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1

Comparison of the cumulative energy demand of BEV’s and FCEV’s in their long-term operation

Sitnik Lech J.

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

24--29

EN

The paper presents a method of using the theory of cumulative energy demand to assess this demand in long-term operation of vehicles with a mileage forecast of up to 350,000 km. Based on the results of operational "consumption" of energy and taking into account the energy "costs" of obtaining it, a comparison of the currently popular BEV’s (Battery Electric Vehicles) and FCEV’s (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles) was presented. The question arises how much energy must be used to propel vehicles in their natural operation. After calculating using available data, the answer is - by operating FCEV’s on average, two times more electricity is needed than by operating BEV’s.

2

The Effect of Driving Style on Battery Electric Vehicle Range

Błaszczyk Piotr, Kopeć Michał

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2023

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R. 27, nr 1

85--92

EN

The demand for electric vehicles is high due to the fact of their low travel costs. Meanwhile, an increase in the car driving range is expected. Hence, this paper examines different concepts related to driving a battery electric vehicle. The driving scenarios were divided into two parts. The first part consisted of four stages: driving in a mixed cycle, charging the battery, driving a very short distance, and driving distances that were within the maximum theoretical range of the batteries. The second part involved driving a distance until the range extender system was activated. The outcomes of these experimental investigations are described and the key findings are presented in the discussion.

PL

Popyt na pojazdy elektryczne jest duży ze względu na niskie koszty podróży. Jednocześnie spodziewany jest wzrost zasięgu. Dlatego w niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano różne koncepcje związane z prowadzeniem pojazdu elektrycznego. Scenariusze jazdy zostały podzielone na dwie części. Pierwsza część składała się z czterech etapów: jazdy w cyklu mieszanym, ładowania pakietu bateryjnego, przejazdu bardzo krótkiego odcinka oraz przejazdu odcinków o różnej długości, mniejszej niż maksymalny zasięg teoretyczny. Druga część polegała na przejechaniu odcinka do momentu aktywacji systemu REx. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań zostały zaprezentowane, a kluczowe ustalenia przedstawiono w sekcji dyskusji.

3

Market positioning of internal combustion engines and battery electric motors

Kęska Aleksandra, Dziubek Mateusz, Michalik Dawid

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

136--143

EN

To examine the current market situation of combustion and battery electric engines in vehicles and to determine the type of strategy for the development of the automotive market, a SWOT analysis was carried out. Internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats on the market of internal combustion and electric vehicles were assessed. The most important areas of their operation have been designated. A weighting system and a rating scale were selected. The results of the analysis showed that combustion vehicles belong to a conservative market area which promotes the designs that have been thriving for years and maximizes their advantages. Battery electric vehicles belong to an aggressive market area, with the strategy based on a quick response to consumer needs, allowing for the maximization of profits while maintaining innovation. The future of the transport sector will be determined by the focus on the promotion of ecological transport elements.

4

Study of the heat pump for a passenger electric vehicle based on refrigerant R744

Canteros Maria Laura, Polansky Jiri

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2022

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Vol. 43, no 2

17--36

EN

Energy management plays a crucial role in cabin comfort as well as enormously affects the driving range. In this paper energy balances contemplating the implementation of a heat pump and an expansion device in battery electric vehicles are elaborated, by comparing the performances of refrigerants R1234yf and R744, from –20°C to 20°C. This work calculates the coefficient of performance, energy requirements for ventilation (from 1 to 5 people in the cabin) and energy required with the implementation of a heat pump, with the employment of a code in Python with the aid of CoolProp library. The work ratio is also estimated if the work recovery device recuperates the work during the expansion. Comments on the feasibility of the implementation are as well explicated. The results of the analysis show that the implementation of an expansion device in an heat pump may cover the energy requirement of the compressor from 27% to more than 35% at 20°C in cycles operating with R744, and from 15% to more than 20% with refrigerant R1234yf, considering different compressor efficiencies. At –20°C, it would be possible to recuperate between around 30 and 24%. However, the risk of suction when operating with R1234yf at ambient temperatures below –10°C shows that the heat pump can only operate with R744. Thus, it is the only refrigerant that achieves the reduction of energy consumption at these temperatures.

5

On-board electric vehicles electricity production by high-efficiency internal combustion engines

Boretti Alberto

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

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R. 96, nr 12

85--90

EN

Data of energy economy of battery electric vehicles without a range extender internal combustion engines (BEV) and with a range extender internal combustion engine (BEVx) are reviewed and integrated with simulations by models. A BEV with an on-board, high efficiency, electricity generator based on a positive ignition (PI) internal combustion engine (ICE) is then proposed as a way to improve the uptake of the BEV improving their range and performance as well as their economic and environmental impact. The small ICE, that is working continuously, stationary, fixed load and speed, and the generator similarly optimized for a single point operation, permit an efficiency fuel chemical-to-electric approaching 50%. This is much better than producing electricity centralized from combustion fuels (average efficiency with included distribution and recharging losses at about 30%), and it does not require any electric recharging infrastructure. Simple but reliable extrapolations from the production BEV and BEVx of different battery capacity on the same vehicle platform, plus the simulations, demonstrate that this BEVy may deliver miles-per-gallon (MPG) working gasoline 13% better than any present plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicle (PHEV) currently available, and MPGe (MPG-equivalent) working electric 12% better than the existing BEV on the same platform with a larger battery pack and no range extender, or 27% better than the BEVx on the same platform with a larger battery pack and range extender. Finally, this BEVy may permit a range over 600 miles with 10 gallons of gasoline onboard, in line with the best PHEV currently available.

