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1

Wpływ szybkości chłodzenia na stan odkształcenia w zamarzającym betonie

Koniorczyk Marcin, Bednarska Dalia, Konca Piotr, Giergiczny Zbigniew

Materiały Budowlane

|

2023

|

nr 3

5--10

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano analizę wpływu szybkości chłodzenia na odkształcenia zamarzającego betonu. Badania eksperymentalne dotyczyły pomiaru odkształceń materiału poddanego cyklom chłodzenia-ogrzewania realizowanym z rożną szybkością. Analizę uzupełniono o badania porozymetryczne i kalorymetryczne. Otrzymane wyniki jednoznacznie potwierdzają teorię Powersa mówiącą, iż odkształcenia betonu zwiększają się wraz ze wzrostem szybkości chłodzenia. Maksymalne odkształcenia obserwowane w betonie napowietrzonym były znacznie mniejsze niż w betonie referencyjnym, co potwierdza zasadność stosowania domieszek napowietrzających w składzie betonu narażonego na agresję spowodowaną zamrażaniem/rozmrażaniem.

EN

The main purpose of the manuscript was to analyze the influence of cooling rate on deformation of concrete while freezing. Experimental studies concerned the measurement of strains generated during cooling-heating cycles carried out at different rates. The analysis was supplemented with porosimetric and calorimetric tests. The obtained results unambiguously confirm the Powers theory that concrete deformations rise with the increase of the cooling rate. The maximum strains observed in the air-entrained concrete were much lower compared to the reference material, which confirms the validity of the use of admixtures increasing the frost resistance of the material.

2

Effect of heat treatment and cooling rate on microstructure and properties of T92 welded joint

Ma Chengyong, Wu Zhiquan, Qi Yanchang, Zhang Xin

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 1

124--139

EN

The effects of heat treatment and cooling rate on the microstructure and properties of T92 welded joints were studied. Under the same tempering holding time, the diffusion ability in the deposited metal increased as the tempering temperature increased. The phase-change temperature was lower than the AC1 points. In the 5-20s range of t8/5, the deposited metal toughness decreased as the cooling rate increased. When the t8/5 was equal to 70s, the toughness increased and the hardness decreased. The higher heat input induced coarse grain tendency. The lower welding heat input should be used in conjunction with the reasonable post-weld heat treatment.

3

Influence of plunger motion profile of high pressure die casting on the casting porosity and solidification rate

Żak Katarzyna, Dańko Rafał, Żak Paweł L., Kowalczyk Wojciech

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 5

art. no. e147339

EN

The high pressure die casting (HPDC) is a technique that allows us to produce parts for various sectors of industry. It has a great application in such sectors as automotive, energy, medicine, as the HPDC allows us to produce parts very fast and very cheaply. The HPDC casting quality depends on many parameters. The parameters among others, are cast alloy alloy metallurgy, filling system design, casting technology elements geometry and orientation, as well as, machine operation settings. In the article, different plunger motion schemes of the HPDC machine were taken into account. Analyses lead to learning about plunger motion influence on the casting porosity and solidification process run. Numerical experiments were run with the use of MAGMASoft® simulation software. Experiments were performed for industrial casting of water pump for automotive. Main parameter taken into account was maximal velocity of the plunger in the second phase. The analysis covered porosity distribution, feeding time through the gate, temperature field during whole process, solidification time. Cooling curves of the casting in chosen points were also analysed. Obtained results allow us to formulate conclusions that connect plunger motion scheme, gate solidification time and the casting wall thickness on the solidification rate and porosity of the casting.

