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PL
W artykule omówiono charakterystykę sprzętu do wbudowania mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych - opisano jego główne elementy konstrukcyjne oraz procedury przygotowawcze i procesy związane z użytkowaniem. Autor zwraca uwagę na znaczenie właściwego zagęszczenia i równomiernego rozkładu mieszanki, a także na kwestie bezpieczeństwa i konserwacji maszyn.
EN
The article discusses the characteristics of equipment for installing mineral-asphalt mixtures - their main structural elements, preparatory procedures and processes related to their use are described. The author emphasises the importance of proper compaction and even distribution of a mixture as well as the issues of machinery safety and maintenance.
EN
It should be noted that there is currently a problem with wood resources in the woodworking industry. A potential, unused wood reserve is post-consumer wood (PCW). The problem with the quality of this wood resource has not been fully resolved since there is no regulatory database. In fact, there is a lack of appropriate regulatory documents, which makes it impossible to describe to a full extent the physical and mechanical properties of PCW of common wood species of different ages as a source of additional raw materials for various woodworking technologies. Proceeding from the goal, the task of the study is to describe the physical and mechanical properties of postconsumer wood using the example of fir wood, which for a long period of time has been used to create furniture and joinery products. The task is also to identify patterns of change in the indicators of this resource with age - an expired service life or suitability. In order to use PCW in woodworking and to fill the scientific base with physical and mechanical indicators of fir wood of different ages with an expired product service life, the following characteristics were investigated: static hardness, swelling, coefficients of swelling, the value of transverse anisotropy, density, static bending strength, splitting strength along the fibers, modulus of elasticity in compression, and the modulus of elasticity in static bending. The characteristics of PCW of the widespread fir species in the range of use from 0 to 20 years were explored, with intermediate control over the properties every 5 years. The dynamics of the physical and mechanical indicators of fir PCW were revealed and it was found that in the course of operation time in various conditions they change, mainly decreasingly: static hardness by 9.2-9.6%; the value of transverse anisotropy by 30-32%; strength: static bending strength by 3.4-7.95%, splitting strength by 4.49-8.67%; modulus of elasticity: in compression by 3.89-4.08%, in bending by 2.75-6.64%. The main causes of changes in the properties of PCW with age: natural: weathering, partial internal rot, insect damage, other biological effects; mechanical: splitting, scratches, small holes from means of fastening and other defects due to use; operational: the influence of power and dynamic loads, the influence of surface finishing agents and other factors on the structural elements of wood products. A summary table was compiled for the selection of indicators of the physical and mechanical properties of fir PCW of different ages. When knowing the indicators and dynamics of the physical and mechanical properties of PCW with age, it can be recommended for manufacturing structural materials - blockboards and furniture panels.
EN
Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a revolutionary manufacturing technology. This paper compares the differences between additive manufacturing technologies, such as Fused Deposition Modeling, Selective Laser Sintering, Selective Laser Melting, Stereolithography, Layered Object Manufacturing, and traditional manufacturing processes, such as subtractive and equal manufacturing. The paper mainly discusses the differences between laser additive manufacturing and traditional processing technology in processing principles and materials. The development status of metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics, and concrete are introduced in the paper. The advantages of metal products manufactured by additive manufacturing technology in mechanical properties and microstructure evolution are highlighted. The paper also identifies the reasons limiting the development of additive manufacturing technology and proposes future prospects, providing a theoretical basis for future research on additive manufacturing technology.
EN
The operation of high-speed tracked vehicles takes place in difficult terrain conditions. Hence, to obtain a high operational relia-bility, the design or modernisation process must be precise and should consider even the slightest details. The article presents issues re-lated to the problem of formulating vehicle models using partial models of flexible elements used in tracked mechanisms. Changes occur-ring in the shape and properties of elements such as track pads and roadwheel bandages as a consequence of operating conditions are presented. These changes are reflected in the presented elastic–damping characteristics of components of the crawler mechanism. Nu-merical studies have shown that deterioration of chassis suspension components after a significant mileage may increase dynamic loads (forces) acting on the running gear. Increased forces in the running gear naturally result in increased stresses in the road surface on which the vehicle is travelling, which can pose a danger (or excessive wear and tear) to road infrastructure components such as culverts, bridges and viaducts. In the literature, model tests of objects are carried out on models that represent new vehicles, and the characteristics of the adopted elements correspond to elements not affected by the process and operating conditions. Its influence should not be ignored in the design, testing and running of a special vehicle. The tracked mechanism, as running gear, is designed for special high-speed vehicles for off-road and off-road driving. Its design ensures high off-road traversability. The dynamic loads originating from off-road driving are super-imposed on those generated by the engine, drive train and interaction of the tracks with the roadwheels, sprocket, idler and supporting tracks return rollers.
