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1

Kora brzozy brodawkowatej jako biomonitor zanieczyszczenia powietrza metalami ciężkimi

Rajfur M., Świsłowski P., Dębska L.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2018

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Vol. 12, No. 1

237--246

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena możliwości wykorzystania kory brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendula Roth) w biomonitoringu terenów leśnych. Do badań wykorzystano korę drzew rosnących na obszarze Beskidów i Puszczy Boreckiej. W korze, metodą absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej ze wzbudzeniem w płomieniu (F-AAS), oznaczono stężenia metali ciężkich: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd oraz Pb. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono sezonowe zmiany stężenia analitów. Wykazano również, że kora brzozy brodawkowatej może być wykorzystywana jako bioindykator do oceny zanieczyszczenia aerozolu atmosferycznego na tych obszarach np. metalami ciężkimi. Ważne jest jednak, aby dokonać walidacji poszczególnych etapów procedury analitycznej z wykorzystaniem kory drzewa oraz uwzględnić czas pobierania materiału do badań.

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using silver birch bark (Betula pendula Roth) in biomonitoring of forest areas. The research involved the use of tree bark growing in two areas - the Beskidy and the Borecka Forest. In the bark, by the method of atomic absorption spectrometry with flame excitation (F-AAS), concentrations of heavy metals: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined. On the basis of the conducted study, there were determined seasonal changes in the concentration of analytes. It was shown that the bark of a silver birch can be used as a bioindicator to assess atmospheric aerosol contamination in these areas, e.g. with heavy metals. It is important to validate the individual stages of the analytical procedure using the tree bark and take into account the time of collecting the material for testing.

2

Antioxidative capacity of birch saps

Bilek M., Siembida A., Gostkowski M., Stawarczyk K., Cieślik E.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2017

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Vol. 81, nr 1

3--10

EN

In our subsequent studies of birch tree saps we focused on assessing their antioxidant capacity. For research we chose four groups of silver birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.), consisting of five individuals. Antioxidant capacity was examined using spectrophotometric technique. The highest antioxidant capacity, tested by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and expressed as a total phenolics content was 6.59 mg GAE/100 ml of tree sap, and in turn the lowest one 0.88 mg GAE/100 ml. The highest antioxidant capacity determined ABTS method and expressed as radical scavenging activity (RSA) was 30.9% and lowest 5.38% The average values of antioxidant capacity both expressed as a phenolic compounds content and as radical scavenging activity for tree saps collected from four particular locations did not differ significantly. Based on the obtained results of tree sap analyses, it can be claimed that compared to other food products, e.g. fruit and vegetable juices, birch saps are not a rich source of phenolic compounds and when compared e.g. to tee infusions, they have low antioxidant capacity. Although it can be increased by the introduction of functional additives, such as herbal extracts or concentrated fruit juices.

3

Badania trwałości soków drzewnych brzozowych

Bilek M., Pytko J., Sosnowski S.

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2016

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T. 20

7--14

PL

Popularność soków brzozowych wzrasta, a szereg źródeł wskazuje na liczne korzyści zdrowotne wynikające z ich spożywania. Rzadko jednak zwraca się uwagę na niską trwałość soków brzozowych, a badania naukowe dotyczące tego zagadnienia są nieliczne. W niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę oceny trwałość pięciu partii soku brzozowego, które były przechowywane w temperaturze pokojowej oraz w warunkach chłodniczych. Parametrem najkorzystniejszym do oceny zmian zachodzących w soku brzozowym okazała się mętność, w mniejszym zaś stopniu – tzw. „gęstość optyczna” i odczyn. Na podstawie pomiarów tych wartości stwierdzono, że sok brzozowy w temperaturze pokojowej może być przechowywane nie dłużej jak 1 dzień, natomiast w warunkach chłodniczych około 6 dni.

EN

Birch tree sap popularity is increasing and a number of sources point to the numerous health benefits of their consumption. Rarely, however, attention is drawn to the short shelf life of birch tree sap and there are few researches on this subject. In this paper, shelf life of five batches of birch tree sap was evaluated. They were stored at room temperature and in refrigeration. Most favorable parameter for the assessment of changes in birch sap was its turbidity, and to a lesser degree the so-called “optical density” and pH. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that birch sap at room temperature can be stored for no longer than one day, while in refrigeration of about six days.

