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1

Efektywność stosowania nawozów aminochelatowych w uprawie roślin

Barczyk Katarzyna, Jasiak-Małota Karolina, Brodowska Marzena

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 2

271--276

PL

Aminochelaty znane są jako skuteczne substancje nawozowe, szeroko stosowane w celu poprawy wydajności i jakości plonu. Związki te są syntezowane z różnych jonów metali i aminokwasów. W ostatnich latach zyskały ogromną popularność i stały się istotną częścią nowoczesnych praktyk rolniczych. Nawozy chelatowe na bazie aminokwasów dostarczają roślinom uprawnym szeroką gamę składników odżywczych poprzez dokarmianie dolistne oraz nawożenie doglebowe. Uważane są za bardziej naturalne i bezpieczniejsze w porównaniu z dostępnymi na rynku czynnikami chelatującymi, takimi jak EDTA. Stosowanie chelatów aminokwasowych zamiast prostych nawozów mineralnych zwiększa efektywność wzrostu roślin i zmniejsza negatywny wpływ na środowisko przyrodnicze. Aminokwasy stosowane jako ligandy wpływają na większą przyswajalność mikroelementów i stanowią materiał budulcowy białek, pełniąc funkcję metaboliczną. W pracy przedstawiono opublikowane w ostatnich latach doniesienia naukowe dotyczące zastosowania aminochelatów w odżywianiu roślin uprawnych, ich wpływu na plonowanie i parametry jakościowe roślin uprawnych.

EN

A review, with 20 refs., of the use of microelements in the form of aminochelates in plant fertilization and their impact on the yield and quality parameters of crop plants. The role of microelements in plant nutrition and methods of fertilizing with microelements were discussed. Synthetic and natural chelating agents were presented and the effects of microelements complexed with them, improving the availability of nutrients to plants, were compared. Attention was paid to the increase in the content of microelements and protein in cereal grains fertilized with aminochelates.

2

Tryptophan-Based Organoclay for Aqueous Naphthol Blue Black Removal – Preparation, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption Studies

Julinawati Julinawati, Febriani Febriani, Mustafa Irfan, Fathurrahmi Fathurrahmi, Rahmi Rahmi, Sheilatina Sheilatina, Ahmad Khairunnas, Puspita Kana, Iqhrammullah Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

274--284

EN

To prevent the serious threat of textile wastewater, researchers have developed adsorption-based wastewater treatment using cheap, yet effective, adsorbent materials. Of which is natural bentonite, that has the advantages for adsorption due to its porous structure and functional groups but still suffers from its low affinity against anionic and hydrophilic azo dyes. Herein, we aimed of improving the affinity by amino acid tryptophan embedment into the locally isolated natural bentonite collected from Aceh Province, Indonesia. The prepared bentonite samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorptive removal was performed on naphthol blue black (NBB) in a batch system with variations of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage. The isotherm studies were carried out at optimum conditions (contact time=15 minutes; pH 1; adsorbent dosage=0.2 g) with several models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. The characterization results revealed that the modification altered its functional group, crystallinity, and micro-surface morphology that add more benefits for adsorption. At optimum conditions, 99.2% NBB has been successfully removed from the aqueous solution. The isotherm studies suggested that the NBB adsorption onto the tryptophane-modified natural bentonite was dependent on Sips isotherm model (R2=0.999; root-mean-square-errors=1.11×10-4 mg/g).

3

Zastosowanie kompleksów L-cysteiny z mikroelementami do nawożenia roślin

Grzesik Ryszard, Kuźnik Nikodem

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 7

485--490

PL

Otrzymano chelaty L-cysteiny z metalami przejściowymi stanowiącymi grupę mikroelementów pokarmowych dla większości roślin uprawnych. Podjęto badania w kierunku rozszerzenia portfolio produktowego Grupy Azoty ZAK SA o RSM z zawartością mikroskładników w formach schelatowanych. Wykonano badania fitotronowe 3 produktów kompleksowania związków nieorganicznych L-cysteiną. Badania fitotronowe zostały przeprowadzone dla upraw sałaty i rzodkiewki. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają zasadność nawożenia chelatami na bazie aminokwasów.

