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1

Polish shale formation evaluation based on chemical and isotope composition of natural gas

Janiga Marek

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2024

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nr 241

1--115

EN

The relationship between the change of carbon isotope composition of gaseous hydrocarbons in natural gas and the increase of source rock organic matter thermal maturity are especially important in the petroleum geochemistry. The thermal maturity evaluation and interpretation based on the chemical and isotope compositions is commonly performed for natural gases conventional reservoirs, shales, coals, seeps and other geological habitats. The carbon isotope composition of individual hydrocarbons in gas samples provided by the compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) can be used for interpretation and correlation purposes. On the basis of the δ¹³C value of methane, ethane and propane, the estimation of thermal transformation degree of the source rock (from which the gas was generated) can be made. In this work, organic geochemistry methods (chemical and isotope composition of gas and pyrolysis indices) are used for the shale petroleum system evaluation and to find the values of parameters determining the sweet spot. The case study of five exploration wells located in the north of Poland is presented and discussed. The work presents results of chemical/isotope composition analyses of natural gases and geochemical Rock-Eval analyses from five wells exploring the Silurian and the Ordovician shale formations. The statistical analyses were conducted with the use of the following: descriptive, correlation and liner regression. Using all the results as one statistical population, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients of the gas isotope composition with the pyrolytic and molecular indices were calculated. Surprisingly, there are no high correlations between the pyrolytic indices and the isotope composition or the chemical indices. Moderate correlations are between maturity of the source organic matter (Tmax) and the isotope composition of carbon in methane (r = 0.63). The results of carbon isotope analyses clearly differentiate samples from each well, only L-1 and O-2 wells natural gases are quite similar. Methane, ethane and propane δ¹³C values are progressively higher in sequence L-1, O-2, K-1, B-1 and W-1. The thermal maturity of the source organic matter was assessed using Tang’s mathematical model including the share of biogenic methane. The thermal maturity corresponds mainly to the range from 0.9% (L-1 and O-2) to 1.5% (B-1 and W-1) vitrinite reflectance. Natural gas compositions shows mixing with the biogenic gas (below approximately 25%). A noticeable drift of methane towards negative values in all wells samples confirmed mixing with biogenic gas (with the use of the natural gas plot - Chung plot). Values of the isotope composition of ethane and propane were also skewed (especially in W-1 and B-1; a little less in O-2 and K-1 wells). This confirmed the occurrence of secondary cracking. The inversion of the isotope composition of carbon in methane, ethane and propane (the roll-over effect) does not occur in analysed gases. Usage of the diagram (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) vs (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁) is considered to be the best way of presenting of the isotope data. For all samples, the difference between ethane and methane (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁) is constantly decreasing with an increase of thermal maturity. The propane and ethane difference (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) is increasing at lower thermal maturities (to approximately 1,5% VRo), and decreasing with higher values of maturity. This suggests presence of the secondary cracking, resulting in the sweet spot occurrence. Using the hydrocarbon composition, molecular indices were calculated (C₁/C₂+₃, C₂/C₃, i-C₄/n-C₄ and i-C₅/n-C₅). These indices are a valuable source of information about natural gas, whose complete composition analyses can be affected by the manner of taking a sample and the type of well. Similarly to the isotope composition the samples plot progressively in sequence L-1 and O-2, K-1, B-1 and W-1. The main aim of this work was to establish the values of chemical and isotope composition parameters determining sweet spots. Using the composition of gases from W-1 well (the highest thermal maturity of the source organic matter) and the Barnett reference data, approximate values at which prospective levels can be expected were defined.