4

Turbidity changes of birch tree sap after addition of commonly available chemicals

Bilek M., Sądej M., Rączy M., Rębisz A., Sosnowski S.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2016

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Vol. 80, nr 2

83--90

EN

The problem signalled both by the popularizers of birch tree sap consumption, as well as in many scientific articles and sap collection manuals is short shelf life, hindering the wider use. The loss of shelf life is manifested by the appearance of a characteristic turbidity and simultaneously intensifying unpleasant odor. Most of birch sap shelf life extension methods, that inhibit turbidity, are non-thermal methods, based on the physical techniques, ex. ultraviolet radiation, ultrafiltration, and also combination of this two methods. The aim of this study was to assess the stability of the birch tree sap, depending on the concentration of commonly available chemicals used to extend shelf life of plant origin food products. At room temperature, the sample with addition of ethanol at the concentrations of 10% and 15%, as well as with the addition of citric acid in combination with potassium sorbate were stable during the all turbidity testing period. Additionally, in the refrigerated condition, 27-day stability has been obtained for the sap with the addition of ethanol at the concentration of 5% and 15-day with the addition of citric acid in concentration of 0,5%. This stable solutions obtained, however, are not suitable for direct consumption. They can only be used as a stable base for the preparation of beverages, after the addition ex. herbal extracts, fruit juices and syrups, honey.

5

The usefulness of birch saps from the area of Podkarpacie to produce birch syrup

Bilek M., Olszewski M., Gostkowski M., Cieślik E.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2016

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Vol. 80, nr 1

11--18

EN

In northern European countries, as well as in North America tree saps of maples and birches are used for the production of syrups. Birch syrups are characterized by a specific aromatic taste and can be used as an addition to sweets, desserts, salads and meats. Attention is paid to the health benefits of birch syrups, mainly for high mineral content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of birch saps obtained from the area of Podkarpacie for birch syrup production. HPLC-ELSD system was used for analysing the sugar content in the birch tree saps from four localization. All the examined saps contained the monosaccharides as fructose and glucose. The presence of sucrose was found in eight per twenty tested saps. There weren’t statistical differences between the studied sites for the averages of total sugar concentration in the tree saps samples. The highest average amount of total sugar was found in the D sites (11.74 g/dm3), whereas the lowest in the C sites (7.66 g/dm3). Silver birch tree saps from the area of Podkarpacie offer perspectives to used for syrup production according to the US and Finnish criteria of profitability.

6

Impact of a fresh broadleaved forest site and fresh mixed broadleaved forest site on selected parameters and ratios of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.)wood fibre structure

Lachowicz H., Paschalis-Jakubowicz P.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2014

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vol. 57, nr 193

109--117

EN

The variability of selected ratios characterising the dimensions and shape of silver birch wood fibres was determined based on the site where the trees grow. Two sampling areas were selected, located in the Biała Podlaska Forest District in eastern Poland. Samples for testing were taken from trees approx. 45–50 years old, growing on a fresh broadleaved forest site and on a fresh mixed broadleaved forest site. On these two sites, silver birch occurs most widely as a dominant species, both in terms of stand area and volume, in Poland. A statistical analysis was performed of selected parameters of the wood fibre structure such as length, width, lumen and cell wall thickness, as well as of the wood fibre structure ratios belonging to the basic properties of fibrous pulp: the felting power, flexibility ratio, coefficient of rigidity, Runkel and Mühlsteph ratios, as well as the compactness index. It was demonstrated that the site from which birch material originates has a significant impact on the average values of: fibre length, lumen, flexibility ratio, and the coefficient of rigidity, as well as the Runkel and Mühlsteph ratios. However, analyses did not prove any major impact of the site on the average values of: fibre width and wall thickness, the felting power or the compactness index of silver birch wood.

7

Biomass dynamics in young silver birch stands on post-agricultural lands in central Poland

Zasada M., Bijak S., Bronisz K., Bronisz A., Gawęda T.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2014

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vol. 57, nr 192

29--39

EN

The paper analyses the production and allocation of biomass in young, spontaneous silver birch afforestation occurring on post-agricultural lands in the Mazowsze region (central Poland). We investigated 114 sample plots of age varying from 1 to 19 years. During the first 15 years after their establishment on abandoned farmland, the naturally regenerated silver birch stands produced on average approximately 75 tons of dry biomass per hectare. The major (50–70%) part of this biomass was stored in the tree stems and this share increased with age. The fractions of biomass in the foliage and roots decreased over time, while the share of biomass in the branches remained rather constant. The significant age-dependency of the allometric relationships suggested the need to use age-sensitive biomass expansion factors to estimate the biomass from the stem volume.