EN

The aq. L-cysteine soln. was mixed with the aq. inorg. salt soln. (Fe, Cu, and Mo sulfates) and then lyophilized. The obtained chelates were added to a com. soln. of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN). The chelate-enriched fertilizer was applied to the soil in the phytotron cultivation of lettuce and radish. The yield of plants was compared with crops fertilized only with UAN and UAN with the addn. of inorg. salts. The obtained results confirm the legitimacy of fertilization with amino acid chelates.

4

Humic preparation and plant activity

Abutova Raikhan J., Kozhakhmetov Marat K.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

104--108

EN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a biological humic preparation - “HUMIN PLUS”, made from natural raw materials - environmentally friendly lake sapropel on the biological development of agricultural crops. The study consisted in obtaining information and assessing the effect of a biological product on the dynamics of seedlings development, planting density, as well as crop productivity. To assess the preparation, as well as to identify the effect on the stages of plant ontogenesis, the physicochemical parameters were studied, including the content of humates, and trace elements in the sapropel extract. To interpret the effect of the growth regulator on the seed germination energy, an adaptive-neural inference system was used. To establish the nature of the action of preparation on the development biology of plant, in the conditions of Kazakhstan, a series of experiments were carried out at different stages of ontogenesis of agricultural crops. It was found that the action of the “HUMIN PLUS” preparation significantly increases the content of essential and nonessential amino acids. The findings have established that the sapropel extract “HUMIN PLUS” affects the biological activity of plants, accelerating the seed germination and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops in Kazakhstan.

5

Evaluation of Hyper-Tolerance of Aquatic Plants to Metal Nanoparticles

Оlkhovych Olga, Taran Nataliia, Hrechishkina Svitlana, Voitsekhivska Olena, Panuta Olga, Voitsekhivskyi Volodymyr, Belava Victoriia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

249--259

EN

The estimation of the protein content and amino acid composition under the influence of metal nanoparticles (Mn, Cu, Zn, Ag) for seven species of aquatic macrophytes: Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl.ExWilld.), Pistia stratiotes L., Salvinia natans L., Elodea canadensis Michx., Najas guadelupensis (Spreng.) Magnus, Vallisneria spiralis L. and Riccia fluitans L. was conducted. The plants were exposed during 7 days on the experimental solutions of metal nanoparticles at the rate of 1 g of plant per 100 ml of the mixture of stock colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles (Mn – 0.75 mg/l, Cu – 0.37 mg/l, Zn – 0.44 mg/l, Ag+, Ag2O – 0.75 mg/l) diluted 200 times. In the five investigated species, reduction of the protein content was observed. However, this indicator remained stable only in P. stratiotes (52 mg/ml) and, conversely, increased in V. spiralis (46 mg/ml to 51 mg/ml). The content of the studied amino acids in N. guadelupensis decreased by 46% (from 112.05 mmol/g to 60.15 mmol/g), in R. fluitans – by 44% (from 104.06 mmol/g to 58.25 mmol/g), in S. natans – by 23% (from 90.08 mmol/g to 69.59 mmol/g), in E. canadensis – by 10% (from 143.92 mmol/g to 129.4 mmol/g), and in P. stratiotes as well as in L. laevigatum – by 8% (from 210.65 mmol /g to 193.77 mmol/g and with 155.0 mmol/g to 142.60 mmol/g), but in V. spiralis, on the contrary, increased by 7% (from 91.31 mmol/g to 97.59 mmol/g). Changes in the composition and content of amino acids for each species of aquatic plant were analyzed. It was suggested that the studied plants, which belong to different families, have different defense mechanisms, according to which the amino acid composition of plants varies.