4

To Study the Microstructural Evolution of EN353 Steel under Different Heat Treatment Conditions

Sharma Lochan, Chaubey Sandeep Kumar

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

423--430

EN

Steel is basically used in construction, automobile, buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, appliances, machines and weapons due to its good mechanical as well as metallurgical properties. Heat treatment of steels significantly enhance its mechanical and metallurgical properties due to the formation of various phases depending upon the type of steel used for specific application. In present study, blank of EN353 grade steel having different sizes were used to investigate the effect of heat treatment and microstructural changes. JMat-Pro software was used to predict the continuous cooling transformation behaviour of EN353 steel. Different phases such as bainite, perlite and other carbide inclusion can be observed in the microstructural examination. Pearlitic microstructure developed for the specimen of size 40×40×40 mm heated at 870°C for 2 hrs and then isothermal heating was performed for same specimen at 600°C for 73 min followed by air cooling. Relevance Statement: Steel is an important material which is frequently used in almost all areas such as structure building, pressure vessels, transportation and many more other applications. Addition of alloying elements in parent steel significantly improve the metallurgical as well as mechanical properties. Steel properties like tensile strength, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, hardness, hot hardness, weldability, fatigue etc. significantly improved with the addition of alloying and heat treatment. Heat treatment processes can be used to improve the properties of steel which are frequently used in many manufacturing industries. Different grades of steels which are heat treated under a set of sequence of heating and cooling to change their physical and mechanical properties so that it can fulfil its function under loading condition. With the help of heat treatment process desired microstructure has been achieved which exhibit good mechanical properties of steels.

5

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Accelerated Cooled and Self-Tempered H-Type Structural Sections

Işıkgül Aysun, Ahlatci Hayrettin, Esen İsmail, Türen Yunus, Yağız Onur

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 3

1191--1204

EN

This study investigates mechanical properties of accelerated cooled and self-tempered (AC-ST) H-type S275JR quality steel sections in HEA120 and HEB120 sizes. The cooling process is conducted with a specially manufactured system that sprays a coolant consisting of a water + compressed air mixture on the section surfaces. Cooling times were applied as 10 and 30 seconds using 4 and 12 bar compressed air + water at an average constant pressure of 5 bar and a constant flow rate of 0.08 kg/s. In the HEA120 sections, the highest cooling rate was obtained with 83°C/s in the web region under the cooling time of 30 s and the air pressure cooling condition of 12 bar. At the cooling rate up to 6°C/s, the microstructure is transformed to acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite phase from Ferrite+Pearlite. But upper bainite phase was formed at a cooling rate of 30°C/s, and a small amount of martensite and lower bainite microstructures were observed at a cooling rate of 60°C/s and above. The hardness in the untreated sections, in the range of 106-120 HB, was increased to 195 HB at a cooling rate of 83 C/s in the web region of the HEA120 section. For a cooling rate of 23°C/s, the maximum compressive residual stresses of -352 MPa are measured in the crotch region of the HEB120. And for a cooling rate of 6°C/s, the maximum tensile residual stresses of 442 MPa were determined in the flange region of the HEA120 section.

6

Effect of Cooling Rates and Intermediate Slab Blank Thickness on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the X70 Pipeline Steel

Xu Haijian, Han Chufei, Yan Pingyuan, Zhao Baochun, Li Weijuan

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

649--658

EN

In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of X70 pipeline steels produced with varying Mo contents, accelerated cooling rate and intermediate slab blank thickness are systematically investigated. Results showed that the microstructures and mechanical properties of the X70 pipeline steels were strongly affected by Mo addition. The pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite formation is obviously inhibited in containing-Mo steel and the acicular ferrite (AF) is obtained in a wide range of cooling rates. With the increasing the cooling rates, the AF constituent amount increases. The grains can be refined by increasing the thickness of intermediate slab for enhancing the cumulative reduction rates, and meanwhile increase the number density of precipitates. It was proved by simulation and industrial trials that the low-alloy X70 pipeline steels can be produced increasing cooling rates and the thickness of intermediate slab without strength and toughness degradation which also reduce alloy cost.

