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1

The Impact of Air Pollution on the Number of Diagnosed Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases

Wierzbińska Monika, Kita Aleksandra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

167--175

EN

Over the last few years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in air quality issues in Poland. Information on this subject is increasingly appearing in the media and in public debate. However, it seems that awareness of the existence and importance of this problem is still too low in our society. In particular, few people have sufficient knowledge of the impact of air pollutants on health. Consequently, the problem of air pollution is very often underestimated. The increase in risk of occurrence of specific adverse health effects associated with exposure to air pollutants is usually relatively low (except in cases of high pollutant concentrations or people in high-risk groups). However, the prevalence of exposure as well as the association with common diseases result in the fact that the impact of air pollutants on health status of the population is significant. This paper attempts to analyse the relationship between ambient air quality and the number of people who visited a local health care facility and were diagnosed with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The analysis was performed based on the town of Żory located in the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland. Air pollutant concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 for the summer and heating seasons were obtained from the database of the monitoring station owned by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. Information on the number of people who visited a physician on particular days and who were diagnosed with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases was obtained from the local health care facility “Medyk” in Żory. The analysis was conducted for the summer period from 01.06.2021 to 31.08.2021 and the heating season from 01.11.2021 to 15.01.2022. The analysis showed that the increased concentrations of particulate pollution did not result in an increase in the number of people who visited a physician with respiratory diseases. In the case of the heating period, incidents of above-normal concentrations of PM10 particulate matter may have had a noticeable impact on the increase in the number of patients who visited a physician with cardiovascular diseases. This increase in the number of patients occurred several days after the smog incidents which occurred in mid-December. However, no short-term link was observed between the increase in the number of patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the occurrence of elevated concentrations of sulphur dioxide in the air. Furthermore, higher concentrations of particulate and gaseous pollutants during the heating season resulted in more respiratory and cardiovascular diseases than during the summer season.

2

Performance evaluation of machine learning models to predict heart

Khan Majid, Husnain Ghassan, Ahmad Waqas, Shaukat Zain, Jan Latif, Haq Ihtisham Ul, Ishtiaq Atif

Machine Graphics and Vision

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2023

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Vol. 32, No. 1

99--114

EN

Coronary Artery Disease is the type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that happens when the blood vessels which stream the blood toward the heart, either become tapered or blocked. Of this, the heart is incapable to push sufficient blood to encounter its requirements. This would lead to angina (chest pain). CVDs are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. According to WHO, in the year 2019 17.9 million people deceased from CVD. Machine Learning is a type of artificial intelligence that uses algorithms to help analyse large datasets more efficiently. It can be used in medical research to help process large amounts of data quickly, such as patient records or medical images. By using Machine Learning techniques and methods, scientists can automate the analysis of complex and large datasets to gain deeper insights into the data. Machine Learning is a type of technology that helps with gathering data and understanding patterns. Recently, researchers in the healthcare industry have been using Machine Learning techniques to assist with diagnosing heart-related diseases. This means that the professionals involved in the diagnosis process can use Machine Learning to help them figure out what is wrong with a patient and provide appropriate treatment. This paper evaluates different machine learning models performances. The Supervised Learning algorithms are used commonly in Machine Learning which means that the training is done using labelled data, belonging to a particular classification. Such classification methods like Random Forest, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbour, XGBoost algorithm, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine will be used to assess the cardiovascular disease by Machine Learning.

3

Classification of cardiovascular diseases using dysphonia measurement in speech

Bourouhou Abdelhamid, Jilbab Abdelilah, Nacir Chafik, Hammouch Ahmed

Diagnostyka

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2021

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Vol. 22, No. 1

31--37

EN

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The diagnosis is made by non-invasive methods, but it is far from being comfortable, rapid, and accessible to everyone. Speech analysis is an emerging non-invasive diagnostic tool, and a lot of researches have shown that it is efficient in speech recognition and in detecting Parkinson's disease, so can it be effective for differentiating between patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy people? This present work answers the question posed, by collecting a database of 75 people, 35 of whom suffering from cardiovascular diseases, and 40 are healthy. We took from each one three vocal recordings of sustained vowels (aaaaa…, ooooo… .. and iiiiiiii… ..). By measuring dysphonia in speech, we were able to extract 26 features, with which we will train three types of classifiers: the k-near-neighbor, the support vectors machine classifier, and the naive Bayes classifier. The methods were tested for accuracy and stability, and we obtained 81% accuracy as the best result using the k-near-neighbor classifier.