PL

Skład chemiczny i izotopowy gazu zmienia się wraz termiczną dojrzałością źródłowej substancji organicznej. Suchy gaz biogeniczny o bardziej ujemnych wartościach δ¹³C przechodzi w gaz mokry okna ropnego, a następnie w suchy gaz okna gazowego o wartościach δ¹³C zbliżających się do zera. Dla gazów z formacji łupkowych zależności te są identyczne, a analizy składu chemicznego i izotopowego gazu z formacji łupkowych są wykorzystywane do typowania obszarów perspektywicznych tzw.: „sweet spots”. Celem pracy było znalezienie parametrów i ich wartości, na podstawie składu chemicznego i izotopowego, oznaczających prawdopodobne wystąpienie „sweet spot”. W tym celu wykorzystano wyniki analiz gazu z pięciu odwiertów poszukiwawczych z północy Polski. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analiz składu chemicznego i izotopowego gazów ziemnych oraz wyniki analiz geochemicznych Rock-Eval z pięciu odwiertów eksplorujących formacje łupkowe syluru i ordowiku. Analizy statystyczne przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem statystyki opisowej, korelacji i regresji liniowej. Wykorzystując wszystkie wyniki jako jedną populację statystyczną, obliczono współczynniki korelacji liniowej Pearsona dla składu izotopowego poszczególnych węglowodorów gazu ziemnego z parametrami pirolitycznymi i wskaźnikami wyliczonymi na podstawie składu chemicznego. Korelacje pomiędzy parametrami pirolitycznymi a składem izotopowym lub wskaźnikami chemicznymi nie są wysokie. Przykładowo umiarkowane korelacje występują pomiędzy dojrzałością termiczną źródłowej materii organicznej (Tmax) a składem izotopowym węgla w metanie (r = 0,63). Wyniki analiz składu izotopowego węgla wyraźnie różnicują próbki z każdego odwiertu (poza gazami z odwiertów L-1 i O-2). Wartości δ¹³C metanu, etanu i propanu są progresywnie wyższe w sekwencji L-1, O-2, K-1, B-1 i W-1. Dojrzałość termiczną źródłowej materii organicznej oceniono wykorzystując model matematyczny Tanga uwzględniający również udziału metanu biogenicznego. Dojrzałość termiczna odpowiada głównie zakresowi od 0,9% (L-1 i O-2) do 1,5% (B-1 i W-1) w skali refleksyjności witrynitu. Skład wszystkich gazów ziemnych wskazuje na mieszanie z gazem biogenicznym (udział biometanu w gazie poniżej około 25%). Odchylenie wartości δ¹³C metanu w kierunku bardziej ujemnych we wszystkich próbkach również potwierdziło mieszanie z gazem biogenicznym (graficzny model Chunga tzw.: „natural gas plot”). Także wartości składu izotopowego węgla etanu i propanu odbiegały od teoretycznych (zwłaszcza w odwiertach W-1 i B-1; nieco mniej w odwiertach O-2 i K-1). Potwierdza to występowanie wtórnego krakingu. W najbardziej produktywnych złożach gazu łupkowego występuje zwykle inwersja składu izotopowego węgla metanu, etanu i propanu (tzw.: „roll-over effect”). W analizowanych gazach zjawisko to nie wystąpiło, ale dostrzegalne są zmiany w różnicach (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) i (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁). Wykorzystanie wykresu zestawiającego obydwie te różnice uznano za najlepszy sposób przedstawienia wyników przy omawianiu zjawiska wtórnego krakingu, który może prowadzić do inwersji składu izotopowego. Dla wszystkich próbek różnica między etanem i metanem (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁) stale maleje wraz ze wzrostem dojrzałości termicznej. Różnica propanu i etanu (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) wzrasta przy niższych dojrzałościach termicznych (do około 1,5% VRo) i maleje przy wyższych wartościach termicznej dojrzałości. Wykorzystując wyniki analiz składu chemicznego gazów obliczono wskaźniki C₁/C₂+₃, C₂/C₃, i-C₄/n-C₄ oraz i-C₅/n-C). Wskaźniki te są cennym źródłem informacji o gazie ziemnym, pozwalając uniknąć wpływu sposobu poboru i rodzaj odwiertu na skład chemiczny gazu. Podobnie jak przy wynikach analiz składu izotopowego, próbki różnicują się i tworzą sekwencję L-1 i O-2, K-1, B-1 i W-1. Głównym celem pracy było wybranie parametrów/wskaźników i ich wartości determinujących strefy perspektywiczne w formacjach łupkowych. Wykorzystując skład gazów z odwiertu W-1 (najwyższa dojrzałość termiczna źródłowej materii organicznej) oraz dane referencyjne z formacji Barnett określono przybliżone wartości składu izotopowego metanu, etanu i propanu oraz wskaźników C₁/C₂+₃, i-C₄/n-C₄ i i-C₅/n-C₅ przy których można spodziewać się wystąpienia „sweet spots”.

2

Do the nutrient compositions and mineral matter contents of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) vary depending on the rearing environment?

Hamzaçebi Sevim, Öztürk Fatma

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 1

1--6

EN

This study aimed to compare the nutrient compositions and element contents of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) reared in different environments. The biochemical analyses revealed that the ash contents of cage and earth pond-cultured fish were higher than that of wild fish (p < 0.05), while there were also significant differences in the protein, fat and moisture contents (p > 0.05). The cage-reared fish had the lowest Ca, Mg, P and S levels, while the highest levels were determined in wild fish. The highest Fe, Se and Mn levels were determined in the earth pond-reared fish. Wild fish had the lowest Fe, Zn, Se and Cr levels, while the lowest Cu and Mn levels were determined in the cage-reared fish. The cage-reared fish had the highest Zn, Cr and Ni levels. Wild fish were determined to contain high levels of As, Hg and Pb. The earth pond-reared fish had a high Cd level, while having lower As and Hg levels than those of fish reared in other environments. As a result, farmed meagre are thought to be affected by the metal content in both the feed and the water. The results of the study showed that the content of the meagre flesh varied depending on the rearing conditions.