6

Wpływ obecności strużyn garbarskich na wzrost drożdży z rodziny Dipodascaceae

Wieczorek Dorota, Lasoń-Rydel Magdalena, Gendaszewska Dorota

Technologia i Jakość Wyrobów

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2021

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R. 66

170--184

PL

Głównym celem badań była analiza zmian w stężeniu aminokwasów, biomasy oraz pH w czasie hodowli drożdży z rodziny Dipodascaceae z dodatkiem strużyn garbarskich w podłożu hodowlanym. Obecność strużyn garbarskich w ilości 0,1% lub 1% w podłożu nie wywiera negatywnego wpływu na testowane mikroorganizmy. Co ciekawe, zaobserwowano niewielki przyrost biomasy. Oznacza to, że zastosowane w badaniu drożdże mogą przyswajać źródło węgla i azotu z kolagenu. Podwyższone wartości pH w podłożu, a także przyrost ilości wybranych aminokwasów w próbach właściwych wynikał z intensywnego metabolizmu mikroorganizmów. Można więc zakwalifikować drożdże z rodziny Dipodascaceae do dalszych prac związanych z przekształcaniem odpadów garbarskich w sposób biotechnologiczny.

EN

The main objective of the research was to analyze changes in the amino acids and biomass concentration, as well as changes in pH during the cultivation of yeasts from the Dipodascaceae family with the addition of tanning shavings in the growing medium. During the tests, it turned out that the presence of tannery shavings in the amount of 0.1% or 1% in the substrate did not have a negative effect on the tested microorganisms. Interestingly, a slight increase in biomass was observed. This means that the yeast used in the study can absorb the carbon and nitrogen source from the collagen. The increased pH values in the medium, as well as the increase in the amount of selected amino acids in the appropriate samples, most likely resulted from the intensive metabolism of microorganisms. In summary, yeasts of the Dipodascaceae family can be qualified for further work related to the biotechnological conversion of tannery waste.

7

Zastosowanie nawozów aminokwasowych w rolnictwie

Pipiak Paulina, Skwarek Monika

Technologia i Jakość Wyrobów

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2020

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R. 65

144--157

PL

Nawozy aminokwasowe (AAF) zawierające hydrolizaty białkowe i/lub aminokwasy są znanymi biostymulatorami roślin. W pracy opisano funkcje wybranych aminokwasów w roślinach oraz omówiono wpływ AAF na wzrost i jakość plonu roślin uprawnych. Omówiono również zastosowanie nawozów aminokwasowych w łagodzeniu skutków abiotycznego i biotycznego stresu roślin.

EN

Amino acid fertilizers (AAF) containing protein hydrolysates and/or amino acids are known as plant biostimulants. This paper describes the functions of selected amino acids in plants and discusses the influence of AAF on the growth and quality of crop plants. The use of amino acid fertilizers in alleviating the effects of abiotic and biotic stress of plants was also discussed.

8

Factors regulating the compositions and distributions of dissolved organic matter in the estuaries of Jiaozhou Bay in North China

Hu Jiaojie, Zou Li, Wang Jian, Ren Qianqian, Xia Bin, Yu Ge

Oceanologia

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2020

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No. 62 (1)

101--110

EN

Water samples collected from the Jiaozhou Bay every two months between April 2016 and February 2017 were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), total dissolved carbohydrates (TCHO), total hydrolyzed amino acids (THAA), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to explore the biogeochemical processes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in anthropogenic estuarine and coastal environments. In addition, nutrients, chlorophyll a and COD (chemical oxygen demand) in these samples were also analyzed. All parameters exhibited temporal and spatial variations: POC 0.13-22.40 mg/L (average 1.75 mg/L), DOC 0.98-32.75 mg/L (average 5.04 mg/L), COD 0.23-7.58 mg/L (average 1.67 mg/L), TCHO 0.34-14.09 µM (average 3.18 µM), THAA 0.89-8.30 µM (average 4.04 µM), and the absorption coefficient a(355) of CDOM 0.23-16.35 m − 1 (average 3.09 m − 1). The temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of TCHO, THAA, and DOC implied that the DOM in the study areas had a relatively higher biochemical activity. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and maximal information coefficient (MIC) revealed that seasonal variations in temperature and the phosphate concentration were the dominant factors regulating the DOM distributions in Jiaozhou Bay, while riverine inputs and in situ reproduction mainly controlled the DOM compositions.