5
Content available remote Kleje żelowe – właściwości i zasady stosowania
PL
Powołując się na normę PN-EN 12004-1, autor przedstawia klasyfikację klejów do płytek ceramicznych i okładzin kamiennych. Wyjaśnia specyfikę klejów żelowych, a także zwraca uwagę na konieczność przestrzegania zasad sztuki budowlanej podczas przyklejania płytek.
EN
Referring to the PN-EN 12004-1 standard, the author presents the classification of adhesives for ceramic tiles and stone cladding. He explains the specifics of gel adhesives, and he also draws attention to the need to follow the best construction practices when laying tiles.
EN
The structural scheme of the model and the simulator for constructing the raster transformation characteristics of different screen ruling on the basis of the normalized raster transformation of the elements of a circular shape have been developed. The given results of simulator, and the characteristics of raster transformation have been constructed, their properties have been analyzed.
PL
Na podstawie znormalizowanej transformacji elementów rastra o kształcie koła opracowano schemat modelu oraz symulator tworzenia charakterystyki transformacji rastrów dla różnej ich liniatury. Opracowano wyniki symulacji i stworzono charakterystykę transformacji rastrów. Dokonano analizy ich właściwości.
EN
Lean manufacturing is one of the modern management methods to streamline production, reduce waste and increase business efficiency, thereby helping organizations and businesses improve productivity and quality. Most businesses have encountered difficulties when converting to LEAN and have not achieved the expected and sustained results in the long term. The aim of his study is to evaluate the factors of business characteristics affecting the results of Lean model application in industrial production in Vietnam. This study conducts an in-depth study of 10 typical industrial manufacturing enterprises. The research results show a model of six business characteristics that affect the success of Lean in production conditions in industrial enterprises. Based on the results, this study provides some suggestions for the firms to successfully apply lean.
PL
Artykuł stanowi kontynuację przeglądu niedrzewnych roślinnych surowców włóknistych [2]. W niniejszej części omówiono: słomę zbożową, ryżową i kukurydzianą, esparto, bambus i trzcinę pospolitą. Przedstawiono charakterystyki fizyczną i chemiczną tych surowców, obszary ich występowania i specyfikę. Całość zilustrowano fotografiami surowców oraz ich włókien.
EN
This article is the continuation of the survey of the fibrous raw materials from non-wood plants [2]. In this part the cereal straw, rice straw, corn straw, esparto, bamboo and common reed are presented. Their physical and chemical characteristics is discussed, the availability and specificity are presented as well. The photographs of plants and their fibers are included.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi kontynuację przeglądu niedrzewnych surowców włóknistych [7, 8], w którym przedstawia się fizyczne i chemiczne ich charakterystyki, obszary występowania i specyfikę. W tej części omówiono sizal, abakę, jukę, len nowozelandzki oraz inne niedrzewne surowce roślinne wykorzystywane w przemyśle celulozowo-papierniczym (jak słonecznik, chmiel, sorgo, tytoń), a także nietypowe surowce roślinne (np. łęciny kartoflane, wysłodki z buraków cukrowych, trawy, wytłoki jabłkowe i inne).
EN
This article is the continuation of the survey of the fibrous raw materials from non-wood plants [7, 8]. In this part the sisal, abaca, yucca, New Zealand flax and other non-wood plant raw materials used in pulp and paper industry are presented. Their physical and chemical characteristics is discussed, the availability and specificity are presented as well.