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Gracilaria gracilis – A Review of Ecological Knowledge, Chemical Composition, Cultivation, and Applications

Mouedden Rajae, Abdellaoui Souad, El Madani Faid, El Ouamari Najib, Slimani Douaa, Kasmi Khaoula, Taibi Mohamed, Zahir Ilham, Chaabane Khalid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

276--287

EN

Gracilaria gracilis is a benthic, intertidal red macroalga (Rhodophyta) of the commercially important Gracilaria genus. It is highly valued in scientific research for its ability to produce high-quality agar, a valuable polysaccharide widely utilised in various industries. This review serves as a guide to G. gracilis, encompassing various aspects of its biology, chemical composition, cultivation methods, and the main environmental factors influencing its growth as well as its different uses. The method used involved a descriptive analysis of the articles sourced from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Springer. The results of the review showed that G. gracilis is one of the best candidates for cultivation, giving an excellent resilience to salinity and temperature fluctuations as well as offering ease of vegetative reproduction, among others traits. It can grow at temperatures ranging from 20 to 30°C, salinities between 25–35‰ and up to 42‰, depths ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m, as well as light intensity of around 70 and 210 μmol photons m-2·s-1. On the basis of its chemical composition, G gracilis has many potentials as a source of high-value compounds and extracts for various uses in cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. It is also used as a raw material or nutritious dietary item in the human diet, and can be suggested as a potential novel commercial source of phycobiliproteins.

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Influence of Melt Properties on the Dendritic Structure of Steel Castings

Aftandiliants Y., Gnyloskurenko Svyatoslav, Meniailo H., Khrychikov V.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

5--13

EN

The paper presents the experimental results on the determination of melt parameters such as the energy of the boundary, contact angle, density and kinematic viscosity of low and medium alloy steels at different temperatures, as well as the dispersion of their dendritic structure in solidified castings. The analysis of the data obtained allowed revealing using mathematical models the influence of the chemical composition and temperature of melts on their properties and the dendritic structure of castings. It was established the variation of the melt parameters depending on the particular chemical elements of steels as C, Si, Mn, O, P, V, Cr. The established analytical dependences shown that increasing density and viscosity contributes to the dispersion of the dendritic structure and viscosity is of the major effect. The derived quantitative patterns allows to evaluate structure formation of cast structural low and medium alloy steels.

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The Influence of the Hot Working Tool Steel Substrate Material on the Element Distribution, Microstructure and Hardness of Gas Metal Arc Welding Hardfaced Layers

Lachowicz Marzena M., Sokołowski Paweł, Kaszuba Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 1

320--333

EN

The paper presents the results of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) hardfacing testing performed on three grades of hot working tool steels, namely: 55NiCrMoV7, X37CrMoV5-1 and modified X38CrMoV5-3 grade. Metallographic investigations, mainly microstructural ones, were carried out and hardness profiles were analyzed. The chemical composition was investigated in each individual layer of the hardfaced deposits and the substrate material, in order to obtain a profile representation. The obtained results of profilometric evaluation of the chemical composition showed clear differences in the content of basic and alloying elements in the subsequent weld layers. The diversity of the chemical composition of the substrate material caused that the uniform chemical composition for all tested materials was achieved only in the third, upper weld layer. Despite the variable content of alloying elements and carbon, as well as slight differences in microstructure occurring for individual weld layers, a substantially stable and high hardness was maintained over the entire cross-section of the obtained hardfaced coatings. In the area of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), a decrease in hardness was observed, which is associated with the decomposition of the high-temperature tempered martensite and the spheroidization of the microstructure.