9

Bioaktywne produkty proteolizy białek mięśniowych. Peptydy, aminokwasy, aminy biogenne

Stadnik J., Kęska P.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2018

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T. 72, nr 3

41--44

PL

Wędliny surowo dojrzewające wyrożniają się spośrod wyrobów mięsnych dużą zawartością związków bioaktywnych, ktore powstają głównie w wyniku hydrolitycznego rozkładu białek. Należą do nich peptydy, których aktywność jako inhibitorow ACE (konwertazy angiotensyny I – Angiotensin -Converting Enzyme), inhibitorów DPP-IV (dipeptydylopeptydazy IV) oraz właściwości przeciwutleniające zostały potwierdzone in vitro, a w przypadku inhibitorów ACE uzyskanych z szynki dojrzewającej - również in vivo. Ami nokwasy kształtują cechy sensoryczne wyrobow i biorą udział w regulacji szlaków metabolicznych. Produkty rozkładu białek mogą także zagrażać zdrowiu człowieka, a dotyczy to amin biogennych, których podwyższona zawartość w wyrobach mięsnych może prowadzić do zatrucia. Coraz większa wiedza konsumentów o potencjalnych korzyściach zdrowotnych związanych z konsumpcją produktów bogatych w związki bioaktywne stwarza olbrzymie możliwości rozwoju także przemysłu mięsnego.

EN

Dry-cured meat products are a good source of bioactive compounds formed mainly as a result of proteolysis. Meat, as being a major source of high quality proteins, offers a huge potential as novel source of bioactive peptides. Among various bioactive peptides, the ACE-inhibitory, DPP-IV inhibitory and antioxidative properties are the most widely studied. Their activity has been confirmed in vitro, and in case of dry-cured ham, as well as in vivo. Taste-active amino acids and amino acid derivatives play a crucial role in the taste formation of dry-cured hams and sausages. However, proteolysis products, biogenic amines, may also negatively affect human health. Growing consumer awareness of potential health benefits of food components is a huge opportunity to the meat industry.

10

Metody analizy aminokwasów w produktach biotechnologicznych

Dudkiewicz M., Berłowska J., Kręgiel D.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2016

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nr 5-6

7--12

PL

Analiza chemiczna produktów żywnościowych lub biotechnologicznych wymaga dokładnych metod analitycznych, pozwalających zarówno na jakościową, jak i ilościową charakterystykę profili aminokwasowych. Do najczęściej wykorzystywanych metod należą: wysokociśnieniowa chromatografia cieczowa (HPLC), chromatografia cienkowarstwowa (TLC), elektroforeza kapilarna oraz chromatografia cieczowa z użyciem kolumn kapilarnych – mikro-LC. Artykuł stanowi przegląd metod i technik stosowanych w celu oznaczania aminokwasów w próbkach złożonych.

EN

Chemical analysis of food or biotechnological products requires accurate analytical methods for both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the amino acid profiles. The most commonly used methods include high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and capillary electrophoresis. The article is a review of methods and techniques used for the determination of amino acids in multi-compound samples.

11

Wstępne badania składu aminokwasowego białka ziarna orkiszu nawożonego azotem i mikroelementami

Nowak K., Spychaj-Fabisiak E., Barczak B., Knapowski T., Kozera W.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2015

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Nr 5

265--266

PL

Materiał do badań stanowiło ziarno orkiszu ozimego zebranego ze ścisłego dwuczynnikowego doświadczenia polowego. Czynnikiem I. rzędu było nawożenie azotem, a czynnik II. rzędu stanowiło nawożenie mikroelementami. Badania wykazały, że skład aminokwasowy białka ziarna orkiszu zmieniał się pod wpływem badanych czynników nawozowych - zwłaszcza azotu. Zastosowane mikroelementy: miedź, mangan i cynk, nie wpływały istotnie na skład aminokwasowy białka ziarna orkiszu.

EN

Material for the study comprised grain of winter spelt harvested in a strict two-factorial field experiment. A first order factor was the fertilization with nitrogen and the second order factor was fertilization with microelements. The study indicated that amino acid composition of spelt grain protein changed under the influence of studied fertilization factors - especially nitrogen. The applied microelements: copper, manganese and zinc, did not affect significantly amino acid composition of spelt grain protein.

