właściwości otrzymanych powłok z nanorurek węglowych.
EN
The titanium alloy Ti13Zr13Nb was used as a substrate, because of its chemical composition and good mechanical properties in application of tissue engineering. The aim of the work was the assessment of the influence of a substrate preparation (a kind of etching agent) and a final treatment (a sintering process) of multi-walled carbon nanotube’s coating for mechanical properties (nanohardness, Young modulus). Electrophoretic deposition (EDP) method was used to prepare carbon coating. The effect of two etching agents: 5% hydrofluoric acid solution, 25% nitric acid solution was compared. Mechanical properties were checked with nanoindenter and surface microstructure with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Both, the kind of etching agent and sintering process carried out affects surface microstructure, and properties of achieved carbon nanotubes coatings.
4
Content available remote Formation of the regularly arranged tubular pores during electrophoretic deposition
Lin C., Li W., Fang C., Wu Q., Xie H., Xu D., Xu B.
Materials Science Poland
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2017
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Vol. 35, No. 1
151--158
EN
The formation mechanism of regularly arranged tubular pores during an acid-based electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process was explored by studying the influence of gauze electrodes and suspension properties on the pore structures. The gauze electrodes can change the intensity of electrical field on the electrode surface, and thus control the pore locations. The mesh size not only restricts the ultimate pore size, but also determines the regularity of the pores. Under specific experimental conditions, a critical value of mesh size for attaining the regularity of the pores arrangement can be determined. Meanwhile, the pore structures can be controlled by a combination of pH value and zeta potential of the suspensions. The strength of the acidity is also one of the determinants to the final structures.
5
Content available Electrophoretic deposition of nc-TiO2/chitosan composite coatings on X2CrNiMo17-12-2 stainless steel
Ledwig P., Kot M., Moskalewicz T., Dubiel B.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2017
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Vol. 62, iss. 1
405--410
EN
This paper presents the results of the optimization of electrophoretic deposition parameters for manufacturing of nc-TiO2/chitosan composite coatings on X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel as well as characterization of their microstructure, electrochemical properties and adhesion to the substrate. The parameters of the deposition, such as composition, pH and zeta potential of suspensions as well as voltage and process time were investigated. The microstructure of the coatings was characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Obtained coatings were crack-free and uniform. The adhesion strength to the substrate was measured by scratch-test method. The deposited coatings improve corrosion resistance of steel, what was confirmed by the results of the potentiodynamic polarization test in Ringer’s solution.
6
Content available remote The Properties of Nanosilver – Doped Nanohydroxyapatite Coating On the Ti13zr13Nb Alloy
Bartmanski M.
Advances in Materials Science
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2017
|
Vol. 17, nr 2(52)
18--28
EN
The aim of this research was to study the properties of nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHAp) and nanohydroxyapatite, doped with nanosilver (nanoHAp/nanoAg), coatings obtained by an electrophoretic deposition process. The suspensions was prepared by dispersing 0.1 g of HAp nanopowder for nanoHAp coatings and 0.1 g of nanoHAp and 0.025 g nanoAg for nanoHAp/nanoAg coatings. The deposition was carried out for 1 min at 50 V voltage followed by drying at room temperature for 24 h and heating at 800°C for 1 h in vacuum. The thickness of the nanoHAp and nanoHAp/nanoAg coatings was found as of about 5 μm. The corrosion behavior tests made by potentiodynamic methods brought out slightly higher values of corrosion current for nanoHAp coatings and nanoHAp/nanoAg coatings as compared to the reference Ti13Zr13Nb specimen. The nanohardness of the nanoHAp coatings achieved 0.020 ± 0.004 GPa and of the nanoHAp/nanoAg coatings 0.026 ± 0.012 GPa. Nanoscratch test of the nanoHAp and nanoHAp/nanoAg coatings revealed an increased Critical Friction (mN) in the presence of nanosilver particles. The wettability angles decreased for nanoHAp/nanoAg coatings comparing to pure nanoHAp coatings on titanium alloy.