6

Metoda wpływu na jednorodność składu chemicznego spieku cynkowo-ołowiowego w układzie rzeczywistym

Szudy Robert, Sołtysik Marek, Gajdzik Bożena

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2023

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Vol. 12, iss. 2

43--49

PL

Celem prowadzonych badań było określenie zależności występujących pomiędzy pracą zbiornika namiarowni wydziału spiekalni, a jednorodnością składu chemicznego produkowanego spieku. Rozpatrywany fragment linii technologicznej jest częścią procesu Imperial Smelting Process, z wykorzystaniem którego produkowany jest w głównej mierze cynk i ołów. Skład chemiczny spieku jest istotny w kolejnym etapie produkcyjnym jakim jest proces redukcji w piecu szybowym. Zdefiniowany problem technologiczny polegał na nierównomiernym dozowaniu materiału na taśmę zbiorczą. Nierównomierność w dozowaniu materiałów nie jest kompensowana w kolejnych etapach przygotowywania mieszanki przed procesem spiekania to jest aglomeracji w mieszalnikach bębnowych. Przekłada się to na niestabilne analizy chemiczne półproduktu jakim jest spiek. Głównym założeniem wprowadzonej modyfikacji było zastosowanie jak najprostszych rozwiązań pozwalających uniknąć kosztownych urządzeń i skomplikowanych systemów sterowania. Po modyfikacji sposobu dozowania materiału określono zmianę w jednorodności otrzymywanych analiz chemicznych. W realizacji badań skupiono się na pierwiastkach takich jak wapń, magnez i krzem. Badania zostały wykonane w ramach realizowanego doktoratu wdrożeniowego w Hucie Cynku „Miasteczko Śląskie”.

EN

The purpose of the conducted research was to determine the relationship occurring between the operation of the sintering department's holding tank and the homogeneity of the chemical composition of the produced sinter. The considered part of the process line is part of the Imperial Smelting Process, using which zinc and lead are mainly produced. The chemical composition of the sinter is important in the next production stage, which is the reduction process in the shaft furnace. The defined technological problem was the uneven dispensing of material onto the collecting belt. The unevenness in material dosing is not compensated for in the subsequent stages of mixture preparation before the sintering process, that is, agglomeration in drum mixers. This translates into unstable chemical analyses of the intermediate product, which is sinter. The main objective of the modification introduced was to use the simplest possible solutions to avoid costly equipment and complex control systems. After modification of the material dosage method, a change in the homogeneity of the obtained chemical analyses was determined. The implementation of the study focused on elements such as calcium, magnesium and silicon. The research was carried out as part of an ongoing implementation doctorate at the Zinc Smelter "Miasteczko Ślaskie".

7

Ocena składu parówek na podstawie deklaracji producenta

Żmijewski Tomasz, Modzelewska-Kapituła Monika

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 3

28--32

PL

Celem pracy była ocena parówek na podstawie składu deklarowanego na etykiecie produktu. Przeanalizowano dane obejmujące 64 asortymenty parówek. Poddano je analizie w zakresie stosowanych do produkcji surowców oraz wartości odżywczej gotowego wyrobu. Badania wykazały, że według deklaracji producentów 48,5% badanych produktów zawiera ponad 90% mięsa a 17,2% wyrobów powyżej 95%. Mięsem najczęściej wykorzystywanym do produkcji parówek jest wieprzowina i mięso z kurczaka. Według informacji zawartych na etykietach analizowanych produktów w ponad 80% wyrobów nie posiadało w składzie mięsa oddzielonego mechanicznie, a ponad 17% dodatków ujętych w unijnym wykazie dodatków do żywności. Z deklaracji wynika, że większość badanych produktów zawierała między 12% a 14% białka, 15-25% tłuszczu oraz 2,0-2,5% soli.

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of homogenized sausages based on the composition declared on the product label. Data covering 64 assortments of sausages was analysed. They were analysed in terms of raw materials used for production and nutritional value of the finished product. The research have shown that, according to producers’ declarations, 48.5% of the tested products contained more than 90% of meat, and 17.2% of the products contained more than 95% of meat. The meat most often used for the production of sausages were pork and chicken. According to producers’ declarations, in more then 80% of the tested products mechanically separated meat was not used, and over 17% of the products were free from additives included in the EU list of food additives. The majority of the tested products contained 12% to 14% of protein, 15-25% of fat and 2.0-2.5% of salt.

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Czynniki kształtujące wartość odżywczą surowych wędlin dojrzewających

Węsierska Ewelina, Pasternak Małgorzata

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 3

23--27

PL

W skład surowych wędlin dojrzewających wchodzą związki o istotnym znaczeniu dla zdrowia człowieka. Takimi składnikami są aminokwasy egzogenne, niezbędne nienasycone kwasy tłuszczowe, niektóre substancje mineralne i witaminy, które po wchłonięciu stają się kluczowymi składnikami tkanek i płynów ustrojowych lub kontrolują procesy fizjologiczne na poziomie komórkowym. Składniki te pełnią m.in. rolę buforów, kontrolują utlenianie wolnych rodników, wspomagają absorpcję wapnia i żelaza niehemowego, regulują poziom cukru we krwi, wykazują właściwości przeciwbakteryjne, przeciwwirusowe, przeciwgrzybiczne lub przeciwnowotworowe. Ze względu na skład chemiczny, surowe szynki dojrzewające postrzegane są jako naturalne źródło żelaza, cynku, fosforu, selenu, tiaminy, ryboflawiny, niacyny i witamin B6 oraz B12.