7

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-33 wt.% Cu Alloy

Lee Yeon-Joo, Kwon Do-Hun, Cha Eun-Ji, Song Yong-Wook, Choi Hyun Joo, Kim Hwi-Jun

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 1

43--46

EN

Directed energy deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing process wherein an energy source is focused on a substrate on which a feedstock material is simultaneously delivered, thereby forming a small melt pool. Melting, solidification, and subsequent cooling occur at high rates with considerable thermal gradients compared with traditional metallurgical processes. Hence, it is important to examine the effects of cooling rates on the microstructures and properties of the additive manufactured materials. In this study, after performing DED with various energy densities, we investigated the changes in the microstructures and Vickers hardness of cast Al-33 wt.% Cu alloy, which is widely used to estimate the cooling rate during processing by measuring the lamellar spacing of the microstructure after solidification. The effects of the energy density on the cooling rate and resultant mechanical properties are discussed, which suggests a simple way to estimate the cooling rate indirectly. This study corresponds to the basic stage of the current study, and will continue to apply DED in the future.

8

Influence of the Cooling Rate on Damping Characteristics of the ZnAl4Cu1 Alloy

Piwowarski Grzegorz, Gracz Beata

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 6, no. 3

58--63

EN

The paper presents the results of damping coefficient tests in the ZnAl4Cu1 alloy (ZL5). The damping coefficient has been calculated on the basis of specimen measurements obtained with the use of the signal echo method. The method consists in passing the ultrasonic wave through the tested material. The ultrasonic wave from a transmitting and receiving head passes through a specimen, bounces off its bottom surface and comes back to the measuring head in the form of a signal echo. Difference in the signal strength between the first and the second echo in relation to the distance travelled by the ultrasound wave is a measure of the material’s damping characteristics. The specimens were cast into three molds made of different materials, i.e. green sand, plaster and metal. Thermophysical properties of these materials are different what affecting the rate of heat absorption from the cast. Three series of specimens have been obtained which cooled at different rates. The specimens were then subjected to ultrasound and microscopic tests to assess the alloy structure. The internal alloy structure affects its damping properties to a great extent.

9

Influence of Melt Quality on the Formation of Fe Intermetallic in A360 Alloy

Bas E. N., Alper S., Tuncay Tansel, Dispinar Derya, Kirtay Sebahattin

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

53--59

EN

The solubility of Fe in aluminium alloys is known to be a problem in the casting of aluminium alloys. Due to the formation of various intermetallic phases, the mechanical properties decrease. Therefore, it is important to determine the formation mechanisms of such intermetallic. In this work, A360 alloy was used, and Fe additions were made. The alloy was cast into the sand and die moulds that consisted of three different thicknesses. In this way, the effect of the cooling rate was investigated. The holding time was selected to be 5 hours and every hour, a sample was collected from the melt for microstructural analysis. Additionally, the melt quality change was also examined by means of using a reduced pressure test where the bifilm index was measured. It was found that the iron content was increased after 2 hours of holding and the melt quality was decreased. There was a correlation between the duration and bifilm index. The size of Al-Si-Mn-Fe phases was increased in parallel with the bifilm content regardless of the iron content.

10

Cooling and heating of the fluid in the cylindrical volume

Tkachenko Stanislav, Vlasenko Olha, Rezydent Nataliia, Stepanov Dmytro, Stepanova Nataliia

Acta Innovations

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2022

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no. 42

15--26

EN

Experimental studies of the non-stationary heat exchange in the system «environment I – body II» have been carried out. It is established that in the body II, which consists of the fluid and thin-walled metal envelope, the characteristic features of the regular thermal mode occur, i.e., cooling (heating) rate of the body II- m = const; heat transfer coefficient between the water (environment I) and body II is practically stable α1 = const; uneven temperatures distribution coefficient in the body II ψ = const. This new notion of the heat transfer regularities in the body II is planned to apply for further development of the experimental-calculation method for the forecasting of the heat exchange intensity in the compound fluid media with limited information regarding thermophysical and rheological properties.