EN
Today in woodworking, there are problems with the use of wood waste and the accumulation of involved wood as an additional and not fully used resource. The problem has not been completely solved, as there is no scientific basis and practical recommendations for efficient production processes with predicting the properties of products made from Post-Consumer Wood (PCW), in particular in the production of blockboards (BB). The objective of the studies is to substantiate and develop a scientific and technical basis for resource-saving and environmentally friendly technologies, to establish the influence patterns of PCW properties on the mechanical characteristics of the products obtained, to develop operating parameters and to formulate practical recommendations, confirmed by the results of experimental studies. The studies have proved the expediency of using PCW in technological processes of woodworking, in particular in the production of construction materials - blockboards with predicted characteristics. In order to rationally use raw materials for the manufacture of conventional blockboards made from Post-Consumer Wood (PCW-BB), new designs of a conventional PCW blockboard with a thickness of 22 mm and with a unified strip width of 16, 32, 48, and 64 mm, the strips are glued ones, 3 mm thick, and faced with plywood on both sides. The authors of the article found that in order to ensure improved operating characteristics of the blockboards, it is important to lay radial, semi-radial and tangential strips in structures with the ratio of width to thickness of the cross-sections of the strips - rationally and efficiently - 1:1, 2:1, 3:1. Substantiation on this basis of new designs of PCW blockboards makes it possible to reveal shortcomings of these products at the conceptual stage of the project and correct them before manufacturing taking into account the specified technical conditions and reducing costs at the development stage. Mathematical models for predicting the main characteristics of conventional PCW blockboards (PCW-BB) have been constructed, which made it possible to determine the indexes of the bending strength of the BB across the strips, σBB, and the shear strength of the BB along the glue line, τВВ. The coefficients of approximation of mathematical dependencies for predicting the strength of PCW-BBs, the strips of which were made of fir wood, were calculated, which would allow for the selection of rational designs of blockboards with appropriate characteristics. It has been established that the developed mathematical models make it possible to predict the characteristics of the PCW-BB depending on the cross-sectional dimensions of the strips, the angle of the annual rings slope to the blockboard face and the age of the PCW, and, on this basis, to propose improved designs of these blockboards for the technological processes of woodworking. The influence patterns of the properties of structural elements on the indicators of conventional PCW-BB (500 × 500 × 22 mm) were experimentally established. It was found that an increase in the width of the strips leads to a decrease in the strength indexes (by 29-37%); an increase in the angle of the annual rings slope to the BB face leads to an increase in static bending strength (by 31-33%) but to a decrease in shear strength (by 4-7%); an increase in the age of the PCW leads to a decrease in strength indexes (by 3-8%). It was found that the physical and mechanical parameters of the experimental PCW-BBs with a strip cross-sections of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 meet the requirements of the standard (larger values: for static bending of a rate of 15 MPa and for shearing at a rate of 1 MPa), and for the 4:1 cross- -section, they partially had lower indexes by 2-3%. To ensure the strength of the developed structures of the PCW-BBs, it is recommended to use the 3:1 ratio of the sides in the cross-section of the strips, and the slope of the annual rings to the blockboard face must be at least 45o. It was found that the deviation of the values obtained by mathematical models in determining the strength in static bending and shearing in comparison with the experimental ones did not exceed 8% and 10%, respectively.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę czasu pracy maszyny papierniczej. Zaprezentowane zostały wartości charakterystyk i parametrów rozkładów czasu pracy między uszkodzeniami, wymianami elementów (bloków), czasu pracy między uszkodzeniami układów, z opisem statystycznym i obrazem graficznym w postaci wykresów.
EN
The paper contains the analysis of working time of paper machine. The values of characteristics and parameters of work time distributions between defects, replacement of elements, the working time between system failures, with statistical description and graphical image in the form of diagrams are presented.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę pracochłonności napraw maszyn papierniczych. Zaprezentowane zostały wartości charakterystyk i parametrów rozkładów pracochłonności napraw maszyn papierniczych, układów i elementów (bloków) z opisem statystycznym i obrazem graficznym w postaci wykresów.
EN
The article contains an analysis of the labor intensity of repairs of paper machines. Presented were the values of the characteristics and parameters of the schedules, labor-consuming repairs of paper machines, systems and elements (blocks) with a statistical description and a graphic image in the form of graphs.