4

Influence of atherosclerosis on anisotropy and incompressibility of the human thoracic aortic wall

Kozun Marta, Chwilkowska Agnieszka, Pezowicz Celina, Kobielarz Magdalena

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 41, no. 1

15--27

EN

In this study, we analysed the influence of atherosclerosis on the anisotropic and incompressible behaviour of the human thoracic aortic wall under mechanical loads. The mechanical tests involved preparations of the human thoracic aortic wall, which were evaluated based on the six-stage histological classification of atherosclerosis proposed by Stary. Anisotropy was evaluated on the basis of directional tests of mechanical properties, which were determined based on a uniaxial tensile test conducted in two directions, i.e. longitudinal and circumferential. The evaluation of incompressibility was carried out based on the product of the stretch ratios obtained in the x–y and y–z planes and on the basis of Poisson's ratio. The results presented in this study indicate that the blood vessel wall is an anisotropic material only in the case of normal vessels and in early atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis progression causes a gradual loss of the anisotropic character of the work of the thoracic aortic wall in moderate and very advanced stages of atherosclerosis under mechanical loads. The results show that the wall of the thoracic aorta is an incompressible material. Development of atherosclerosis does not cause a loss of incompressibility of the thoracic aorta. This study is the only one so far that presents changes in the mechanical properties at all stages of atherosclerotic development. A large number of preparations were included in the study, which is important for the results obtained due to the multi-factorial etiology of atherosclerosis development.

5

A comprehensive survey on low-cost ECG acquisition systems: Advances on design specifications, challenges and future directionA comprehensive survey on low-cost ECG acquisition systems: Advances on design specifications, challenges and future direction

Faruk Nasir, Abdulkarim Abubakar, Emmanuel Ifada, Folawiyo Yusuf Y., Adewole Kayode S., Mojeed Hammed A., Oloyede Abdukareem A., Olawoyin Lukman A., Sikiru Ismaeel A., Nehemiah Musa, Ya’u Gital Abdulsalam, Chiroma Haruna, Ogunmodede James A., Almutairi Mubarak, Katibi Ibraheem A.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 41, no. 2

474--502

EN

Availability of low-cost, reliable, and portable Electrocardiography (ECG) devices is still very important in the medical world today. Despite the tremendous technological advancement, Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) remain a serious health burden claiming millions of lives on an annual basis globally. This is more prevalent in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) where there are huge financial instability and lack of critical infrastructure and support services for the health care system. Efforts aimed at reducing the prevalence of CVDs are confounded by late diagnosis, frequently, caused by lack of access to or nonavailability of basic diagnostic modalities such as the ECG. Hence effective mitigation of the effect of CVDs in LMICs depend on the development of such devices at low-cost with reliability, accuracy and energy efficiency. This paper therefore, was developed to understand the state of the art of low-cost ECG acquisition systems with respect to design features and system capabilities for different use cases. In addition, different design options and taxonomies of available low-cost ECG devices, case studies reports of efficacy tests have been provided. The paper proposes a generalised ECG framework and provides implementation challenges and open research directions that should be considered when developing such devices for proper management of CVDs.

6

A Novel Approach for Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization based Emotional Neural Network

Shahid Afzal Hussain, Singh M. P.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 40, no. 4

1568--1585

EN

Coronary artery disease (CAD) can cause serious conditions such as severe heart attack, heart failure, and angina in patients with cardiovascular problems. These conditions may be prevented by knowing the important symptoms and diagnosing the disease in the early stage. For diagnosing CAD, clinicians often use angiography, however, it is an invasive procedure that incurs high costs and causes severe side effects. Therefore, the other alternatives such as data mining and machine learning techniques have been applied extensively. Accordingly, the paper proposes a recent development of a highly accurate machine learning model emotional neural networks (EmNNs) which is hybridized with conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique for the diagnosis of CAD. To enhance the performance of the proposed model, the paper employs four different feature selection methods, namely Fisher, Relief-F, Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance, and Weight by SVM, on Z-Alizadeh sani dataset. The EmNNs, with addition to the conventional weights and biases, uses emotional parameters to enhance the learning ability of the network. Further, the efficiency of the proposed model is compared with the PSO based adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (PSO-ANFIS). The proposed model is found better than the PSO-ANFIS model. The obtained highest average values of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score over all the 10-fold cross-validation are 88.34%, 92.37%, 91.85%, 78.98%, and 92.12% respectively which is competitive to the known approaches in the literature. The F1-score obtained by the proposed model over Z-Alizadeh sani dataset is second best among the existing works.