EN

Raw ripening meats contain compounds that are important for human health. Such components are exogenous amino acids, essential fatty acids, some minerals and vitamins, which after absorption become components of tissues and body fluids. They act as buffers, control the oxidation of free radicals, promote the absorption of calcium and “non-heme” iron, regulate blood sugar levels, and exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal or anticancer properties. Due to its chemical composition, raw ripening hams are seen as a natural source of iron, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamins B6 and B12.

9

Zastosowanie spektrometru XRF do oceny korozyjności zbrojenia w słupie żelbetowym

Palacz Przemysław, Major Maciej

Materiały Budowlane

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2023

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nr 4

1--4

PL

Artykuł zawiera analizę wpływu korozji zbrojenia na zmianę składu chemicznego oraz odczynu pH betonu, który odspoił się od prętów zbrojenia w słupie energetycznym. Badania wykonano za pomocą spektrometru XRF. Wykazano bezpośredni wpływ korozji na zwiększenie zawartości żelaza i tlenku żelaza w betonie w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie skorodowanego pręta. Dzięki temu możliwa jest ocena konstrukcji żelbetowych z wykorzystaniem spektrometru i eliminacja zagrożenia, jakie powstaje z chwilą korozji zbrojenia.

EN

The article contains an analysis of the influence of reinforcement corrosion on changes in the chemical composition and its pH of concrete, which detached from the reinforcement bars in power pole. The tests were performed using an XRF spectrometer. The direct impact of corrosion on the increase in the content of iron and iron oxide in concrete in the immediate vicinity of the corroded rod was demonstrated. Thanks to this, it is possible to diagnose reinforced concrete structures with the use of a spectrometer and to eliminate the threat that arises at the moment of reinforcement corrosion.

10

Total and Protein Nitrogen Content in Potato Tubers under the Influence of Various Care and Nutrition Methods with the Use of Biostimulants

Mystkowska Iwona, Zarzecka Krystyna, Ginter Agnieszka, Gugała Marek, Sikorska Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

247--255

EN

A two-factor field experiment was carried out in 2018–2020 at the Zawady Agricultural Experimental Station (52°03’ N and 22°33’ E) belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce in Poland. Tubers of two edible potato cultivars were investigated, i.e. Oberon and Malaga – factor one; in turn, factor two included variants of herbicide application with biostimulators: 1. control object – without preparations, 2. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin (Avatar 293 ZC), 3. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant PlonoStart, 4. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant Aminoplant, 5. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant Agro-Sorb® Folium. The biostimulators used in the research significantly increased the content of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen in tubers, as well as the share of protein nitrogen in total nitrogen in relation to the tubers collected from the control object. The genetic features of the cultivars also determined the concentration of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen in potato tubers.

11

Formation of the Yield of Matricaria recutita and Indicators of Food Value of Sychorium intybus by Technological Methods of Co-Cultivation in the Interrows of an Orchard

Bakhmat Mykola, Padalko Tatiana, Krachan Tatiana, Tkach Oleg, Pantsyreva Hanna, Tkach Liliya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

250--259

EN

This study was aimed at theoretical generalizations and experimental results of research on the influence of the combined cultivation of medicinal plants wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and root chicory (Sychorium intybus L.) in the rows of gardens, which actualizes the issue of increasing productivity in industrial orchards. Therefore, the authors strove to increase the efficiency of growing research crops using fruit plantations, thereby ensuring a shortened payback period for capital investments spent on their creation. The conducted scientific studies have shown that the effect of aster yield on the content of bioactive substances in medicinal plant raw materials depends on the type of soil and climatic conditions of the studied territory, the cultivar, the sowing period, the genetic characteristics of the seeds, and the sowing conditions, etc. The purpose of the conducted research was to determine the patterns of crop formation of the presented medicinal plants in the inter-row orchard according to the elements of agricultural techniques of cultivation under the agroecological conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. As a result of the conducted research, the expediency of cultivating existing plants on the area of the allotted plot was confirmed. The optimal timing of autumn sowing for cultivar ‘Perlyna Lisostepu’ with a seeding rate of 6 kg/ha and a yield of dry mass of inflorescences of 1.81 t•ha−1 was studied. The main indicators of the seedless method of planting chicory root crops of the second year for wintering in the open ground were established, while 35–40 t•ha−1 of high-quality root crops were obtained. Using the methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the raw materials of chamomile medicinal cultivars ‘Perlyna Lisostepu’ and ‘Bodegold’ were investigated for the content of flavonoids, chamazulene and its derivatives, as one of the important indicators of the quality of the essential oil, as well as the component composition of the root chicory cultivars ‘Umansky-99’ and ‘Umansky-97’, in relation to the quantitative ratio hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids in a 1:1 infusion. Accumulation of inulin continued throughout the growing season of root chicory, reaching the optimal content at the beginning of technical ripeness, and the highest rate was 11.5–17.51% in the sub-winter sowing period.