7
Preparation and preliminary study of the properties of electrophoretically depositied nc-TiO2 coatings on 316L steel
Ledwig P., Dubiel B.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
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2016
|
Vol. 37, nr 6
300--305
EN
TiO2 coatings on 316L steel were obtained by use of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. Potential zeta of nc-TiO2 particles in suspensions containing water and ethanol in different ratios was measured. Suspensions’ pH was stabilized by addition of acetic or citric acid and ammonia solution. Addition of citric acid in small amount decreased the zeta potential. Optimal suspensions’ parameters for cathodophoretic and anodophoretic deposition were selected based on the results of zeta potential measurements versus pH for suspensions with different water–ethanol concentration. For the chosen suspensions the rate of TiO2 deposition was measured. Coatings’ cohesion was improved by sintering or addition of biopolymer (chitosan) into suspension. The microstructure of coatings was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The roughness and thickness of the coatings were measured by optical profilometer. The corrosion resistance in Ringer’s solution was examined by use of polarization curves. The corrosion resistance of coated steel was higher than that of uncoated one. For sintered coatings the corrosion currents were lower, but the passive area was larger for not sintered ones. The contact angle of the coatings was measured using a sitting drop method and superhydrophilic properties of TiO2 coatings were confirmed. Manufactured coatings may be potentially used as self-cleaning materials. Additionally, TiO2 coatings improve corrosion resistance of steel and exhibit good bactericidal properties. These characteristics may make this sort of materials potentially useful also for medical purposes.
PL
Celem pracy było wytworzenie powłok nc-TiO2 na stali 316L metodą osadzania elektroforetycznego zarówno anodowego, jak i katodowego, a także zbadanie ich mikrostruktury, odporności na korozję oraz zwilżalności.
8
Polimerowe, ceramiczne i kompozytowe powłoki osadzane elektroforetycznie poprawiające wybrane właściwości materiałów metalowych
Moskalewicz T., Dubiel B., Sak A., Ratajski D., Jugowiec D., Ledwig P., Cieniek Ł., Kalemba-Rec I., Radziszewska A., Kopia A., Zimowski S., Kot M., Łukaszczyk A.
Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze
|
2016
|
Vol. 83, nr 4
170--180
PL
W pracy przedstawiono przykłady wytwarzania różnych powłok polimerowych, ceramicznych i kompozytowych na modelowych materiałach metalowych metodą osadzania elektroforetycznego. W celu uzyskania dobrej jakości powłok dobrano optymalny skład chemiczny roztworów koloidalnych i zawiesin stosowanych do osadzania, wyznaczono ich pH i potencjał elektrokinetyczny dzeta. W oparciu o badania makroskopowe osadzonych powłok dobrano napięcie prądu i czas osadzania elektroforetycznego. Wykonano badania mikrostruktury powłok i ich wybranych właściwości, takich jak odporność na korozję, odporność na zużycie ścierne i wyznaczono współczynnik tarcia. Wykazano, że osadzanie elektroforetyczne jest perspektywiczną metodą wytwarzania powłok: polimerowych (chitozanu i polieteroeteroketonu (PEEK)), ceramicznych (SiO2), kompozytowych (szkło żelowe/chitozan, TiO2/chitozan, SiO2/HA i Ni/SiO2) oraz porowatych (szkło żelowe/PEEK).
EN
This work presents the examples of electrophoretic deposition of various polymer, ceramic and composite coatings on model metallic materials. To obtain good quality coatings, chemical composition of colloidal solutions and suspensions as well as their pH and Zeta potential were optimized. The voltage and deposition time were experimentally selected by macroscopic examination of as-deposited coatings. Investigation of the coatings comprised microstructural analysis as well as determination of their corrosion resistance, wear resistance and friction coefficient. It was demonstrated that electrophoretic deposition is a prospective method for obtaining various coatings: polymer chitosan and polyetheroetheroketone (PEEK), ceramic SiO2, composite gel glass/chitosan, TiO2/chitosan, SiO2/HA and Ni/SiO2 as well as porous sol-gel glass/PEEK coatings.
9
Content available The influence of different types of carbon nanomaterial on the properties of coatings obtained by EPD process
Wedel-Grzenda A., Tran K., Frączek-Szczypta A.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2016
|
Vol. 19, no. 135
13--20
EN
The first part of research is concentrated on the examination of four kinds of carbon nanomaterials: graphene oxide (GO), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by authors in acids mixture (MWCNT-F) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with hydroxyl groups (MWCNT-OH). Their microstructure was observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on these microphotographs, the diameters of carbon nanotubes were measured. Then, in order to determine the chemical composition of GO, MWCNT-F and MWCNT-OH, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied. The second part of study concerns the properties of the coatings deposited electrophoretically on titanium surface from previously examined nanomaterials. The coatings from individual nanomaterials, as well as hybrid layers (combination of two kinds of nanomaterial: graphene oxide with one of the nanotubes’ type) were deposited. Microstructure of the coatings was evaluated with the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, surface properties, important while considering usage of these materials in biological applications: wettability and surface free energy were evaluated. These materials are meant for application in regeneration and stimulation of nerve cells. All the research carried out so far indicate the influence of nanotubes’ functionalization degree on the properties of their suspension, as well as the characteristics of the deposited coating. It also influences the interaction between two types of nanomaterials. Functionalization in strong acids introduces functional groups which change nanotubes’ dimensions, properties and behavior in solution.