8

Allocation of elements in a chronosequence of silver birch afforested on former agricultural lands

Gawęda T., Małek S., Zasada M., Jagodziński A. M.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2014

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vol. 57, nr 192

107--

EN

Research on the effect of birch regeneration on changes occurring in the environment on former farmlands included a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the biomass growing on the research plots. Five experimental plots were selected in the Mazovia region: two in Dobieszyn and the Kampinos National Park and one in Kozienice. The analysis performed on each plot was concerned with the amount and chemical composition of biomass in four patches of vegetation, characterised by the different ages of the birch trees growing there. The vegetation patches were classified according to age group, i.e. I: 1–4 years old, II: 5–8 years old, III: 9–12 years old and IV: over 12 years old. Biomass samples were collected in the field and determined in kg DM/ha using the following components: roots, stem, bark, branches, assimilation apparatus, litterfall and the total biomass of the other (except birch) plants. For all the above-mentioned groups, the content of the elements N, C, S, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd was determined. This allowed us to obtain both the values of the concentrations of particular substances and their allocation in both the organic matter and litterfall. The aim of the research was to discover whether the allocation of elements changes with the age of birch growing on former farmland.

9

Wpływ ściółkowania ektopróchnicą na wzrost siewek brzozy brodawkowatej oraz występowanie roztoczy glebowych w warunkach nawodnień w szkółce leśnej Bielawy

Rolbiecki S., Klimek A., Rolbiecki R., Kuss M., Fórmaniak A., Ryterska H.

Ekologia i Technika

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2011

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R. 19, nr 2

73-80

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu ściółkowania ektopróchnicą pozyskaną z boru świeżego na wzrost siewek brzozy brodawkowatej oraz na występowanie roztoczy (Acari) glebowych, w warunkach prowadzenia nawodnień deszczownianych. Doświadczenie jednoczynnikowe przeprowadzono w latach 2008-2009 w szkółce leśnej Bielawy koło Torunia, w Nadleśnictwie Dobrzejewice. Doświadczenie zostało założone metodą losowanych bloków, w czterech powtórzeniach. Badanym czynnikiem było ściółkowanie przeprowadzone (wrzesień 2008) w dwóch wariantach (C - kontrola - bez ściółkowania; S - ściółkowanie). Ściółkowanie zostało wykonane na wybranych zależnie od układu doświadczenia poletkach świeżą próchnicą nadkładową, którą pozyskano (w dniu jej aplikacji w szkółce) z siedliska boru świeżego. W substracie tym występowała liczna, żywa mezofauna glebowa. Zastosowano dawkę 100 m3 ha-1, rozkładając ektopróchnicę w miarę równą warstwą w poszczególnych międzyrzędziach siewek brzozy stosownego pasa, a następnie zmieszano ją z warstwą gleby do głębokości ok. 1-2 cm. Cała powierzchnia doświadczeń była nawadniana przy użyciu deszczowni stałej ze zraszaczami NAAN 5035. Nawadnianie prowadzono zgodnie z wytycznymi nawadniania szkółek leśnych na powierzchniach otwartych. Wzrost siewek określano w październiku 2008 i 2009 r. Mierzono wysokość siewek (cm), średnicę w szyi korzeniowej (mm) oraz masę części nadziemnych (g). Wycinki gleby do badań akarologicznych pobierano czterokrotnie (w czerwcu i październiku w kolejnych latach), każdorazowo po 10 próbek z wariantu doświadczenia. Otrzymane wyniki opracowano statystycznie, wykorzystując test Fishera-Snedecora dla stwierdzenia istotności działania czynników doświadczenia oraz - w celu porównania otrzymanych różnic - test Tukey'a. Obliczenia przeprowadzono przy użyciu pakietów Statistica i ANALWAR-5.FR. Nie stwierdzono statystycznie udowodnionego wpływu ściółkowania na wybrane cechy wzrostu siewek brzozy brodawkowatej w pierwszym roku. Ściółkowanie istotnie zwiększyło wysokość, średnicę i świeżą masę części nadziemnych dwuletnich siewek. Ściółkowanie wyraźnie dodatnio wpłynęło na liczebność roztoczy (Acari) glebowych oraz różnorodność gatunkową mechowców (Oribatida).