12

Biological Properties of Chamaerops humilis L. – Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Leaf, Fruit and Pulp Extracts

Nekhla Houria, Atmani Majid, El Hanafi Laila, Rhioui Wijdane, Goubi Abdelfatah, Squalli Wafae, Zahri Aziz, Harrach Ahmed, El Ghadraoui Lahsen

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

346--356

EN

This work aimed to evaluate the polyphenol and flavonoid composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf, fruit and pulp extracts of Chamaerops humilis L. Dry extracts of leaves, fruits and pulp were prepared by ultrasonic extraction and examined as potential sources of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts, including DPPH free radical scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the tested extracts were examined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride (AlCl3 ) methods, respectively. The antibacterial activity of leaf, fruit and pulp extracts against a collection of bacterial strains was evaluated using various in vitro methods, including well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results suggest that the leaf, the fruit and the pulp extracts have good potential as sources of bioactive compounds, the TPC and TFC of leaves were 116.209 ± 1.58 and 2.313 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g d.w, respectively. The TPC and TFC were 78.621 ± 1.06 and 0.425± 0.02 mg GAE/g dry weight in fruits, respectively. The best ability to trap DPPH radical was observed in the leaf extract (IC50 = 4.006 ± 0.36 mg/ml d.w); also, this extract revealed a better total antioxidant capacity of 119.702 ± 1.59 mg AGE/g dry weight. Regarding antibacterial activity, the leaves showed an important antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms with MIC ranging from 0.195 mg/ml to 3.125 mg/ml and with an inhibition diameter ranging from 12.03 ± 0.2 mm to 16.26 ± 0.03 mm Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between phytochemical parameters (TPC and TFC) and biological activities (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities). These results revealed that leaves, fruits and pulp extracts of C. humilis are a good source of bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant and antibacterial potentials. Therefore, they can be a new and alternative source of products for medical and industrial applications.

13

The Influence of Selected Physico-Chemical Pretreatment Methods on Chemical Composition and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Yield of Poplar Wood and Corn Stover

Antczak Andrzej, Szadkowski Jan, Radomski Andrzej, Zawadzki Janusz, Dąbkowska-Susfał Katarzyna, Walkowiak Małgorzata, Witczak Magdalena, Cichy Wojciech

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2023

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Vol. 66, nr 211

Art. no. 1644-3985.423.01

EN

In the paper, three different physico-chemical pretreatment methods in relation to bioethanol production were compared. The wood of fast-growing poplar species (Populus deltoides x maximowiczii and Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook) and corn stover were used as a feedstock. The chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of the biomass before and after pretreatments were compared. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that the applied pretreatments changed the chemical composition of the raw materials. In the case of the acid and LHW (liquid hot water pretreatment) methods, up to 93.7% of hemicelluloses (especially pentosans) were removed. From among the selected pretreatment methods, the LHW and alkaline methods occurred to be the most interesting. Nevertheless, from the bioethanol production point of view, the LHW process of Populus deltoides x maximowiczii wood was the best because after enzymatic hydrolysis, high amounts of glucose (up to 600.9 mg/g pretreated biomass) and minor amounts of xylose (up to 37.9 mg/g pretreated biomass) were produced. Moreover, based on the chemical composition and sugar profile analysis, it was proved that the Populus trichocarpa wood also has a high potential for bioethanol production.

14

Analiza wpływu parametrów napawania laserowego LMD na wybrane właściwości napoin wytworzonych z proszku HS6-5-2c na stali 1.4923