10
Content available Porous SiO2/HAp Coatings on Cp-Titanium Grade 1 Surfaces Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition
Moskalewicz T., Babkiewicz A., Dubiel B., Kot M., Radziszewska A., Łukaszczyk A.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 4
2177--2182
EN
Porous hydroxyapatite doped SiO2 coatings were electrophoretically deposited (EPD) on commercially pure titanium. The influence of EPD parameters on coatings quality was investigated. Microstructural observation was done using transmission and scanning electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffractometry. The coatings consisted of spherical micro and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) as well as amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles. The coatings exhibited open porosity with pore diameter up to 1 μm and due to presence of nanoparticles high surface development. It was found that application of SiO2/HAp coating increase corrosion resistance of titanium in Ringer’s solution.
11
Content available Electrophoretic Deposition and Characterisation of Chitosan Coatings on Near-Β Titanium Alloy
Jugowiec D., Kot M., Moskalewicz T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 2A
657--664
EN
In this study, chitosan coatings were electrophoretically deposited (EPD) on near-β Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy. The influence of colloidal solution composition and EPD parameters on the quality of chitosan coatings was investigated. It was established that the uniformity of as-deposited chitosan coatings is highly dependent on the chemical composition of the solution used for EPD, the pH, electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of chitosan colloidal molecules, as well as EPD parameters, such as potential difference value and deposition time. The microstructure of the coatings was investigated using electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The coatings 350 nm thick were homogeneous and exhibited an amorphous structure. The coatings had low hardness and Young’s modulus. The effect of surface of the substrate preparation prior to coating deposition on the adhesion of chitosan coatings to the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was also investigated. The coatings exhibited good adhesion to the non-acid-etched surface of the titanium alloy.
12
Content available remote The determinants of morphology and properties of the nanohydroxyapatite coating deposited on the Ti13Zr13Nb alloy by electrophoretic technique
Bartmański M., Berk A., Wójcik A.
Advances in Materials Science
|
2016
|
Vol. 16, nr 3(49)
56--66
EN
The titanium and its alloys belong at present to the most preferred and commonly applied biomaterials for load-bearing implants. The surfaces of biomaterials are subjected to modification, including the hydroxyapatite coatings deposited in order to ensure corrosion resistance and better joining between an implant and a bone through the possibility of ingrowth bone into the coating. In this paper, the morphology and properties of the nanohydroxyapatite coating deposited on the Ti13Zr13Nb flat surfaces using electrophoretic method are presented. Electrophoretic deposition at two different current values and two electrolytes (first – ethanol with nanoHAp, second – methanol with nanoHAp) was applied. The scanning electron microscopy examinations and wettability angle measurements showed an increase in the coating thickness, the surface coverage and decrease in biocompatibility with increasing voltage. The surface condition and biocompatibility of coatings were better when using methanol/nanoHAp solution as compared to the ethanol/nanoHAp one.
13
Content available remote Electrophoretic deposition of biphasic calcium phosphates on NiTi shape memory alloy
Dudek K., Goryczka T.
Composites Theory and Practice
|
2015
|
R. 15, nr 4
192--195
EN
The application of NiTi shape memory alloys as long-term implants is dependent on ensuring better biocompatibility of the alloy, which is achieved by modification of the surface by protective coatings or layers. In the present work, the surface of the NiTi alloy was covered by biocompatible composite coatings. First, a thin rutile layer was formed by autoclaving. Passivation was carried out at 134°C for 30min which resulted in forming an amorphous TiO2 thin film. Next, a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) layer was deposited using electrophoresis (EPD). The BCP layer was composed of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The deposition voltage ranged from 40 to 80 V at a constant time of 60 s. The deposited samples were vacuum-sintered at 800°C for 2 h. Observations of the surface revealed that the obtained coatings are crack-free. Measurements done with X-ray diffraction confirmed that the top layer consisted of β-TCP and HAP.