12

Seasonal changes in the biochemical components of Pseudonereis anomala (Polychaeta, Nereididae) from the Alexandria coast, Egypt

Dorgham M.M., Hamdy R., Al-Rashidy H. H., Atta M. M.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (4)

881--887

EN

The biochemical composition (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, fatty acids and amino acids) of the nereid polychaete Pseudonereis anomala Gravier 1901, from a shallow part of the Alexandria coast (Egypt), was studied seasonally. The results revealed that P. anomala had a lower water content, higher carbohydrates and protein, but approximately similar or higher lipid levels than several other polychaetes. Fatty acids appeared to be dominated by unsaturated acids, constituting seasonally 49.6-81%, while saturated acids reached high amounts in winter and spring (23.3 and 38.3% respectively). C20:5n-3 was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid, accompanied by small amounts of C18:4n-3, C20:4n-6, C16:1n-7 and C20:1n-9. C18:0 dominated the saturated fatty acids for most of the year, except in autumn when C16:0 was the major one.

13

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigation of the chemical composition of the aquatic plant Wolffia arrhiza (Lemnaceae)

Kotowska U., Piotrowska A., Isidorova A. G., Bajguz A., Isidorov V. A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

|

Vol. 42, No. 2

181-187

EN

The ether and methanol extracts of Wolffia arrhiza (Lemnaceae) were analyzed using high resolution capillary gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The ether extract contains 32 compounds, mostly lipids and sterols, among which ?-sitosterol is most prevalent. This is the first evidence of ?-sitosterol detection in W. arrhiza. The most representative group of polar compounds of the methanol fraction is formed by 18 free amino acids. In addition, in the methanol extract there are a number of other nitrogen containing compounds: nucleobase and nucleosides. The third significant group in the total ion current in the methanol extract is formed by glycerol and glycerides. At the same time, the content of free sugar is very low.

14

Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition of some common seaweed species from the coast of Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt

Khairy H. M., El-Shafay S. M.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (2)

435-451

EN

Variations in protein, carbohydrate, lipid, ash, moisture, fatty acid and amino acid contents of the seaweeds Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (Chlorophyta), Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux and Pterocladia capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Bornet (Rhodophyta) were studied seasonally from spring to autumn 2010. The seaweeds were collected from a rocky site near Boughaz El-Maadya on the coast of Abu Qir Bay east of Alexandria, Egypt. Remarkable seasonal variations were recorded in the levels of the studied parameters in the three species. Pterocladia capillacea was characterized by the highest protein and carbohydrate content throughout the different seasons, whereas Ulva lactuca contained more lipids (4.09 š 0.2%) than J. rubens and P. capillacea. The highest total fatty acids were recorded in J. rubens during the three seasons, while saturated fatty acids were predominant in P. capillacea during spring. This is due mainly to the presence of palmitic acid (C16:0), which made up 74.3% of the saturated fatty acids. The highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in these algae was measured in J. rubens; DHA (22:6?3) was the main acid, making up 26.4% of the total fatty acids especially during summer. Proline was the major component of the amino acids in the three algal species, with maximum amounts in U. lactuca.

15

The influence of selected amino acids on the dynamic properties of the liposome membranes : ESR study

Man D., Broda M., Buczek A., Kawecka A., Siodłak D.

Nukleonika

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2013

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Vol. 58, No. 3

443--446

EN

In this work the changes in the fluidity of liposome membranes caused by alanine and butyrine derivatives (Ac-Ala-NMe2 and Ac-Abu-NMe2) were investigated. Liposomes were obtained in the process of egg yolk lecithin (EYL) sonication. The concentration of the admixture in the proportion to EYL varied from 0 to 25% mole. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used with two different spins probes. Each spin probe penetrates different regions of liposome membrane. The TEMPO probe occurs both in the hydrophobic part of the membrane and in the water environment what allows to determine the spectroscopic parameter F of division of this probe into the membrane and its water surrounding. DOXYL is localized in the central part of the lipid bilayer and is used to obtain the spectroscopic parameter τ – rotation correlation time – whose value gives information about fluidity changes in the middle of the lipid bilayer. The study indicated that the tested as admixtures N-methylated model peptides significantly changed the fluidity of liposome membranes. The dynamic of this process depends both on amino acids derivative and on the membrane region. Both studied compounds increased the fluidity of the surface layer of liposome membrane. At the same time, butyrine derivative caused the stiffening of the middle part of liposome bilayer, but alanine derivative slightly increased the fluidity of this region.