EN
This paper presents the brief characteristics of rare earth elements (REE) and their occurrence in acid mine drainage (AMD) waters. The special emphasis is laid on REE classification, computation of shale-normalized coefficients and interpretation of REE anomalies. This paper also outlines the REE behavior in the environment, geochemical interactions and their potential application for assessing an impact of AMD on the environment.
PL
Wstęp i cele: W pracy przedstawiono analizę saturacji, tętna i amplitudy fali tętna w pulsoksymetrii noworodków. Głównym celem pracy jest opracowanie porównania wartości saturacji i amplitudy, wartości tętna i amplitudy oraz wartości saturacji i tętna badanych noworodków. Materiał i metody: Materiał stanowiło odpowiednio 180 zdarzeń z grupy badanej oraz 90 zdarzeń z grupy kontrolnej (obrazy z monitora Infinity Vista XL). Zastosowano metodę analityczną, graficzną i statystyczną. W opracowaniu materiału wykorzystano programy Gateway Suite firmy Dräger Medical, Corel Photo-Paint oraz MS-Excel. Wyniki: W grupie badanej dla saturacji 40 - 100% jak i kontrolnej dla saturacji 88 - 100% spadkowi jej wartości towarzyszył istotny wzrost wartości amplitudy fali tętna oraz niewielki spadek wartości tętna. W grupie badanej dla tętna 84 - 196 bpm jak i kontrolnej dla tętna 104 - 182 bpm spadkowi jego wartości towarzyszył niewielki wzrost wartości amplitudy fali tętna. Wniosek: Spadkowi saturacji krwi (zwłaszcza poniżej 85%) towarzyszy wzrost amplitudy fali tętna. Zjawisko wzrostu amplitudy fali tętna wyprzedza o kilka sekund desaturację.
EN
Introduction and aims: The paper presents some analysis of saturation, pulse rate and pulse wave amplitude in neonates pulse oximetry. The main aim of the study is to elaborate a comparison of saturation and amplitude values, pulse rate and amplitude values and of saturation and pulse rate values of the neonates. Material and methods: The material constitutes 180 events in the study group and 90 events in the control group (images from the monitor Infinity Vista XL). The analysis, graphical and statistical methods have been used in the paper. In the study material have been used Gateway Suite of Dräger Medical Company, Corel Photo-Paint and MS-Excel programs. Results: In the study group for the saturation 40 - 100% and control group for saturation 88 - 100% its decrease values was accompanied by a significant amplitude values increase of the pulse wave and a slight decrease in heart pulse rate. In the study group for heart rate 84 - 196 bpm and control group pulse for 104 - 182 bpm its decrease value accompanied with a slight increase the amplitude values of the pulse wave. Conclusion: The decrease in blood oxygen saturation (especially less than 85%) is accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of the pulse wave. The phenomenon of pulse wave amplitude increase precedes desaturation by a few seconds.
PL
Wstęp i cele: W pracy przedstawiono analizę saturacji, tętna, amplitudy fali tętna i pola pod falą tętna w pulsoksymetrii noworodków. Głównym celem pracy jest opracowanie porównania wartości saturacji i amplitudy, wartości tętna i amplitudy oraz wartości saturacji i tętna badanych noworodków. Materiał i metody: Materiał stanowiło odpowiednio 180 zdarzeń z grupy badanej oraz 90 zdarzeń z grupy kontrolnej (obrazy z monitora Infinity Vista XL). Zastosowano metodę analityczną, graficzną i statystyczną. W opracowaniu materiału wykorzystano programy Gateway Suite firmy Dräger Medical, Corel Photo-Paint oraz MS-Excel. Wyniki: W grupach badanej i kontrolnej spadkowi wartości saturacji obserwowano istotny wzrost pola zawartego między falą tętna a osią odciętych. Pole zawarte między falą tętna a osią odciętych może być interpretowane z objętością przepływającej krwi w mikrokrążeniu. W obu grupach obserwowano wysoce statystyczną korelację pomiędzy wartościami amplitudy i pola pod falą tętna. Znajomość metody wyznaczania pola pod falą tętna, umożliwia przejście do obliczeń objętości przepływającej krwi w naczyniach obwodowych. Wniosek: Spadkowi saturacji krwi (zwłaszcza poniżej 85%) towarzyszy wzrost amplitudy fali tętna. Zjawisko wzrostu amplitudy fali tętna wyprzedza o kilka sekund desaturację.