PL
Zastosowanie stopów NiTi w medycynie na długoterminowe implanty uwarunkowane jest zapewnieniem lepszej biokompatybilności, co uzyskuje się poprzez modyfikację powierzchni wyjściowej stopów odpowiednimi biozgodnymi warstwami lub powłokami ochronnymi. W prezentowanej pracy powierzchnia stopu NiTi została zmodyfikowana poprzez wytworzenie warstwy kompozytowej składającej się z rutylu (TiO2) oraz dwufazowej ceramiki opartej o fosforany wapnia (BCP), złożonej z hydroksyapatytu (HAP) oraz ceramiki whitlockitowej (β-TCP). Warstwa rutylu została wytworzona poprzez pasywację w autoklawie parowym w warunkach stosowanych do sterylizacji narzędzi chirurgicznych (134°C, 30 min). Następnie na spasywowanej powierzchni została wytworzona metodą elektroforezy powłoka składająca się z dwufazowej ceramiki CaPs. Warstwy nałożono, stosując napięcie z zakresu 40÷80 V przy stałym czasie depozycji wynoszącym 60 s. Naniesione warstwy spiekano w piecu próżniowym w temperaturze 800°C przez 2 h. Obserwacje powierzchni przy użyciu skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego nie wykazały pęknięć na powierzchni warstw. Badania rentgenowskie potwierdziły kompozytowy skład warstwy wierzchniej.
14
Content available Osadzanie elektroforetyczne polimerowych powłok chitozanu na biomateriałach metalowych
Jugowiec D., Radziszewska A., Kot M., Moskalewicz T.
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2014
|
Vol. 17, no. 128-129
16--19
PL
Powłokę chitozanu osadzono metodą elektroforezy na stopie tytanu Ti13Zr13Nb i stopie kobaltu Co28Cr-5Mo. W obecnej pracy skoncentrowano się głównie na doborze parametrów osadzania elektroforetycznego w celu otrzymania jednorodnych i ciągłych powłok chitozanu na biomateriałach metalowych. Stwierdzono, że jednorodność wytworzonych powłok istotnie zależała od rodzaju zastosowanego roztworu i parametrów osadzania. Mikrostrukturę materiałów podłoży oraz powłok zbadano za pomocą mikroskopii świetlnej oraz skaningowej- i transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej. Zmierzono twardość i moduł Younga materiałów podłoży. Wykonano badania przyczepności powłok do podłoży stopu tytanu i stopu kobaltu.
EN
A chitosan coatings were electrophoretically deposited (EPD) on the Ti13Zr13Nb and Co28Cr5Mo alloys. The main aim of this work was to find optimal EPD parameters to obtain homogeneous and continuous coating on metallic biomaterials. It was found that the homogeneity of the as-deposited chitosan coatings on the substrate materials is highly dependent on chosen solution and EPD parameters. The microstructure of the substrate materials and coatings were investigated by light microscopy as well as scanning- and transmission electron microscopy. The hardness and Young’s modulus of the alloys as well as adhesion of chitosan coatings to the substrate materials were investigated.
15
Content available remote Corrosion behaviour and bioactivity of electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite on titanium in physiological media (Hanks' solution)
Mohamed S. G., Abdeltawab A. A., Shoeib M. A.
Materials Science Poland
|
2012
|
Vol. 30, No. 3
231--239
EN
Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were developed on titanium by electrophoretic deposition at various deposition potentials from 30 to 60 V and at a constant deposition time of 5 minutes using the synthetic HA (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2,) powder in a suspension of dimethyleformamide (DMF, HCON(CH3)2). The electrochemical corrosion behavior of the HA coatings in simulated body fluid (SBF Hanks' solution) at 37 °C and pH 7.4 was investigated by means of open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The OCP test showed that the values OCP for the coated samples shifted to more noble potential than for uncoated titanium, especially after addition of dispersants. The polarization test revealed that all HA coated specimens had a corrosion resistance higher than that of the substrate, especially after addition of dispersants such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and triethanolamine (TEA) to the suspension. The coating morphology after polarization, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed penetration of electrolyte into the HA coats. Bone bioactivity of the coatings was also studied by immersion of coated specimens in Hanks' solution for 3 and 7 days. Apatite granules growth on the surface of the HA layers was observed.
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