Chrzanowski Wojciech, Napadłek Wojciech, Bogdanowicz Zdzisław

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2023

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Vol. 72, nr 1

116--130

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań napoin wytworzonych technologią napawania laserowego LMd (Laser Metal Deposition) z zastosowaniem różnych parametrów wiązki laserowej. na powierzchni podłoży ze stali 1.4923 w kształcie prostopadłościanów wytworzono napoiny wielościegowe z proszków hs6-5-2c o różnym stopniu przykrycia. W ramach prób napawania laserowego wytworzono próbki, na których następnie przeprowadzono badania topografii powierzchni, obserwacje mikrostruktury oraz pomiary twardości w poszczególnych strefach warstwy wierzchniej podłoża, to jest w strefie napoiny, strefie wpływu ciepła (sWc) oraz w strefie materiału rodzimego. obserwacjęi analizę powierzchni napoin oraz mikrostruktury w przekroju poprzecznym próbek po napawaniu LMd zrealizowano z zastosowaniem mikroskopii optycznej ze światłowodową transmisją obrazu. pomiary twardości wykonano, używając twardościomierza Vickersa FLc-50a. na podstawie obserwacji mikroskopowych stwierdzono, że uzyskane napoiny mają regularny i powtarzalny kształt. Ponadto na powierzchniach wytworzonych napoin oraz w strefie wtopienia materiału napoiny z materiałem podłoża nie zauważono występowania wad procesowych. Twardość uzyskanych napoin wynosiła 500-700 hV0,1. Wytworzone na bazie proszku hs6-5-2c napoiny poddano badaniom odporności na erozję, które wykazały znacznie wyższą odporność na zużycie erozyjne (nawet ok. pięciokrotnie) w porównaniu z materiałem podłoża (stal 1.4923) bez napawania.

EN

This paper presents the results of testing surfacings produced by LMd (Laser Metal deposition) laser deposition technology for different laser beam parameters. on the surface layer of rectangular-shaped samples, made of 1.4923 steel, multiwall surfacing was produced from hs6-5-2c powder with different degrees of coverage. as a part of the laser deposition verification and testing, surface topography, microstructure and hardness tests were carried out in the deposition zone, heat affected zone, and the zone of the parent material. The surface of the surfacing and the microstructure in cross-section were observed on an optical microscope with fibre-optic image transmission. Hardness measurements were made in the cross-section of the sample using a Vickers FLc-50a hardness tester. Based on the observations, it was found that the obtained surfacings have a regular and repeatable shape. There were no welding defects on the surfaces of the produced surfacings and in the zone of fusion of the surfacing material with the substrate material. The hardness of the surfacings was obtained in the range of 500-700 hV0.1. The surfacings produced by LMd technology were subjected to erosion resistance tests, which showed significantly higher (about 5 times higher) resistance to erosion wear of the produced surface layers (surfacings based on hs6-5-2c powder) in comparison with the substrate material, i.e., steel 1.4923.

15

Regularities of Crystallization Heat Release During Solidification of Alloyed Cast Irons

Aftandiliants Y., Gnyloskurenko S., Meniailo H., Khrychikov V., Lomakin V.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

110--117

EN

The chemical composition of alloys plays an important role at their crystallization and influences the solid phase formation, and thus, microstructure and properties. The present paper studies the release of the heat of crystallization of alloyed wear-resistant cast irons in order to determine the quantitative patterns of the chemical composition influence to the kinetics of crystallization. The differential thermal analysis was applied to get the data of heat release, its rate at cast iron temperature decrease. The normalized dependence of the amount of crystallization heat over time was obtained. The main temperature parameters were analyzed and four stages at irons crystallization were established and characterized with their duration and released heat. The multiple correlation analysis allowed considering a numerous physical and chemical factors and distinguishing their role at crystallization of irons. As a result, the quantitative regularities are determined of influencing the content of alloying elements, impurities and carbides on a heat and time of crystallization at the different stages of solidification, which are of great importance in developing alloyed irons with required quality and properties.

16

Effects of EDM on the Chemical Composition and Microstructure of the Surface Layer of Alnico Alloys

Bańkowski Damian, Młynarczyk Piotr, Szwed Bartłomiej

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

106--111

EN

This article deals with the effects of electrical discharge machining (EDM) on the chemical composition and microstructure of cast Alnico alloys, i.e., iron-based alloys composed of aluminum, nickel and cobalt. The experiments focused on determining the chemical composition of the surface layer before and after the EDM process. The microstructure of the material altered by the EDM was also examined. The study included measurement of the thickness of the white layer characteristic of EDM. It is evident that low values of the surface roughness parameters can be obtained by correctly selecting the EDM process parameters. The average surface roughness reported in the experiments was 1 μm. The surface roughness measurements were conducted with a Talysurf CCI lite non-contact profiler. The metrological results also indicate that lower surface roughness can be obtained at small discharge energies.

