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1

Study of losses and energy efficiency of hydrostatic drives with hydraulic cylinder

Skorek G.

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

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nr 4

114--129

EN

Energy efficiency of hydrostatic transmissions, and especially efficiencies of drives with motor speed controlled by throttle, as well as efficiency of hydraulic servomechanisms can in fact be higher than the efficiency values most frequently given by the respective literature in this field. With the progress achieved in recent years in the development of hydraulic systems it is becoming necessary to develop methods for precise energy efficiency calculation of such systems. It is difficult to imagine that more and more, better and better machines and control elements could be used without the possibility of a mathematical tool at our disposal to enable an accurate analysis and assessment of behavior of the system in which such machines and control elements have been applied. The paper discusses energy savings using mathematical model of losses in elements, the energy efficiency of the system. There are possibilities to reduce energy losses in proportional control systems (in the pump, in the throttle control unit, especially in the cylinder), and thus to improve the energy efficiency of the throttling manifold. The considerations allow for comparison of the loss power resulting from the applied hydraulic control structure of the hydraulic cylinder and the power consumed by the pump from the electric motor that drives it, the power necessary to provide pump-driven hydraulic cylinder. The article shows the impact on the output (useful) power consumed in the considered systems, and the impact on the power consumed of the loss power in the individual elements. The paper presents also formulas of loss power, formulas of energy efficiency connected with investigated hydrostatic drives, two schematic diagrams of hydraulic systems, their principle of operation and problems of studying losses in elements and energy efficiency characteristics of systems consisting of a feed assembly, control set and cylinder. It also includes a subject matter connected with an energy loss power of hydrostatic systems with hydraulic cylinder controlled by proportional directional control valve. Diagrams of loss power of two hydraulic systems worked at the same parameters of speed and load of a cylinder, which were different due to structure and ability of energy saving, were presented and compared.

2

The opportunities for getting energy savings in the hydrostatic drive system

Skorek G.

Journal of KONES

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2014

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Vol. 21, No. 2

273--280

EN

Full picture of the energy losses in a hydrostatic drive system is a picture of the power of energy losses in the system elements. Paper presents the areas of the power fields of energy losses occurring in the elements of some hydraulic systems with different structures of the hydraulic motor speed control. Proposed graphical interpretation allows analysing and comparing different hydrostatic drive systems. In many constructed and manufactured machines currently used hydrostatic drive systems or electro hydrostatic systems of varying complexity. Today, the need for energy-efficient systems forces to some extent the development and improvement of computational methods using computer aided relating to energy efficiency systems. Hydrostatic systems especially in modern machines play a very important role. Actuators, such as hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinders is commonly used for a long time, including on machines and equipment land and marine. Unawareness of proportions of the energy, volumetric, pressure and mechanical losses in elements is often the case. Problems connected with energy efficiency are essential for improvement of functionality and quality of hydrostatic drive systems, characterised by unquestioned advantages. Energy efficiency of hydrostatic transmissions, particularly those with throttling control of the motor speed, and also efficiency of the hydraulic servomechanism systems may be in fact higher than the values most often quoted in publications on the subject.

3

Wybrane sprawności układu ze sterowaniem proporcjonalnym siłownika

Skorek G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2013

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nr 81

98--110

PL

Istnieją obszary nierozpoznane, związane z zachowaniem się elementów w układach hydraulicznych o różnych strukturach. Brak często świadomości dotyczącej proporcji strat energetycznych, objęto- ściowych, ciśnieniowych i mechanicznych występujących w elementach. Zagadnienia związane ze sprawnością energetyczną są istotne dla poprawy funkcjonalności i podniesienia jakości hydrostatycznych układów napędowych, charakteryzujących się, obok niewątpliwych zalet, stosunkowo niską sprawnością w porównaniu z innego rodzaju napędami. Sprawność energetyczna przekładni hydrostatycznych zwłaszcza ze sterowaniem dławieniowym prędkości silnika, a także sprawność układów serwomechanizmów hydraulicznych, może być w rzeczywistości wyższa od wartości najczęściej podawanych w literaturze przedmiotu. Możliwość obliczania rzeczywistej sprawności całkowitej układu hydraulicznego jako funkcji wielu parametrów o niej decydujących staje się narzędziem całościowej oceny jakości projektowanego układu. W artykule porównano sprawności układów o sterowaniu proporcjonalnym siłownika ze sprawnością układu o sterowaniu objętościowym pompą o zmiennej wydajności. Pokazano również dwa schematy badanych układów hydrostatycznych, przedstawiono ich zasadę działania oraz problematykę badań strat w elementach i sprawności energetycznej układów składających się z zespołu zasilającego, zespołu sterowania i siłownika.