16

Application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography in phytochemical analysis

Petruczynik A., Waksmundzka-Hajnos M.

Acta Chromatographica

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2013

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Vol. 25, no. 1

1--25

EN

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is a liquid chromatography technique when a polar stationary phases - silica or polar bonded phases and aqueous mobile phase containing amount of a less polar solvent (often acetonitrile) is applied. HILIC is important for the separation of highly polar substances including biologically active compounds, such as drugs, amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleosides, neurotransmitters, etc. HILIC is also the appropriate method for analysis of plant extract polar components such as carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, phenolic acids, flavonoids and some alkaloids. Plant extracts are usually multicomponent mixtures of compounds of wide polarity range, which often cannot be analyzed by use of a single separation and detection method because of the high chemical diversity. Good results are obtained by use of coupled method, e.g., reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) and HILIC mode separation. The elution order in HILIC is usually opposite to that in RP separations. This orthogonality determines one of the advantages of HILIC - the possibility of creating multidimensional separations. An important feature of HILIC is the improved sensitivity with electrospray mass spectrometry. This is significant for the analysis of components existing in small concentration in multicomponent mixtures. The high acetonitrile content also gives additional advantage of HILIC - faster separations due to the lower viscosity of HILIC eluents compared to standard RP ones. The presented review deals with the optimization of HILIC separations and application of the method for analysis of plant extracts components.

17

Synteza aminokwasowych pochodnych 6H-indolo[2,3-b]chinoliny

Sidoryk k., Szczepek W. J., Kaczmarek Ł.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2012

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T. 91, nr 3

264-270

PL

Indolo[2,3-b]chinoliny to grupa związków o potencjalnym działaniu przeciwnowotworowym. Badania nad kolejnymi analogami indolo[2,3-b]chinoliny są prowadzone w Instytucie Farmaceutycznym już od kilkunastu lat i zaowocowały jak do tej pory otrzymaniem ponad 100 nowych pochodnych. Ostatnie 5 lat poświęcono badaniom nad syntezą koniugatów indolo[2,3-b]chinoliny z aminokwasami. Otrzymano wiele aminokwasowych pochodnych indolo[2,3-b]chinoliny, a pomyślne wyniki badań biologicznych skłaniają do kontynuowania prac badawczych.

EN

A series of new aminoacid derivatives of 6,11-dimethyl6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinolin-2-ylamine and 6,11-dimethyl6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinolin-9-ylamine were synthesized and studied for cytotoxic activity. The glycine and L-proline derivatives were the most efficient (3.3 and 4.3 µM).

18

Optymalizacja procesu rozdzielania tryptofanu i proliny w układzie faz odwróconych z wykorzystaniem mikrochromatografii cienkowarstwowej (micro-TLC) w warunkach kontrolowanej temperatury

Zarzycki P. K., Ślączka M. M.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

|

2011

|

R. 57, nr 6

624-626

PL

Chromatografia cienkowarstwowa jest dogodną metodą do tzw. analiz przesiewowych (z ang. screen analysis) oraz szybkiego badania profili retencji z użyciem różnych faz ruchomych. Nasze badania dotyczą zastosowania termostatowanej mikrochromatografii cienkowarstwowej do optymalizacji procesu rozdzielania wybranych aminokwasów tryptofanu i proliny w układzie faz odwróconych (RP). Uzyskane dane retencyjne umożliwiły określenie optymalnych warunków rozdzielania przy zastosowaniu prostego parametru optymalizacji: maksymalnej wartości współczynnika rozdzielenia (αmax). Parametr ten był obliczany z dokładnością 2% stężenia binarnej fazy ruchomej w zakresie od 0 do 100%, na podstawie danych eksperymentalnych uzyskanych z rozdzielczością 20%. Wybrane kryterium optymalizacji umożliwia bezpośrednie przeniesienie uzyskanych wyników na systemy rozdzielania typu RP z użyciem kolumny zamiast płytek np. wysokosprawnej chromatografii kolumnowej (HPLC).

