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1

Exergetic, environmental and economic assessment of sugarcane first-generation biorefineries

Silva Ortiz Pablo A., Flórez-Orrego Daniel, Oliveira, Jr Silvio de, Maréchal François, Maciel Filho Rubens

Journal of Power Technologies

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2019

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Vol. 99, nr 2

67--81

EN

First generation ethanol (1G) contributes to the majority of the ethanol produced worldwide, predominantly centered on corn and sugarcane. Nevertheless, several issues are regularly highlighted concerning the long-term sustainability of this technology, including its intensive water and land use, potential contamination of soils through the distillation residues, as well as the balance between fuel and food crops. Accordingly, in this study, a process design approach for biomass to ethanol production (1G ethanol technology) from sugarcane was performed by using Aspen Plus® software, based on the autonomous distillery (AUT, ethanol production) and the annexed plant (ANX, joint ethanol and sugar production) configurations. In addition, a performance comparison in respect to the exergy efficiency and the irreversibility as quality indicators of the conversion processes is carried out to identify potential improvements in the production facilities. Hence, the shortcomings of the techno-economic assessment of ethanol production can be overcome by using exergy efficiency as a suitable indicator for process performance. Moreover, the technical/sustainability aspects related to the process design of the sugarcane biorefineries are discussed in light of the renewability exergy index (λ). In general, the ANX plant has a saving in the process irreversibility rate of about 6%, whereas the average unitary exergy cost is 10% lower (AUEC= 2.41 kJ/kJ), in contrast to the AUT distillery. Moreover, a techno-economic analysis was carried out to assess the annexed plant and the autonomous distillery systems, considering the estimated capital expenditure. The results indicated that the ANX biorefinery has higher capex than the AUT distillery. It is noted that the higher investments are associated with sugarcane reception, ethanol production (juice extraction) and the combined heat and power sub-systems. Concerning system performance, the ANX plant presented a better overall exergy efficiency, with 41.39 %. Although this multi-criteria analysis is applied to 1G ethanol technology; it may be well-matched for various biorefineries/bioprocesses as a methodology to support decision-making as concerns potential improvement, well ahead of detailed process design.

2

The aspect of environmental effectiveness of renewable energy sources utilization

Noch T., Wesołowska A.

Eco-Energetics : technologies, environment, law and economy

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2018

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T. 1

83--88

EN

This article concerns using renewable energy resources. It contains an analysis of pollution emissions created by combustion of conventional and unconventional energy resources. It provides examples of cogeneration systems. In particular, it focuses on a system correlated with a gas turbine and a system correlated with a piston combustion engine. Attention is paid to the issue of applying innovative solutions in heating technology.

3

Combined systems of energy generation – a characterisation and classification

Gilewski J, Montusiewicz J.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2014

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Vol. 8, nr 23

53--61

EN

The study presents issues concerning technical solutions of combined systems of energy generation which can be used primarily in low-level power plants, installed in various types of public utility sites. A detailed description is given of selected ways of powering combined energy generation systems, presenting conceptual outlines of their operation and information on their advantages, disadvantages and applications. The following systems are introduced: gas-steam, back-pressure steam turbine, extraction-condensing steam turbine, gas turbine, gas microturbine, Stirling engine, fuel cells and internal combustion piston engine. Moreover, the study addresses economic aspects of energy generation in combined systems, discussing different methodologies of cost calculation, including the one used by the European Union. The article also gives a detailed review of piston engine combined-system aggregates available in the Polish market. Type series of associated systems designed for low-power appliances are shown, produced by Polish and foreign companies such as Viessmann, Centrum Elektroniki Stosowanej CES, H. Cegielski – Poznań, KWE Technika Energetyczna, TEDOM Poland or the EPS System.

4

Uwarunkowania budowy gazowych układów kogeneracyjnych małych mocy

Skorek J.

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2012

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Nr 9

28-34

PL

W artykule oceniono wpływ wybranych parametrów technicznych, eksploatacyjnych i finansowych na wskaźniki opłacalności budowy gazowych układów kogeneracyjnych małej mocy. Analizy dokonano na przykładzie układu CHP z gazowym silnikiem tłokowym lub turbiną gazową zasilanych gazem ziemnym systemowym lub gazem z odmetanowania kopalni. Określono wpływ sprawności elektrycznej modułu CHP i eksploatacyjnego wskaźnika skojarzenia na podstawowe składniki kosztów i przychodów z eksploatacji układu.

EN

Article presents an estimation of influence of selected technical, exploitation and financial parameters on the economical effectiveness of the small scale cogeneration systems. Analysis has been carried out on the example of small scale CHP with reciprocating gas engine or gas turbine supplied by natural gas or coal bed methane. The influence of electrical efficiency of the CHP module and electricity-to-heat ratio on the exploitation costs and incomes of the whole cogeneration system.

5

Produkcja energii elektrycznej i cieplnej w wysokosprawnej kogeneracji

Pytlik A., Koníček J., Dvořák R.