EN

There are areas unrecognized, concerning the behavior of components in hydraulic systems with different structures. No common awareness of the energy loss ratio, volume, pressure and mechanical occurring in parts. Issues related to energy efficiency are important to improve the functionality and improve the quality hydrostatic drive systems, characterized by, in addition to obvious advantages, the relatively low efficiency in comparison with other types of drives. Energy efficiency hydrostatic especially throttling control engine speed and efficiency of the hydraulic servo systems may actually be higher than that of the most frequently used in the literature. The possibility of calculating the overall efficiency of the hydraulic system as a function of various parameters of it becomes a tool for determining the overall assessment of the quality of the proposed system. This paper compares the performance of control systems commensurate with the efficiency of the motor by controlling the volume pump with variable displacement. Also shown are the two regimens studied hydrostatic shows the principle of action and research issues of losses in the elements and the energy efficiency of systems consisting of a power supply unit, control unit and actuator.

4

Energy efficiency of a hydrostatic drive with proportional control compared with volumetric control

Skorek G.

Polish Maritime Research

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2013

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nr 3

14--19

EN

There are uninvestigated areas connected with behaviour of elements in hydraulic systems with different structures. Unawareness of proportions of the energy, volumetric, pressure and mechanical losses in elements is often the case. Problems connected with energy efficiency are essential for improvement of functionality and quality of hydrostatic drive systems, characterised by unquestioned advantages but also by relatively low efficiency in comparison with other types of drive. Energy efficiency of hydrostatic transmissions, particularly those with throttling control of the motor speed, and also efficiency of the hydraulic servo-mechanism systems may be in fact higher than the values most often quoted in publications on the subject. Possibility of calculating the real value of the hydraulic system overall efficiency as a function of many parameters influencing it, becomes a tool of complete evaluation of the designed system quality. The paper compares efficiencies of systems with cylinder proportional control and efficiency of the system volumetric control by a variable capacity pump. Presented are also two schematic diagrams of the investigated hydrostatic systems, their principle of operation and problems of studying losses in elements and energy efficiency of systems consisting of a feed assembly, control set and cylinder.

5

Współdziałanie regulacji predykcyjnej i bieżącej optymalizacji punktu pracy w strukturach sterowania z modelami Wienera

Ławryńczuk M., Marusak P., Tatjewski P.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2010

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R. 14, nr 2

470-480

PL

Numerycznie efektywne struktury sterowania alternatywne do klasycznej, warstwowej struktury sterowania są przedmiotem badań. W pierwszej strukturze dodano pomocnicze, liniowe zadanie optymalizacji punktu pracy. W drugiej strukturze, zadania optymalizacji punktu pracy i regulacji predykcyjnej są integrowane w jednym zadaniu optymalizacji kwadratowej. Użycie w tych strukturach modelu Wienera dodatkowo je upraszcza dzięki możliwości łatwego otrzymania liniowych aproksymacji dynamiki i statyki procesu.

EN

Two numerically efficient control system structures alternative to the classical one are considered. In the first one the supplementary Steady State Target Optimization (SSTO) is performed at each sampling instant. In the second one set-point optimization and predictive control are integrated into one optimization task. In the proposed approaches, thanks to using a Wiener process model, both predictive control and set-point optimization problems are simplified. Using the nonlinear model a linear dynamic and linear static approximations are easily obtained and used both for set-point optimization and predictive control.