PL

W artykule analizowano możliwości wykorzystania wewnętrznego silnika spalinowego o dużej efektywności do ładowania akumulatora. Możliwości te analizowano dla różnych modeli samochodu. Porówanno też tego typu rozwiązanie z samochodami hybrydowymi.

6

Akumulatory litowo-jonowe stosowane w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym

Knura R., Pacek J.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2018

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[Z] 72, 3-4

185--205

EN

Due to limited resources of fossil fuels and overproduction of greenhouse gases, a need for alternative means for vehicle communication appeared. Because of that hybrid electric vehicles, as well as battery electric vehicles, were proposed to replace some of conventional vehicles based on internal combustion engine [3]. To their advantages over conventional cars belong environmental friendliness and better performance (in case of hybrid electric vehicles), but they also suffer from greater purchase costs and limited range (in case of most battery electric vehicles) [4, 6]. Presented work briefly characterizes four types of vehicles equipped with electric motor (mild hybrid, full hybrid, plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles) along with generalised presentation of their battery requirements [4, 6]. Further in this work, the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery working principle was explained, along with characterisation of its limitations due to its design and requirements for inactive components e.g. 4-fold drop in specific capacity and energy density while moving from pure electrode material level to battery level [20]. Next, present Li-ion active components, such as LiCoO2, LiMnO2 and LiFePO4 cathodes and graphite anode along with their capacities and energy densities as well as other characteristic regarding (e.g. environmental friendliness, safety and cost) are shown. Moreover electrode materials e.g. nanocomposite anodes and cathodes, multi-electron cathodes (e.g. Li2MnSiO4), as well as Li-metal and Li4Ti5O12 anodes, with their advantages and disadvantages were described [15, 20]. Presented article was summarized by gathered opinions of battery electric vehicles users, who share their experience regarding their electric cars in a survey. One can tell that they are fairly satisfied with their purchase and that improvement in range of battery electric vehicles along with predictable government policy regarding electrification of cars are the most important factors when considering purchase of electric vehicle [36].

7

Multi-parametric and multi-objective thermodynamic optimization of a spark-ignition range extender ICE

Toman R., Brankov I.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 3

459--466

EN

The current legislation pushes for the increasing level of vehicle powertrain electrification. A series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain with a small Range Extender (REx) unit – comprised of an internal combustion engine and an electric generator – has the technical potential to overcome the main limitations of a pure battery electric vehicle: driving range, heating, and air-conditioning demands. A typical REx ICE operates only in one or few steady-states operating points, leading to different initial priorities for its design. These design priorities, compared to the conventional ICE, are mainly NVH, package, weight, and overall concept functional simplicity – hence the costeffectiveness. The design approach of the OEMs is usually rather conservative: parting from an already-existing ICE or components and adapting it for the REx application. The fuel efficiency potential of a one-point operation of the REx ICE is therefore not fully exploited. This article presents a multi-parametric and multi-objective optimization study of a REx ICE. The studied ICE concept uses a well-known and proven technology with a favourable production and development costs: it is a two-cylinder, natural aspirated, port injected, four-stroke SI engine. The goal of our study is to find its thermodynamic optimum and fuel efficiency potential for different feasible brake power outputs. Our optimization tool-chain combines a parametric GT-Suite ICE simulation model and modeFRONTIER optimization software with various optimization strategies, such as genetic algorithms, gradient based methods or various hybrid methods. The optimization results show a great fuel efficiency improvement potential by applying this multi-parametric and multi-objective method, converging to interesting short-stroke designs with Miller valve timings.

8

Hybridization of the lithium energy storage for an urban electric vehicle

Michalczuk M., Grzesiak L. M., Ufnalski B.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

325--333

EN

This paper discusses benefits of introducing an ultracapacitor (UC) bank into a battery electric vehicle (BEV) powertrain. The case of 12kWh LiFePO4 battery pack is studied quantitatively. Simulation results refer, inter alia, to three main scenarios: fresh cells, half-used battery cells, and half-used ultracapacitors and batteries. Thermal modeling is incorporated into the simulation. Data from real world are considered: various driving cycles recorded using GPS receiver (incl. elevation), discharge curves from battery manufacturer, and UC equivalent series resistance (ESR) variations due to cycling according to real data reported in papers. Cost, as well as gravimetric and volumetric issues are presented. The key decisions referring to an energy storage for BEV being currently designed within the frame of ECO-Mobility Project are highlighted.