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of mulching with organic matter obtained from the surface of fresh coniferous forest on the growth of seedlings of white birch as well as on the occurrence of soil mites (Acari) under conditions of sprinkler irrigation. Experiment was carried out in 2008-2009 at forest nursery Bielawy near Toruń (Forest District in Dobrzejewice). The experiment was established as the one-factorial trial with four replications. The studied factor was mulching used in September 2008 in two variants: C-control - without mulching, S - mulching. Mulching with litter obtained from fresh coniferous forest was done - after emergence of white birch seedlings - with the dose of 100 m3 ha-1. The whole area was irrigated with the use of sprinklers NAAN 5035. Terms of irrigation and water rates were established according to directives for irrigation in forest nurseries on bare areas. The growth of seedlings was measured in October 2008 and 2009. The height of seedlings (cm), shoot diameter (mm) and the fresh mass of the above ground parts (g) were determined. Soil samples for acarological study were taken four times (in June and October in successive years); ten samples from each variant of the experiment were taken in every time. The data were statistically processed by analysis of variance. Fisher-Snedecor test was used to determine the significance of experimental factors, and Tukey test was used to define significant differences between combinations. Calculations were conducted with the use of programmes Statistica and ANALWAR-5.FR. It was found that the measure of mulching did not influence significantly on the chosen parameters of growth of one-year old seedlings. Mulching significantly increased the height, diameter and the fresh mass of the above-ground parts of two-year old seedlings. Mulching differentiated the density and the species-diversiry of mites, especially the oribatida mites.

10

Wpływ mikronawodnień i nawożenia organicznego na produkcję dwuletnich sadzonek brzozy brodawkowatej {Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) z udziałem zabiegu zoomelioracji

Rolbiecki S., Rolbiecki R., Klimek A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2007

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Nr 18

247-248

11

Response of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings to experimental variation in aluminum concentration

Bojarczuk Krystyna, Oleksyn Jacek, Karolewski Piotr, Żytkowiak Roma

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 2

189-200

EN

The process of soil degradation and destabilization of forest ecosystem by industrial pollution is frequently associated with mobilization of toxic. Al^3+ ions. Both these processes exert a negative influence on tree root systems and may even result in the decline of whole forest stands. One-year-old seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) grown in pots were treated with a range of aluminum sulfate concentrations in order to test the effects of Al on growth, root structure, content of phenolic compounds and mineral nutrition of roots and foliage. Plants exposed to Al concentrations exceeding 50 mg Al dm^-3 had reduced growth, root structure and a substantial increase of Al concentration occurred in foliafe and roots. Concentration of several elements in the foliage and roots declined with increasing Al concentration, including Mg and Ca , and to a lesser extent, P, K, and Na. Most root traits such as root mass or root growth rate were more strongly affected by Al than the foliage. Changes in root Ca, Al and Ca:Al ratio, and root morphology were detected at the lowest Al concentration (50 mg Al dm^-3) indicating usefulness of these traits as early indicators of adverse aluminum effects on plants.

12

Differences in defence strategies against herbivores between two pioneer tree pecies: Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and Betula pendula Roth.

Giertych Marian J., Karolewski Piotr, Żytkowiak Roma, Oleksyn Jacek

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 2

181-187

EN

The different defence strategies of trees against herbivores are very often connected with succession status, leaf life span and the level of secondary metabolites. We examined the effect of simulated leaf grazing on the differences in the leaf life span and defence chemistry of two pioneer tree species that belongs to the same family (Betulaceae), black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.). At the beginning of the growing season, mature leaves were perforated using a paper punch. The holes removed about 10% of the leaf surface. Each species was represented by six trees - one branch was chosen for perforation and one branch as a control. All leaves were counted every week until their abscission. Additional damages caused by grazing insects were also noted.Undamaged birch leaves were held much longer than those of alder. The average difference in half leaf life span between control and perforated leaves was 28 days in birch and 6 in alder. The control unperforated alder leaves were significantly (P <0.05) more often grazed by insects than those that were perforated. Leaf perforation in alder increase phenolic concentrations in the new, young leaves. In birch we did not observe these changes.The comparison of alder and birch indicate that the species with similar successional status can have different strategies of leaf defence. The birch leaves were characterized by a longer leaf life span, constitutive defence, a lack of induced defence accumulation of phenolics and earlier shedding of damaged leaves in comparison to the control. The black alder foliage had a shorter leaf life span, induced defence reaction (producedmore phenolics after perforation), and only slightly earlier shedding of damaged leaves than the control.