17

Characterization of Ijero-Ekiti Quartz as Refractory Raw Material for Industrial Furnace

Omidiji B. V., Ogundipe O. B., Owolabi H. A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

14--21

EN

This study investigated the suitability of Ijero-Ekiti quartz as a refractory raw material for industrial furnace applications. In order to ascertain its prospective applications, the thermal behaviour, mineralogical composition and chemical composition were determined. Ijero-Ekiti quartz was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal analysis (TGA and DTA). Its thermal conductivity with specific heat coefficient was determined. The outcome revealed that the quartz sample has a high purity of 94.3% SiO2, making it suitable as a refractory material. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of alpha-quartz as the dominant crystal phase, which is desirable for refractory applications. The FTIR analysis indicated the absence of hydroxyl (-OH) groups. This indicates a low risk of failure and damage such as spalling, cracking and other forms of damage when produced into bricks. The TGA and DTA displayed significant mass losses and large endothermic bands, which were connected to the dehydroxylation of the quartz rock samples. Based on the demonstrated qualities, the quartz rock sample could be subjected to thermal processing. This study therefore established that Ijero-Ekiti quartz is a suitable raw material for refractory applications due to its high purity, alpha-quartz dominant crystal phase, absence of hydroxyl groups, and uniform morphology.

18

Assessment of Stability the Chemical Composition of Slags

Sitko Jacek

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

145--150

EN

Metallurgical slags are an object of the increasing interest in terms of the possibility of their utilization, especially as materials used in the construction and road building industries, in the foundry industry for refining and purifying liquid alloys, the production of abrasives for surface treatment of remanufactured machine parts, as mine backfill materials. Metallurgical slags, in order to be used in foundry processes, should be characterized by the stability of the chemical composition. This paper presents the results of statistical analysis calculations, in which using a specific group f samples, knowing their chemical composition, the mean value Ā, variance Ϭ2, standard deviation Ϭ and the classical coefficient of variation V were determined. The research and its results report the amount of variation in considered components of the slags.

19

The effect of air plasma cutting on the quality, structural transformations and changes in the chemical composition of structural steel

Górka Jacek

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e215, 2023

EN

The article presents results of tests concerning the effect of technological parameters of the plasma arc cutting process (involving the use of air as plasma gas) on the quality of cut surfaces as well as on structural transformations and changes in the chemical composition of 14 mm-thick plates made of steel S235JR. The tests revealed that the adjustment of optimum parameters of the cutting process enabled the obtainment of cut surfaces representing quality class I in accordance with the ISO 9013 standard. Only the surfaces processed using the maximum cutting rates represented quality class II. The chemical composition analysis was performed using an ICXA 733 X-ray microanalyser (Jeol) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and an ISIS 300 analytical system (OXFORD). The cut surfaces were observed and their characteristic areas were photographed using an X-ray microanalyser and the backscattered electrons (BSE) technique. The phase analysis was performed using a PHILIPS PW 1050 X’Change machine operated in the B–B (Bragg–Brentano) geometry. It was observed that the application of the air plasma cutting process led to the formation of an amorphous phase on the cut surface. The amorphous phase was characterised by a very high nitrogen content (of approximately 1.6%) and a hardness of 750 HV 0.2. The intense nitration resulted from the diffusion of nitrogen from the plasma gas. At the same time, the effect of air plasma arc gases on the liquid metal was responsible for the carburising of the cut surface (up to approximately 0.5%) and the burnout of alloying components (in accordance with the theory of the selective oxidation of chemical elements). The quality of the cut surfaces was primarily affected by the cutting rate. An increase in the cutting rate was accompanied by the deterioration of the geometric features of cut surfaces. In addition, higher cutting rates also translated into the significant reduction of the HAZ width and that of the size of the zone of chemical composition changes. The tests revealed that, in terms of the 14 mm-thick plates made of steel S235JR, the optimum cutting rates were restricted within the range of 600 mm/min to 1500 mm/min. The tests carried out made it possible to determine the influence of the active plasma gas (oxygen, nitrogen) both on changes in the chemical composition of the tested steel and on the quality of the cut surfaces obtained.

20

Improvement of the technology of marshmallow with the addition of plant raw materials

Artamonova Maiia, Piliugina Inna, Aksonova Olena

Acta Innovations

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2023

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no. 48

38--47

EN

Every year, the interest in functional nutrition is growing in the world. Consumers are increasingly rejecting products containing sugar, artificial preservatives, dyes, flavorings, flavor enhancers, etc. There is a growing public interest in healthy food products and the ingredients used in these products. Despite the increase in the price of such products, marketing research confirms the demand for them and the willingness of the population to "overpay for naturalness". The article is devoted to the development of the formulation and technology of a pastila-type product with a functional purpose using non-traditional raw materials (coconut sugar, fructose and blueberry powder) instead of sugar. The organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of the quality of new products were determined. The pastila-type products are enriched with protein, dietary fibers, minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc) and vitamins (C, PP, groups B, A).