EN

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) are commonly used in separation, identification, purification and quantification of different analytes present in complex biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Planar chromatography can be also applied to screen analysis and fast exploration of chromatographic retention profiles using different concentrations of mobile phases components. This method does not require expensive equipment, tedious and time-consuming sample pretreatments and, what is important, allows a parallel separation of many samples at the same time. The spots or bands sprayed onto the TLC plate can be easily detected under visible and UV light (usually 254nm, 366nm) or by post-chromatographic derivatization with visualization reagents, and then digitalized using office scanners. It should be noted that the great advantage of micro-planar chromatography compared to the regular sized TLC is low consumption of the eluents (usually less than 1 mL per analytical run) as well as short analysis time, due to mobile phase migration distance less than 50 mm. Under particular cases (high temperature and low viscosity eluents like acetone, dichloro-methane or n-hexane), non-forced eluent flow micro-chromatographic analysis can be completed within less than 5 minutes. This work is focused on optimization of separation process of two amino acids including tryptophan and proline (Fig. 1) under reversed-phase micro-chromatographic conditions. Particularly, selected amino acids were chromatographed on HPTLC RP-18W (wettable with water) 25 x 50 mm cutted plates using thermostated horizontal micro-chamber and unsaturated conditions (Fig. 2). The target components were sprayed on the start line (1Μg per lane) using a semi-automatic sampler (Linomat 5, Camag). The plates were developed with n-propanol: water binary mixtures as the mobile phases. Different concentrations of alcohol ranging from 0 to 100% (v/v) with steps of 20% were applied. The temperature of chromatographic separation was set at 40oC and chromatographic runs were completed within 10-30 minutes, depending on the water concentration in the mobile phase. The amino acids were visualized by dipping the plates in ninhydrin solution (prepared for concentration 0.3% in ethanol) followed by heating at 120°C for 10 minutes. Picture acquisition was performed using a Plustek OpticPro S12 scanner with an 8-bit per channel color deep mode, 300 DPI resolution, and saved as TIFF files. Retention data were derived from the plates via densitometric scans obtained with help of ImageJ freeware (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij). Using the raw retention data set (RF values, retardation factor), the chromatographic profiles of amino acids were calculated with step of 2% (Fig. 3A). Based on the curves observed and relationship RM = logk, where RM and k correspond to mobility and retention factors, respectively, a simple optimization criterion expressed as a separation factor (α) was calculated (Fig. 3B). Using this plot, the best separation conditions of target components were selected taking into account the maximum value of the separation factor (αmax). Due to the equal spot shape of amino acids investigated across the whole range of the mobile phases composition, such approach involving the α values allows fast optimization of separation in planar chromatography and direct application of selected conditions into column chromatographic systems based on e.g. high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It should be noted that the advantages of retention data screening using micro-TLC are very low mobile phase consumption (at level of 300 ΜL per chromatographic run), short analysis time and effective detection of UV-Vis transparent substances using simple visualization reagent.

19

Nitrogen Content and Aminoacids Protein Composition of Grain of Winter Wheat Foliar Fertilized with Urea and Microelements Fertilizers

Filipek T., Harasim P.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 4

523-529

EN

The field experiment was carried out over 2003–2005 on the lessive soil (Haplic Luvisols), defective wheat complex, with a randomised block method in four random replications. The soil was characterised with an acid reaction (pHKCl – 5.3) and a natural content of trace elements (characteristic for the geochemical background). A Rywalka (class A) high quality variety of winter wheat was used as a test crop. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of foliar feeding with urea and nickel chelate EDTA-Ni(II) and Plonvit Z for the total nitrogen content and endogenous amino acid composition of winter wheat grains. The differentiation of the total nitrogen content and amino acid composition of protein under the influence of experimental factors proved to be statistically insignificant. Under the influence of EDTA-Ni, the amount of endogenous amino acids and content of leucine and lysine in the protein increased, while reducing the overall protein content.