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2012

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Nr 9

36-38

PL

Obserwujemy obecnie wiele zmian zachodzących w energetyce. Szczególną wagę przykłada się do ochrony środowiska naturalnego, zwiększenia sprawności procesów energetycznych oraz wykorzystania alternatywnych i odnawialnych źródeł energii. Spalanie gazu kopalnianego w procesie wysokosprawnej kogeneracji pozwala na uzyskanie energii elektrycznej i cieplnej przy zachowaniu powyższych aspektów. W artykule opisano doświadczenia firmy Green Gas DPB w zakresie wykorzystania gazu kopalnianego w Ostrawsko-Karwińskim Zagłębiu Węglowym.

EN

Currently, a number of changes in the energy sector can be observed. Special attention is given to the environmental protection, as well as to increasing the efficiency of the energetic processes and to the use of alternative and renewable sources of energy. Mine gas combustion in the process of high-efficiency cogeneration allows to obtain electric and heat energy, while taking into consideration the previously mentioned aspects. The article presents the experience of the Green Gas DPB in the utilization of the CMM/AMM in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal Basin.

6

Possibilities of applications of stirling engine in cogeneration systems

Boruta G., Drogosz P., Nitkiewicz S., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

67-75

EN

This study takes into account engines working in Stirling cycles in cogeneration systems. Stirling engines have been selected because of their characteristics of exploitation. The possibility of their use in cogeneration systems is more favourable in comparison with other combustion engines because they can avoid usage of industrial and transport fuels. The Stirling engines enable the use of biomass, agricultural and other waste energy sources in micro tri- and cogeneration plants dedicated for the use in agriculture and forestry. Considering such applications, three types of usage structures of Stirling engines are proposed. All three structures are dedicated to install in small residential or farm buildings. These three types of structure are named: “type master”, “type slave” and “type customer”. In accordance with the proposed structures, different types of engine constructions are discussed, too. At the same time, the authors described the dependences between Stirling engines and electric power energy systems. The arguments of grid power systems and dispersed energy resource in text were reviewed. After that overview, some legal problems are discussed. Finally, the conception of independent dispersed micro agropower system and some technical equipment were described. Technical realization of the proposed conception requires: proper type, installation and usage of Stirling engines and proper expectations of achieved results.

7

The selection of stirling engines applied to cogeneration systems

Drogosz P., Nitkiewicz S., Piętak A.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 4

85-90

EN

The cogeneration systems of energy production are built and developed to achieve the highest economic and ecologic efficiency. These two aims can be realized by increasing energetic efficiency of transforming different sources of energy into technical systems and optimizing usage of own energy. These can be achieved by the usage of different equipment. The search for new constructions, structure and systems is still developing. This article describes the basic principles for use of Stirling engines in micro immobility cogeneration systems. This attempt is made because the Stirling engines seem to be a convenient equipment of optimizing usage of own energy in micro agropower plants. Especially we try to determine which type of the Stirling engine seems to be the best to fulfil the demands in practice. For this purpose a procedure of selection and adjustment of Stirling engines was formulated. In the described procedure many steps ought to be taken for correct choice of all technical arrangements. In this paper the following topics were considered: energetic demands of small houses, maximum instantaneous electric power, consumption of electric energy throughout a year, maximum instantaneous heating power, consumption of heat energy of the year, selection and choice of construction of Stirling engines, selection and choice of pressure of working gas.

8

Generacja rozproszona jako alternatywa zasilania odbiorców w energię elektryczną i cieplną

Pawełkiewicz Z.

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2007

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R. 75, nr 7

9-16

PL

Omówiono rozproszone układy do wytwarzania energii elektrycznej, cieplnej i nośników zimna typu CHP oraz BCHP.

EN

Distributed systems for generation of electric and thermal energy and cold carriers type CHP and BCHP are discussed.

9

Thermoeconomics as a tool for management decision during the design and operation of cogeneration systems

Lora E. E. S., Santos J. J., Venturini O. J., Do Nascimento M. A. R., Zampieri M., Arrieta F. R. P., Teixeira F. N.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Elektryka / Politechnika Opolska

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2006

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Vol. 315, z. 56

415-428

EN

In the paper three cases of real thermoeconomic evaluation are presented: an oil refinery combined cycle cogeneration plant, a sugar and alcohol mill, and a research and development center utilities plant. These cases covers all the spectra of possible cogeneration plants. The paper objective is to show that thermoeconomics is a tool that could be used for information survey during management decision making process in the industrial sector with cogeneration facilities. As a result for each case is carried out an evaluation of different alternatives feasibility on the base of the main products exergy costs. In the first two cases these results are presented for some of the different repowering options that were analyzed and in last one for the comparison of products costs during cogeneration with the ones produced in conventional equipments. As conclusions for each case a set of management decisions is suggested based on the thermoeconomic results.

10

Uwarunkowania zasilania układów kogeneracyjnych energią pochodzącą z biogazu

Pałkowska H., Zaleska-Bartosz J.

Nafta-Gaz

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2006

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R. 62, nr 12

692-696

PL

Artykuł prezentuje zagadnienia utylizacji biogazu. Biogaz jako źródło energii odnawialnej może być wykorzystywany jako paliwo przy wy-twarzaniu energii elektrycznej i ciepła użytkowego. Jest to możliwe i korzystne w systemach kogeneracyjnych pracujących w rozproszeniu.

EN

The article presents issues of biogas utilization. Biogas as a source of renewable energy can be used as a fuel to produce electricity and useful heat. It is possible and beneficial in cogeneration systems working in dispersion.