7

Przydatność adipokin jako biomarkerów niedokrwiennej dysfunkcji mięśnia sercowego

Mocan Hognogi Larisa-Diana, Goidescu Cerasela-Mihaela, Farcaş Anca-Daniela, Tukaj Dorota

Laboratorium Medyczne

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2019

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nr 2

14--19

PL

Choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego są główną przyczyną zgonów zarówno wśród kobiet, jak i mężczyzn, lecz wciąż jeszcze zdarza się duży odsetek niewłaściwych rozpoznań oraz brakuje jasno określonych kryteriów diagnostycznych. Postępy nauk biomolekularnych pozwoliły na udowodnienie kluczowej roli zapalenia i co ważniejsze – również modyfikującego wpływu adipokin we wszystkich stadiach choroby niedokrwiennej serca. Sugeruje się również, że zmagazynowana tkanka tłuszczowa, a dokładnie ta zlokalizowana w obrębie klatki piersiowej, ma duży wpływ na rozwój choroby niedokrwiennej serca, tworząc lokalne środowisko proaterogenne. Układ odpornościowy ściśle współdziała z metabolicznymi czynnikami ryzyka, inicjując, promując i nasilając powstawanie zmian miażdżycowych w ścianach tętnic, a wszystko to z „pomocą” adipokin. Toteż obecnie prowadzone badania intensywnie koncentrują się na odkrywaniu biomarkerów zapewniających zwiększenie szans wykrycia subklinicznej dysfunkcji mięśnia sercowego, a także mogących dodać stałą wartość do obecnych kryteriów ryzyka, ustalonych poprzez wytyczne.

EN

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among both women and men, but there is still a great percentage of misdiagnosis and lack of clearly defined criteria. Advances in biomolecular science have proven the crucial role of inflammation and, more importantly, the role of adipokines in mediating all stages of coronary artery disease. It has also been suggested that regional fat deposits, more precisely from thoracic region, have a major influence on the development of coronary artery disease by creating a local proatherogenic environment. The immune system closely interacts with metabolic risk factors to initiate, promote, and further aggravate the atherosclerotic lesions on the arterial wall all with the „help” of adipokines. So nowadays, research extensively focuses on uncovering biomarkers that would provide an increased chance of detecting subclinical cardiac distress and also add a consistent value to current guideline-imposed risk criteria.

8

Czynnik FGF23 - nowy parametr rokowniczy w przewlekłej chorobie nerek?

Bobilewicz Dagna

Laboratorium Medyczne

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2019

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nr 1

10--13

PL

Czynnik wzrostu fibroblastów FGF23 produkowany w osteoblastach i osteocytach jest określany jako istotny element w regulacji gospodarki wapniowo-fosforanowej, zwiększając wydalanie fosforanów i w nadmiarze prowadząc do hipofosfatemii. Działa również poprzez zahamowanie syntezy witaminy 1,25 (OH)2 D. Szczególna rola jest mu przypisywana w indukowaniu tak pośrednio, jak i przez bezpośredni wpływ na przerost lewej komory, niekorzystnych zmian w układzie sercowo-naczyniowym, będących przyczyną zwiększonej śmiertelności w przewlekłej niewydolności nerek, charakteryzującej się wzrostem stężenia FGF23. Brak jest jeszcze udokumentowanych klinicznych badań randomizowanych potwierdzających korzyści z obniżania stężenia FGF23 w PChN.

EN

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) produced in osteoblasts is described as a new element regulating calcium-phoshate metabolism. It increases phosphate urinary excretion and in excess causes hypophoshatemia. It also acts by inhibiting vitamin 1.25 (OH)2 D synthesis. It plays particular role in inducing cardiovascular changes indirectly as well as by a direct impact on left ventricular hypertrophy. These changes are responsible for increased mortality in chronic kidney disease, in which the serum level of FGF23 is elevated. However there are still no randomized clinical trials demonstrating better outcome associated with the therapeutic reduction of FGF23 in CKD.