PL

Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2003–2005 na glebie płowej (Haplic Luvisols), kompleks pszenny wadliwy metodą bloków losowych w 4 powtórzeniach. Gleba miała kwaoeny odczyn (pHKCl – 5,3) i naturalną zawartość pierwiastków śladowych. Rooeliną testową była pszenica ozima odmiana jakooeciowa (klasa A) – Rywalka. Celem badań było okreoelenie wpływu dokarmiania dolistnego mocznikiem oraz chelatem niklu EDTA-Ni(II) i Plonvitem Z na zawartość azotu ogółem i skład aminokwasowy ziarna pszenicy ozimej. Zróżnicowanie zawartooeci azotu ogółem i składu aminokwasowego białka pod wpływem czynników doświadczalnych okazało się statystycznie nieistotne. Pod wpływem EDTA-Ni zwiększeniu ulegała suma aminokwasów endogennych oraz zawartość leucyny i lizyny w białku, zaoe zmniejszeniu zawartość białka ogólnego.

20

Comparison of the Effect of Mineral and Organic Fertilization on the Composition of Amino Acids in Green Biomass Maize

Jasiewicz C., Baran A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 4

545-551

EN

The research aimed at an assessment of the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on the composition of amino acids in maize San c.v. The investigations were conducted as a pot experiment. The experimental design comprised 11 treatments differing with the dose and kind of supplied fertilizers. Mineral salts (NPK), farmyard manure, compost, municipal and industrial sewage sludges were used as the source of nutrients for maize. Two levels of NPK fertilization were considered in the experiment. Doses of farmyard manure, compost, municipal and industrial sludge were established on the basis of nitrogen fertilization level. Determined were 17 amino acids: theronine, leucine, henylalanine, histidine, lysine, methionine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, cysteine, aspargine and glutamine acids, serine, proline, glicyne and alanine. Analysis of the obtained results showed that mineral fertilization much more differentiate the content of amino acids in maize than the organic treatment. In the case of organic fertilization the highest total content of amino acids in plant was obtained in the variant with a double dose of municipal sludge. The highest concentrations of exogenic amino acids was registered in maize fertilized with a double NPK dose, the lowest in plants fertilized with a single dose of compost. Among the exogenic amino acids leucine prevailed in the yields from all fertilizer treatments. It was demonstrated that methionine was the limiting amino acid.

PL

Celem badań była ocena wpływu nawożenia mineralnego i organicznego na skład aminokwasów w kukurydzy odmiany San. Badania prowadzono w warunkach doświadczenia wazonowego. Schemat dooewiadczenia obejmował 11 obiektów różniących się dawką oraz rodzajem wprowadzonych nawozów. Stosowano dwa poziomy nawożenia NPK. Jako źródło składników pokarmowych dla kukurydzy zastosowano sole mineralne (NPK), obornik, kompost, osad oeciekowy miejski i przemysłowy. Dawki obornika, kompostu oraz miejskiego i przemysłowego osadu oeciekowego ustalono na podstawie poziomu nawożenia azotowego przyjętego w obiektach z nawożeniem mineralnym. Oznaczono 17 aminokwasów: treoninę, leucynę, fenyloalaninę, histydynę, lizynę, metioninę, argininę, walinę, izoleucynę, tyrozynę, cysteinę, kwas asparaginowy i glutaminowy, serynę, prolinę, glicynę i alaninę. Analizując otrzymane wyniki stwierdzono, że nawożenie mineralne w większym stopniu różnicowało zawartość aminokwasów w kukurydzy w porównaniu z nawożeniem organicznym. W przypadku nawożenia organicznego największą zawartość ogólną aminokwasów w roślinie uzyskano w wariancie z osadem miejskim zastosowanym w podwójnej dawce. Największą zawartość aminokwasów egzogennych stwierdzono w kukurydzy nawożonej podwójną dawką NPK, najmniejszą zaś w roślinach nawożonych kompostem w pojedynczej dawce. Spośród aminokwasów egzogennych w plonach ze wszystkich obiektów nawozowych przeważała leucyna. Wykazano, że aminokwasem limitującym była metionina.