13

Wstępne wyniki badań nad wpływem mikronawodnień i nawożenia organicznego na produkcję jednorocznych sadzonek brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) z udziałem zabiegu zoomelioracji

Rolbiecki S., Rolbiecki R., Klimek A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Nr 12

225-226

14

Zbiornik intercepcyjny brzozy brodawkowej (Betula pendula Roth)

Osuch B., Homa A., Feliks M., Kulig M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2005

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R. 102, z. 10-Ś

103--118

EN

The aim of the paper is the description of the tree interception reservoir which, in this case, is the reservoir of European white birch (Betula pendula Roth). The target is to determine the interception capacity of an arbitrary species tree. A method is sought for determining the interception capacity of the reservoir of a tree which retains on its surface, in its structure, certain amounts of rain water passing from the atmosphere to the ground surface here the plant lives. To give the sought reservoir the physical sense, the reservoir base was accepted as the tree surface (two-side leaf area plus bark area), while the reservoir height was defined as the average depth of water layer that can be retained on the surface. The measured leaf area and bark area exhibit strong correlation with the breast height diameter and tree shoot diameter. It is therefore possible to determine the tree leaf and bark area based on the measured breast height diameter and tree height.Experimentally determined average depth of water layer on tree green and bark surfaces enables the tree interception reservoir height to be determined. Due to this, after making inventory of trees on the representative plot of the forest area, and taking into account its age and compactness, there will be the possibility to calculate its interception capacity. In this paper a method of calculating of the interception reservoir capacity of European white birch occurring frequently as single species or as an addition to other forest communities. As regards to its structure, the birch represents a specific tree type. Up today, in the Hydrology Section of the Institute of Water Engineering and Water Management of Cracow University of Technology, there were developed descriptions of interception reservoirs of other trees, both coniferous and deciduous, as spruce (Picea abies), oak (Quercus robur), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), and pine (Pinus silvestris).We hope that the descriptions of reservoirs of various tree species will be integrated into a common description in future.

15

Wstępne badania nad jakością pyłku, nasion i przeżywalnością siewek brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendula roth.) pochodzących z drzew rosnących na zwałowisku pocynkowym

Franiel I.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2003

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Vol. 29, no. 2

5--11

PL

Celem pracy było określenie jakości pyłku i orzeszków brzozy brodawkowatej oraz możliwości przeżycia jej siewek na materiale pochodzącym z dwóch stanowisk: hałdy pocynkowej i powierzchni kontrolnej nie narażonej na długotrwałe negatywne oddziaływanie czynników antropogenicznych. Materiał badawczy pochodził z hałdy pocynkowej ZM "Silesia" w Katowicach i z powierzchni kontrolnej zlokalizowanej w Mirowie. Badania dotyczyły: ź żywotności pyłku na pożywce sacharozowo-agarowej, ź zdolności kiełkowania nasion w warunkach laboratoryjnych na płytkach Petriego, ź przeżywalności siewek w doświadczeniu wazonowym na glebie z hałdy pocynkowej i z Mirowa oraz. na glebie inspektowej (w każdym wariancie użyto po 96 orzeszków po 8 sztuk na wazon). Można sądzić, że skumulowane w podłożu zanieczyszczenia wyraźnie zakłócają zawiązywanie się orzeszków brzozy brodawkowej oraz wpływają ba obniżenie wartości siewnej nasion.

EN

The paper presents the results of the research whose aim was to establish the sensitivity degree of Betula pendula pollen, seeds and seedlings in the adverse conditions of the zinc-lead waste from "Silesia" Steelworks in Katowice. The pollen and the seeds of the birch (from the dump and unpolluted region Mirów) were tested by taking into condition: pollen capacity and seeds germination capacity. For the pot cultures metallurgical wastes and the soil from Mirów were placed in plastic boxes. For each kind of seeds a different soil variant was applied: Dump soil, Soil from Mirów, Garden soil (control group), 8 seeds were put into each box (total number of seeds for each variant was 96). The seeds of Betula peudula growing on smelter waste dumps had been collected in the vicinity of the dumps. The results of the experiment showed that the soil pollution has a significant impact on generative phase of Betula peudula.