11

The cooling rate of the heated vapor compression cycle in case of using refrigerants R134a, R22, and R600a

Abd-Elhady Mohamed Salama, Melad Emmanoueil Bishara, Abd-Elhalim Mohamed, Seif Alnasr Ahmed

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2021

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Vol. 42, no 2

11--30

EN

The most power consuming part in the vapor compression cycle (VCC) is the gas compressor. Heating the refrigerant under constant volume after the compressor increases the condenser pressure, which consequently increases the cooling rate of the VCC. This study examined the influence of heating different refrigerants, i.e. R143a, R22, and R600a on the cooling rate of the VCC. Four experiments have been performed: the first experiment is a normal VCC, i.e. without heating, while in the second, third, and fourth experiments were carried out to raise the temperature of the refrigerant to 50°C, 100°C, and 150°C. It has been found that heating raises the refrigerant pressure in VCC and thereby improves the refrigerant’s mass flow rate resulting in an improvement in the cooling power for the same compressor power. Heating the refrigerant after the mechanical compressor increases the temperature of the condenser as well as the temperature of the evaporator when using refrigerant R134a, which prevents the refrigeration cycle to be used in freezing applications, however using refrigerant R22 or refrigerant R600a promotes the heated VCC to be used in freezing applications. Refrigerant R600a has the lowest operating pressure compared to R134a and R22, which promotes R600a to be used rather than R134a and R22 from a leakage point of view.

12

Effect of Sintering Holding Time and Cooling Rate on the Austenite Stability and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline FeCrC Alloy

Kim Gwanghun, Jeon Junhyub, Seo Namhyuk, Choi Seunggyu, Oh Min-Suk, Son Seung Bae, Lee Seok-Jae

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 3

759--763

EN

The effects of the sintering holding time and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Fe-Cr-C alloy were investigated. Nanocrystalline Fe-1.5Cr-1C (wt.%) alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Different process conditions were applied to fabricate the sintered samples. The phase fraction and grain size were measured using X-ray powder diffraction and confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction. The stability and volume fraction of the austenite phase, which could affect the mechanical properties of the Fe-based alloy, were calculated using an empirical equation. The sample names consist of a number and a letter, which correspond to the holding time and cooling method, respectively. For the 0A, 0W, 10A, and 10W samples, the volume fraction was measured at 5.56, 44.95, 6.15, and 61.44 vol.%. To evaluate the mechanical properties, the hardness of 0A, 0W, 10A, and 10W samples were measured as 44.6, 63.1, 42.5, and 53.8 HRC. These results show that there is a difference in carbon diffusion and solubility depending on the sintering holding time and cooling rate.

13

Thermal shock effects on the mechanical behavior of granite exposed to dynamic loading

Li Xiang, Li Baijin, Li Xibing, Yin Tubing, Wang Yan, Dang Wengang

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 3

30--40

EN

Under certain extreme conditions in rock engineering works, fast change in temperature in the load-bearing rocks can happen. Known as thermal shock (TS), such process involves rapid temperature rise or drop, which causes fracturing in the rock material and thus can pose as a threat to the stability of the rock structures. To investigate the influence of thermal shock caused by fast cooling on the mechanical property of rock, laboratory tests are performed on heated granite which are cooled with different methods, with the highest cooling rate reaching 167.4 °C/min. The dynamic loading tests are performed on the heated granite specimens utilizing the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The test results show that the dynamic compressive strength drops with the increase in heating level or cooling rate. This pattern is explained by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test data that the pores inside the heated granite increase both in size and quantity as heating level or cooling rate rises. Damage patterns of the tested granite specimen fragments are analyzed based on the observation with scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the mechanisms of thermal shock in granite are also discussed.