EN
Introduction and aims: The paper presents some analysis of saturation, pulse rate, pulse wave amplitude and area under fulse wave in neonates pulse oximetry. The main aim of the study is to elaborate a comparison of saturation and amplitude values, pulse rate and amplitude values and of saturation and pulse rate values of the neonates. Material and methods: The material constitutes 180 events in the study group and 90 events in the control group (images from the monitor Infinity Vista XL). The analysis, graphical and statistical methods have been used in the paper. In the study material have been used Gateway Suite of Dräger Medical Company, Corel Photo-Paint and MS-Excel programs. Results: In the examined and control groups a decrease in saturation value was observed a significant increase in the field contained between the pulse wave and the abscissa axis. The area between the pulse wave and the abscissa axis can be interpreted as the volume of blood flowing in the microcirculation. In both groups a highly statistical correlation between the values of amplitude and field under the pulse wave was observed. Knowledge of the method of determining the area under the pulse wave allows you to go to calculations of the volume of blood flowing in peripheral vessels. Conclusion: The decrease in blood oxygen saturation (especially less than 85%) is accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of the pulse wave. The phenomenon of pulse wave amplitude increase precedes desaturation by a few seconds.
16
Content available Gazy wilgotne
PL
Wstęp i cele: W pracy opisano parametry gazu wilgotnego oraz opracowano charakterystykę wilgotności i stopnia nasycenia. Celem pracy jest analiza parametrów i charakterystyka gazu wilgotnego. Materiał i metody: Materiał stanowią źródła z literatury z zakresu termodynamiki. W pracy zastosowano metodę analizy teoretycznej. Wyniki: Opracowano wykres zmian stanu czynnika. Przy małej zawartości pary w gazie, jej ciśnienie cząstkowe jest niskie i jeżeli jest mniejsze od ciśnienia nasycenia występuje para przegrzana i otrzymuje się gaz wilgotny nienasycony. W miarę zwiększania zawartości wody w gazie ciśnienie cząstkowe rośnie i może osiągnąć możliwą najwyższą wartość, równą ciśnieniu nasycenia. Uzyskany gaz jest wilgotnym nasyconym. Przy ciśnieniu nasycenia zawarta jest w gazie możliwa, największa ilość wody (albo innej cieczy) w postaci gazowej (lotnej). Zwiększenie zawartości wody w gazie ponad stan nasycenia może spowodować utworzenie się mgły. Wnioski: Do określenia wilgotności bezwzględnej nie włącza się zawartości wody w postaci mgły tzn. cząstek wody lub lodu. Zwiększenie zawartości wody w gazie, ponad stan nasycenia przy tej samej temperaturze nasycenia, nie spowoduje jej odparowania i wzrostu ciśnienia cząstkowego powyżej ciśnienia nasycenia. Stopień wilgoci gazu nasyconego odpowiada maksymalnej zawartości pary lotnej w gazie.
EN
Introduction and aim: The work describes moist gas parameters and develops humidity and saturation characteristics. The purpose of the work is to analyze parameters and characteristics of moist gas. Material and methods: Material covers some sources based on the literature in the field of thermodynamics. The method of theoretical analysis has been shown in the paper. Results: A graph of changes in the state of the factor was prepared. With a low content of vapor in the gas, its partial pressure is low and if it is less than the saturation pressure, superheated steam occurs and a wet unsaturated gas is obtained. As the water content in the gas increases, the partial pressure increases and can reach the highest value possible, equal to saturation pressure. The resulting gas is moist saturated. At saturation pressure, the largest possible amount of water (or other liquid) in gaseous (volatile) form is contained in the gas. Increasing the water content of the gas above saturation may cause fog to form. Conclusion: Water content in the form of fog, i.e. water or ice particles, is not included in the determination of absolute humidity. Increasing the water content in the gas, above saturation at the same saturation temperature, will not cause it to evaporate and the partial pressure to rise above saturation pressure. The moisture content of the saturated gas corresponds to the maximum content of volatile vapor in the gas.