9

Simultaneous multi-site measurement system for the assessment of pulse wave delays

Sondej Tadeusz, Sieczkowski Krzysztof, Olszewski Robert, Dobrowolski Andrzej

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 39, no. 2

488--502

EN

A precise, multi-track system for the simultaneous, real-time measurement of electrocardiographic (ECG) and many photopletysmographic (PPG) signals is described. This system allows the calculation of pulse wave delay parameters such as pulse arrival time (PAT) and pulse transit time (PTT). The measurement system was built on a custom, real-time embedded system with multiple specific analogue-front-end devices. Signals were recorded on-line and data were processed off-line in the Matlab software. Testing of human subjects was carried out on a group of 16 volunteers. The system was capable of taking a measurement of one 24-bit ECG and eight 22-bit PPG tracks with high precision (input-referred noise 1.4 mV for ECG and about 20 pA for PPG). All signals are sampled simultaneously (phase shift between ECG and PPG is only 1.5 ms for 250 Hz frequency sampling). Significant differences in pulse wave delays were found for the 16 subjects studied (e.g. about 100 ms for PAT on a right toe, 40 ms for differential PAT on left-right toes and about 100 ms for PTT calculated for forehead-right toe pulse wave). The proposed system provides a simultaneous and continuous evaluation of pulse wave delays for the entire arterial bed. The proposed measurement methods are comfortable and can be used for a long time. Simultaneous measurements of pulse wave delays at various sites increase the reliability of measurement and create new possibilities for medical diagnosis.

10

Praca w środowisku zimnym jako czynnik ryzyka chorób układu krążenia

Łastowiecka-Moras E.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2014

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nr 2

4-7

PL

Praca w środowisku zimnym powoduje znaczne obciążenie układu krążenia Jest to szczególnie niebezpieczne dla osób z chorobami układu krążenia (chorobą wieńcową, nadciśnieniem tętniczym) oraz dla osób starszych. W Polsce od wielu lat - mimo postępów w diagnostyce i leczeniu - choroby te są odpowiedzialne za ok. 50% wszystkich zgonów, co stawia nasz kraj na jednym z pierwszych miejsc pod tym względem w Europie. Publikacje naukowe dotyczą przede wszystkim wpływu niskich temperatur otoczenia na zaostrzenie chorób układu krążenia w populacji ogólnej. Znany jest fakt, że przypadki zawału serca i zaostrzenia choroby niedokrwiennej serca występują częściej w chłodniejszych porach roku. Według badań, narażenie na zimno zwiększa również skurczowe i rozkurczowe ciśnienie tętnicze krwi. Powtarzająca się ekspozycja na Środowisko zimne w miejscu pracy może stanowić również ryzyko rozwoju nadciśnienia tętniczego i choroby niedokrwiennej serca.

EN

Working in the cold causes a significant burden on the cardiovascular system It is especially dangerous for people with cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, hypertension) and for the elderly. In Poland, despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, these diseases have been responsible for about 50% of all deaths, which puts our country in one of the first places in Europe. Scientific publications mostly discuss the impact of low ambient temperatures on the risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population. The incidence of myocardial infarction and exacerbated coronary heart disease are more frequent in colder seasons. Exposure to the cold increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Repeated exposure to a cold environment m the workplace can also be a risk f actor for developing high blood pressure and coronary heart disease.

11

Sprzężony kwas linolowy cis-9, trans-11 CLA a zmiany miażdżycowe

Janczy A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2012

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nr 73

5-15

PL

Choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego ze względu na rozpowszechnienie i powikłania stanowią jeden z najpoważniejszych problemów zdrowotnych w naszym kraju. W 2. połowie XX wieku intensywnie wzrosła liczba badań, których zadaniem było wskazanie przyczyn i mechanizmów powstawania oraz zapobiegania miażdżycy. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu diety z dodatkiem izomeru cis-9, trans-11 sprzężonego kwasu linolowego (CLA) na redukcję masy ciała, cholesterolu ogółem i triacylogliceroli oraz na rozwój zmian miażdżycowych u różnych modeli zwierzęcych.

EN

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in developed countries and most cardiovascular events are secondary to artherosclerosis. In the last 10 years increased the research groups, which have looked for a possible mechanism and the effect of the CLA isomers on artherosclerotic lesions levels, tested in animal models. The objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body mass, total cholesterol, triacyloglycerols and development of atherosclerosis in animal models.