14

Structure formation and properties of overheated steel depending on thermokinetic parameters of crystallization

Kondratyuk S. Ye., Veis V. I., Parkhomchuk Z. V.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 97, nr 2

49--56

EN

Purpose: The aim of the proposed research is to investigate the mutual influence of the temperature of an overheated melt and its cooling rate during crystallization on the formation of the cast structure and mechanical properties of structural steels. Design/methodology/approach: Two structural medium-carbon steels were melted in induction furnace and poured from temperatures 1520-1670°C into casting moulds with different heat removal ability. This ensured the crystallization and structure formation of the studied steel castings at cooling rates (Vc) of 5°C/sec (sand-clay mould), 45°C/sec (steel mould), 350°C/sec (water cooled copper mould). It was studied a change of structure formation, mechanical characteristics depending on the temperature-kinetic conditions of the processing of the melt. Based on the processing of the array of obtained experimental data using linear regression analysis and a software package, interpolation models and their graphic images obtained allow a quantitative assessment of the established patterns of structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the studied steels depending on melt temperature (T, °C) and its cooling rate (Vc, °C/sec) during crystallization and structure formation. Findings: Among the technological factors that determine the formation of the cast structure and the mechanical properties of steels, the dominant role is played by the intensity of heat removal during the solidification of castings. The high cooling rate of the melt during crystallization determines an increase in the number of crystallization nuclei due to an increase in the degree of supercooling of the melt, eliminates the negative effect of the high overheating temperature of the metal before casting. Research limitations/implications: In the future, the results can be complemented by studies of the influence of the duration of isothermal exposure of the melt at different temperatures of superheating and cooling conditions. Practical implications: The obtained mathematical models (regression equations) that determine the mutual influence of the cooling rate and the temperature of the melt overheating on the structure and mechanical properties of the studied steels make it possible to obtain steel castings with predetermined properties at the level of properties of wrought steel of similar chemical composition. Originality/value: Interpolation models that allow a quantitative assessment of the established patterns of structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the studied steels depending on the melt temperature (T, °C) and its cooling rate (Vc, °C/sec) during crystallization and structure formation are obtained.

15

Investigations of the Influence of the Zone of Chills on the Casting Made of AlSi7Mg Alloy with Various Wall Thicknesses

Piękoś M., Zych J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 1

127--132

EN

The influence of the chill on the AlSi7Mg alloy properties after the heat treatment T6, was realised in the system of the horizontally cast plate of dimensions 160x240 mm and thickness of 10 and 15 m. The cooling course in individual casting zones was recorded, which allowed to determine the solidification rate. Castings were subjected to the heat treatment T6 process. Several properties of the alloy such as: hardness BHN, density, tensile strength UTS, elongation %E were determined. The microstructure images were presented and the structural SDAS parameter determined. The performed investigations as well as the analysis of the results allowed to determine the influence zone of the chill. The research shows that there is a certain dependence between the thickness of the casting wall and the influence zone of the chill, being not less than 2g, where g is the casting wall thickness. The next aim of successive investigations will be finding the confirmation that there is the dependence between the casting wall thickness and the influence zone of the chill for other thicknesses of walls. We would like to prove that this principle is of a universal character.

16

Effect of heat treatment parameters on mechanical properties of medium carbon steel

Blaoui M. M., Zemri M., Brahami A.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 22, nr 4

909--918

EN

Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering applications. This paper presents a study of the influence of austenitization temperature, cooling rate, holding time and heating rate during the heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness) of the C45 steel. Specimens undergoing di erent heat treatment lead to various mechanical properties which were determined using standard methods. Microstructural evolution was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that microstructure and hardenability of the C45 steel depends on cooling rate, austenitization temperature, holding time and heating rate.

17

Grain-Size Prediction Model in Aluminum Castings Manufactured by Low-Pressure Technology

Fernández-Calvo A. I., Lizarralde I., Sal E., Rodríguez P., de Zabalegui E. O., Cia I., Rios A.