EN
A conventional water treatment plant (WTP) typically involves coagulation-flocculation processes to remove suspended particles and colloids in raw water. The process generates a large volume of alum sludge with high aluminum content, which is discharged into a river with improper treatment. The sludge may cause a potential risk to human health, and disrupt the life of river biota. The aims of this study were to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of alum sludge from Surabaya WTP, and to compare them with those of alum sludge from other plants in Indonesia and developing countries. The alum sludge sample was obtained from the Surabaya WTP in Indonesia. The results showed that the alum sludge had a pH value of 7.47, volatile solids of 12,696 mg/L, total suspended solids of 12,511 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 9666.7 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 1082.5 mg/L, and sludge volume index 114.18 mL/g. The sludge had high aluminum and iron concentrations. The aluminum content of the sludge was 1194 mg/L, iron 515 mg/L, chromium 0.217 mg/L, and copper 0.559 mg/L. Having a BOD/COD ratio of 0.1, the alum sludge contained high level of nonbiodegradable organic matter.
PL
Scharakteryzowano koncepcję tensegrity jako systemu konstrukcyjnego. Podano autorską definicję tensegrity, która pozwala precyzyjnie ocenić, czy konstrukcja budowlana spełnia, czy też nie cechy tego systemu. W świetle przedstawionej definicji scharakteryzowano kilka nietypowych konstrukcji mostowych, które pretendują do miana mostów tensegrity.
EN
The concept of tensegrity as a construction system is presented and characterized. An original definition of tensegrity has been given, which allows to precisely assess whether the building structure meets or not the features of this system. In the light of the definition presented, several non-standard bridge constructions are characterized, which aspire to the tensegrity bridge term.
19
PL
Intensywny rozwój infrastruktury drogowej skutkuje prowadzeniem nowych szlaków komunikacyjnych na terenach zajmowanych dotąd przez zwierzęta lub w ich sąsiedztwie, a co za tym idzie są miejscami gdzie może dojść do kolizji. Z tego powodu należy zabezpieczać je przed wtargnięciem na pas ruchu drogowego ludzi i zwierząt poprzez budowę ogrodzenia W artykule przedstawiono elementy składowe ogrodzeń oraz omówiono ich charakterystykę oraz właściwości.
EN
Intensive development of road infrastructure results in running new communication routes in areas occupied by animals so far or in their vicinity, and thus are places where a collision may occur. For this reason, they should be protected against intrusion into the road lane of people and animals by building a fence. The article presents components of fences and discusses their characteristics and properties.
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono uwarunkowania prawne, strukturę i perspektywy pozyskiwania mięsa zwierząt łownych w Polsce. Określono udział części jadalnych w tuszach oraz udział elementów zasadniczych i skład chemiczny mięsa najczęściej spożywanych gatunków zwierząt łownych. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na właściwości dietetyczne mięsa wynikające z niskiej zawartości tłuszczu i większej ilości białka w porównaniu z mięsem pozyskanym od zwierząt hodowlanych. Wskazano na występowanie w dziczyźnie cennych substancji biologicznie aktywnych, takich jak skoniugowane dieny kwasu linolowego (CLA), karnozyna, anseryna, witamina E, koenzym Q10, tauryna, oraz soli mineralnych. Przedstawiono charakterystykę technologiczną oraz możliwości wykorzystania dziczyzny, szczególnie w aspekcie jej cech sensorycznych i zdrowotnych.
EN
The elaboration presents the legal conditions, structure and prospects for obtaining game meat in Poland. It determines the percentage of parts consumed in carcasses as well as the share of basic elements and chemical composition of meat obtained from the most commonly consumed wild game species. Special attention was paid to the dietary characteristics of meat resulting from low fat content and higher protein content in comparison to the meat obtained from farm animals. The work indicates the occurrence of valuable biologically active substances in wild game, such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), carnosine, anserine, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, taurine and mineral salts. It also presents technological characteristics and the possibilities of game meat usage, especially in terms of its sensory and health characteristics.
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