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From social distancing to the financial and medical services disintermediation during the Covid-19 pandemic

Solarz Jan Krzysztof, Waliszewski Krzysztof

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 160

561--576

EN

Purpose of the article: In one sentence, disintermediation, it is said, neutralized the negative effects of the lack of trust that accrue from the use of a trusted third party, the intermediary. Disintermediation it is new system allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted party. Its conceptual framework focuses on posing key cognitive questions. The first core question to ask here is: how can we in intermediation after Global Financial Crisis? The second core question to ask is: how can humans blend disintermediation with policy norms to sustain disintermediation when they know that a minority can violate pandemic norms? Institutional experiences of disintermediation to individual-level social distancing, can sharpe individual beliefs, risk attitudes, and choices for years to come. The aim of the article is to indicate the mechanisms of conscious exclusion from traditional financial intermediation. Indirectly, it is gaining momentum as a result of distrust of banks and health services. In the first part, we remind you how successive financial crises crushed the banks ’natural monopoly on direct contact with customers. Tin the second part, we show how artificial intelligence penetrates people and enforces self-confidence. Social distinctions is ubiquitous in times of trust in social media. In conclusion, we show that the COVID-19 pandemic did not cause, but only exposed the scale of the social distance to traditional banking. Research methods: Narrative literature review of disintermediation discuss the state of the science of a specific theme from a theoretical and contextual point of view. We start with critical analysis of securitisation, switch to social distancing and transfer to telemedicine. Systematic literature review need replace disintermediation by digital transformation, social distancing by pandemic as catalyst of change, securitisation as equivalent of financial capital and telemedicine as equivalent of human capital. This is a conceptual article. Orginality/value: The pandemic has become a catalyst for the disclosure of long-term changes in financial intermediation. The tendency to financial mediation emerged half a century ago during the crisis of small and medium-sized banks in the United States. Collective memory has survived and has been used to advance digital non-banking intermediation. The barrier to its development was digital exclusion cantered around seniors and socially excluded people.

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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on amount of municipal waste generation -a case study

Cieśla Maksymilian, Kosior Anna

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2022

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Vol. 69

5--16

EN

This paper presents the results of research of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the amount of municipal waste generated in the Sieniawa community (region of south-eastern Poland). The basic assessment was conducted in relation to restrictions and limitations introduced in Poland in order to limit the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The pandemic affected almost every sector of the economy and disrupted the existing social life, including the functioning of the waste management system. The analysis shows that in the study area during the COVID-19 pandemic, the level of waste generated changed significantly. It has been shown that in the study area, the introduction of various types of restrictions (including working and/or studying remotely, "national quarantine", restrictions on free movement, etc.) contributed to a clear reduction in the amount of waste generated in households, business entities, educational institutions, commercial and service facilities, among others. It turned out that the results of our observations are opposed with the generally formulated theses in this aspect. Nevertheless, an undeniable and unintended (indirect) effect of the actions taken to combat COVID-19 was the reduction of negative human pressure on the environment (reduction of the amount of waste generated). It follows that, in the current state of knowledge, there are no unambiguous patterns developed which would make it possible to predict the mechanisms responsible for the amount of waste generated during a crisis situation.

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Evaluation of The Impact of Covid-19 PanDemic on Transportation: a Case Study of Iran

Nadimi Navid, Monsourifar Fariborz, Asadamraji Morteza, Amiri Amir Mohammadian

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 62, iss. 2

25--38

EN

Coronavirus first appeared in January 2020 and has spread dramatically in most parts of the world. In addition to exerting enormous impacts on public health and well-being, it has also affected a broad spectrum of industries and sectors, including transportation. Countries around the world have imposed restrictions on travel and participation in activities due to the outbreak of the virus. Many countries have adopted social distancing rules requiring people to maintain a safe distance. Therefore, the pandemic has accelerated the transition into a world in which online education, online shopping, and remote working are becoming increasingly prevalent. Every aspect of our life has witnessed a series of new rules, habits, and behaviours during this period, and our travel choices or behaviours are no exception. Some of these changes can be permanent or have long-lasting effects. To control this situation, these changes must first be recognised in various aspects of transportation in order to provide policies for similar situations in the future. In this regard, this study seeks to examine how transportation sectors have changed in the first waves of the pandemic. Iran has been selected as the case study in this paper. This research is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the effects of the Coronavirus pandemic on rural transportation in Iran. This is followed by assessing the impacts of the virus on urban transportation in Tehran (the capital of Iran). The behaviour of more than 700 travellers in terms of trip purpose, travel time, and mode choice is evaluated using a questionnaire. Results indicate that the number of passengers has reduced dramatically in rural transportation systems. In such systems, considerations such as keeping social distancing, disinfection of passengers and their luggage, and unemployment of a group of personnel working in the transportation industry have been more evident. In urban transportation, education trips have dropped the most. This might relate to an increase in online teaching and health concerns. The same pattern can be seen in the passengers who used bicycles, public taxis, and other public transportation systems. Finally, during the pandemic, drivers’ speed has increased, which justifies the need for traffic calming for drivers.

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Geometria międzyludzkich relacji przestrzennych w okresie epidemii

Eckes Konrad P., Barańska Anna M.