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

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2018

|

Vol. 2, no. 4

71--77

EN

The grain refinement in a real casting manufactured by Low Pressure Die Casting (LPDC) such as wheels and steering knuckles depends on the grain-refinement potential of the metal and the geometry of the part/process parameters. For this study, the effect of the cooling rate on the AlSi7Mg alloy with different metal qualities in terms of grain refinement was tested. The grain size has been metallographically evaluated in cylindrical test pieces and in the real wheels and steering knuckles manufactured at the Mapsa and Fagor Ederlan foundries. The Thermolan®-Al system has been used to evaluate the nucleation potential in terms of grain size on a standard cup. The grain size has been modeled taking into account the effect of the cooling rate measured in the center of the cylindrical test parts and the different grain-size potential. Different grades of refinement have been tested. The grain size measured in a real casting (wheel and steering knuckle) was used to calibrate the model for a real part in LPDC for different grain-size potential.

18

Poprawa dynamicznych charakterystyk małych termoelektrycznych schładzaczy i podgrzewaczy napojów

Filin S.

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2018

|

T. 49, nr 12

525--529

PL

W artykule omówiono konstrukcje oraz charakterystyki eksploatacyjne współczesnych termoelektrycznych schładzaczy oraz podgrzewaczy napojów, zwłaszcza charakterystyki dynamiczne. Przedstawiono wyniki badań porównawczych, pokazujących wpływ warunków wymiany ciepła między puszką lub butelką a pojemnikiem schładzacza na szybkość schładzania napoju. Rozmieszczenie wody w hermetyzowanej szczelinie między butelką z napojem a pojemnikiem schładzacza pozwala na istotne polepszenie dynamicznych charakterystyk urządzenia. Przykładowo, czas schładzania puszki z napojem od 25°C do 10°C w badanym schładzaczu skraca się z 67 do 50 minut.

EN

The article describes the constructive and operational characteristics of modern thermoelectric coolers and heaters of beverages, in particular, its dynamic characteristics. The results of comparative tests show the influence of the heat exchange conditions between the jar (bottle) and the cooler’s container on the cooling rate of the beverage. The distribution of water in the hermetic gap between the beverage bottle and the cooler container allows significant improvement of the dynamic characteristics of the device. For example, the cooling time of a beverage can from 25°C to 10°C in the tested cooler is shortened from 67 to 50 minutes.

19

A study of interfacial heat transfer and its effect on quenching when hot stamping AA7075

Xiao W., Wang B, Zheng K., Zhou J., Lin J.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, no. 3

723--730

EN

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of contact pressure and lubrication on the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) between AA7075 sheet and H13 tool steel and the in-die quenching performance in hot stamping. Firstly, a series of designed in-die quenching experiments were performed using different contact pressures, 0.05–30 MPa and lubrication conditions to determine the IHTC values using an efficient methodology. Secondly, temperature evolution of the tools and blank during the in-die quenching was investigated. Mechanical properties of material in-die quenched under different process conditions, were measured to determine their relation to quench conditions. The results have shown that IHTC values increased with increasing contact pressure and use of lubricant. A strength level of T6 condition could be obtained using a contact pressure greater than 5 MPa in the lubricated condition.

20

The effect of cooling rate on selected structural parameters of advanced cast Ni – base superalloys

Belan J., Vaško A., Kuchariková L., Švecová I.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Quality. Production. Improvement

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2017

|

No. 1 (6)

20--30

EN

The Ni – base superalloys are used in aircraft industry for production of aero engine most stressed parts, as are turbine blades or turbine discs. The most stressing factor at Ni – base superalloys loading or working conditions are high temperature range of 700°C up to 850°C and, of course, centrifugal forces, and small vibrations, which produce bending of turbine blades inserted into turbine discs. All these factors cause various forms of microstructure degradation closely connected with decreasing of mechanical properties and shortening of working life as well. From this reason a dendrite arm spacing, carbides size and distribution, morphology, number and value of γ’ - phase are very important structural characteristics for blade lifetime prediction as well as aero engine its self. In this article are used methods of quantitative metallography for evaluation of structural characteristics mentioned above on experimental materials – Ni base superalloys ŽS6K and Inconel IN 738. The high temperature effect represented here by heat treatment at 800°C for 10 hours, and cooling rate, here represented by three various cooling mediums as water, air, and oil, on structural characteristics and application of quantitative methods evaluation with using of SEM are presented in this paper.