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2020

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R. 92, nr 11

12--16

PL

Na wstępie niniejszego artykułu wykazano, że określane przez decydentów na różnych etapach rozwoju epidemii – wskaźniki obowiązującego tak zwanego dystansu społecznego są nieścisłe, nie uwzględniają w dostatecznym stopniu relacji przestrzennych, są niejasne w odbiorze społecznym, a także nie zawierają konkretnych rozwiązań praktycznych. W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto zadanie nadania określeniu „dystans społeczny” cech ścisłych, definiowanych na bazie geometrii oraz podania rozwiązań w typowych przypadkach przestrzeni przebywania zbiorowości ludzkiej. Rozważono geometrię rozmieszczenia ludzi w różnych sytuacjach: zbiorowości stojącej w czasie koncertów lub uroczystości religijnych, ludzi siedzących w czasie posiłków w zbiorowych salach żywienia oraz uczestniczących w wykładach, widowiskach kulturalnych, rozrywkowych lub sportowych. W ostatniej wymienionej grupie przypadków, koncepcję budowy schematu rozmieszczenia ludzi musimy dostosować do istniejącej, arbitralnej siatki realnych miejsc sali wykładowej, sali teatralnej, kina lub stadionu. Artykuł zawiera praktyczne przykłady z komentarzami i oceną korzyści zarówno od strony zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa, jak również od strony efektywnego wykorzystania przestrzeni.

EN

At the beginning of this article, it was shown that the indicators of the current so-called social distance determined by decision-makers at various stages of the epidemic development are inaccurate, do not sufficiently take into account spatial relations, are unclear in public perception and do not contain specific practical solutions. Therefore, this study undertakes the task of giving the term „social distance” precise features, defined on the basis of geometry, and providing solutions in typical cases of the space of the human community. The geometry of the distribution of people in various situations of everyday life was considered: the community standing during concerts or religious ceremonies, sitting during meals in collective catering rooms and the community participating in lectures, cultural, entertainment or sports performances. In the latter group of tasks, the concept of building a people distribution scheme must be adapted to the existing, arbitrary grid of real places in a lecture hall, theater hall, cinema or stadium. The article contains some practical examples with comments and evaluation of benefits both in terms of ensuring safety and in terms of effective use of space.

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COVID-19 and library public space transformations

Antonenko Nadiia, Rumilets Tetiana

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2020

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Vol. 13, no. 4

5--18

EN

The paper discusses the transformation of library spaces that occurred as a result of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, as well as the directions of further spatial changes in library spaces under new pandemic conditions. The study is based on the integrated use of research methods. As part of the study, the functional-planning organization of library spaces was analyzed before and during the pandemic, and the content of the crisis of the social institution of libraries in the new conditions was formulated. The experience of transformations of other types of buildings - offices, restaurants, hospitals, etc. - was examined and the appropriateness of using these design techniques in library spaces was examined, individual planning techniques were highlighted as fundamental for further space-planning transformations, and considered as basic recommendations for adaptations, reconstruction and construction of new library buildings. Particular attention is paid to updating the focus on maintaining public health, including through the more active implementation of appropriate environmental standards in the construction.

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Wpływ dystansu społecznego na relacje przełożony-podwładny

Sztumski J.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2016

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Nr 1

186--194

PL

Dystans między przełożonym a podwładnym jest szczególnym przypadkiem ogólniejszego zjawiska występującego w przeróżnych systemach społecznych, w więc także w systemach militarnych. Systemy militarne są w wysokim stopniu sformalizowane, a istniejące w nich dystanse społeczne mają duży wpływ na postawy i zachowania osób współdziałających ze sobą w poszczególnych strukturach wojskowych. W rozważaniach nad wpływem dystansu społecznego na relacje służbowe trzeba uwzględnić również dwa inne dystanse, które pojawiają się w przestrzeni społecznej, mianowicie dystans przestrzenny i dystans psychiczny. Uwzględniając możliwość istnienia wymienionych dystansów, można lepiej zrozumieć zarówno sens dystansu społecznego, jak i jego funkcje w kształtowaniu relacji przełożony-podwładny.

EN

The distance between a superior and a subordinate is a specific example of a common phenomenon occurring in various social systems, including military ones. Military systems are highly formalized, therefore, social distance occurring there strongly influences the behavior and attitude of people cooperating with one another within individual military structures. When discussing the influence of social distance on work relations, one needs to also consider two other kinds of distance that exist in society, that is spatial distance and psychological distance. Bearing in mind the possibility of the occurrence of these kinds of distance, one can better understand the sense of social distance and is functions in forming the superior - subordinate relation.

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Badania eksperymentalne dystansów społecznych pomiędzy człowiekiem a robotem PeopleBot

Arent K., Komarnicki B.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektronika

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2012

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z. 182, t. 2

659--669

PL

W referacie podjęto zagadnienie dystansów personalnych, które obowiązują pomiędzy społecznie interaktywnym robotem o urzeczywistnieniu mechanoidalnym a człowiekiem. Dokonano krótkiego przeglądu prac w tym zakresie. Zaprojektowano dedykowany eksperyment HRI i przedstawiono jego wyniki. Stwierdzono, że dystanse personalne człowiek-robot są porównywalne z dystansami obowiązującymi dla układu człowiek-człowiek. Otrzymane wnioski są zgodne z wynikami w z eksperymentów wcześniej przeprowadzonych w Wielkiej Brytanii i Szwecji.

EN

This article is addressed the issue of social distances, which are applicable in relations between a human and a mechanical-looking robot. A short survey of relevant results from the literature has been done. A dedicated experimental study is designed, the obtained results are presented and discussed. It was found that human-robot interpersonal distances are comparable to those found for human-human interpersonal distances. It confirms and it is consistent with results obtained earlier in experimental studies carried out in UK and Sweden.