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1

The influence of slope exposure and altitude on the height of trees in the stands of the Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum in the lower montane zone in the Bieszczady National Park

Wójcik Weronika, Romusiak Robert

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2023

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No. 122

160--168

EN

The influence of slope exposure and altitude on the height of trees in the stands of the Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum in the lower montane zone in the Bieszczady National Park. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of slope exposure and elevation above sea level on the average height of trees in the stands of the Carpathian beech forest Dentario Glandulosae-Fagetum in the lower montane zone of the Bieszczady National Park. The research material consisted of measurements made as part of a grid of permanent research plots of the Bieszczady National Park with a size of 4 ares, arranged in a grid of squares with a spacing of 500 x 500 m. Using a two-factor analysis of variance, the average height of beech trees in two height zones (600-800 and 800-1000 m above sea level) and at two slope exposures (north and south) were compared. The influence of the interaction between the two factors was also studied. The height of beech stands was mainly determined by the altitude and the interaction between the exposure of the slope and the altitude. It was not found that the exposure of the slope significantly differentiated the average heights of beech trees in the lower montane zone in the Bieszczady National Park.

PL

Wpływ ekspozycji stoku i wysokości nad poziomem morza na wysokość drzew w drzewostanach buczyny karpackiej Dentario Glandulosae - Fagetum w reglu dolnym na terenie Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu ekspozycji stoku oraz wysokości nad poziomem morza na średnie wysokości drzew w drzewostanach buczyny karpackiej Dentario Glandulosae - Fagetum w reglu dolnym na terenie Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego. Materiał badawczy stanowiły pomiary wykonane w ramach siatki stałych powierzchni badawczych Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego o wielkości 4 arów, rozmieszczonych w siatce kwadratów o więźbie 500 x 500 m. Za pomocą dwuczynnikowej analizy wariancji porównano średnią wysokość buków w dwóch strefach wysokości (600-800 i 800-1000 m n.p.m.) oraz przy dwóch ekspozycjach stoku (północnym i południowym). Zbadano również wpływ interakcji między tymi dwoma czynnikami. Wysokość drzewostanów bukowych była determinowana głównie przez wysokość n.p.m. oraz interakcje między eskpozycją stoku a wysokością nad poziomem morza. Nie stwierdzono by ekspozycja stoku istotnie różnicowała średnie wysokości buków w reglu dolnym w Bieszczadzkim Parku Narodowym.

2

Comparative Analysis of Effect of Wind Loads with Variation in Altitude and Angle of Inclination of Wind Direction on Solar Panels

Surendra Reddy P., Swapna K., Kiran Kumar G., Krishna Varma K. P. V.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 6

61--68

EN

Solar panels are used in wide range of applications like power generation, automobiles, electronic devices etc. They are trending devices which develop power from abundantly available solar energy. In spite of this advantage, they are affected by wind loads, which result in wind induced loading. Determining this is very essential because, the drag and lift forces applied on the solar panels due to the wind loads play a crucial role in the accomplishment of performance in the solar panels. In this work, an attempt was made to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect caused by the wind forces on different array sizes, altitudes, orientation of the solar panels at different wind speeds (5 m/s, 25 m/s) and at different inclination angles the wind (0°, 45°, 135° and 180°. The ultimate objective of this work was to analyze the effect caused by wind forces based on these combinations of the parameters. Different shapes of solar panels like rectangular and hexagonal shaped were analyzed for normal and optimized conditions. Moreover, wind load analysis was carried out for different altitudes like on the ground and on the roof top. The outcomes depict that the wind forces on front region of the conventional solar panels is higher when compared to the optimized solar panel.

3

Different Patterns of Changes in Foliar Carbon Isotope Composition Along Altitude

He Z., Zhan S., Wang W., Hu L., Wu S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 2

227--235

EN

Three types of alpine plant species, Carex montis-everestii, Quercus aquifolioides and Stipa capillacea, along an altitudinal gradient of 3005-5025 m on the Tibetan Plateau, were chosen to test the generality of the hypothesis that foliar carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of C3 plants increases significantly with altitude and to determine climate drivers shaping its altitudinal pattern. Temperature and relative humidity showed significantly negative correlations with altitude; however, precipitation and soil water potential remained unchanged with altitude. Foliar δ13C of C. montis-everestii, Q. aquifolioides, S. capillacea alone or combined together did not significantly increase with altitude, which does not support the leading hypothesis of increased foliar δ13C with altitude. There was no difference in foliar δ13C among all three species. Multi-factor correlation analyses showed that temperature, precipitation and relative humidity alone did not affect foliar δ13C of C. montis-everestii and S. capillacea, but conferred significant effects on foliar δ13C of Q. aquifolioides.

4

Altitude Patterns of Leaf Carbon Isotope Composition in a Subtropical Monsoon Forest

Pan S., Zhang W., Zhao M., Li Y., Xu S., Wang G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 2

178--188

EN

Leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of both vascular and non-vascular plants were investigated in order to assess their variability along an altitude gradient (414, 620, 850, 1086,1286 and 1462 m) from a subtropical monsoon forest located at Mt. Tianmu Reserve, eastern China. Leaf δ13C values of all plant species ranged from -34.4 to -26.6‰, with an average of -29.8‰. There is no significant difference in leaf δ13C between vascular plants and mosses, however, trees had significantly higher δ13C values than herbs. For pooled data, leaf δ13C was positively correlated with altitude. Leaf δ13C was significantly and negatively correlated with annual mean temperature and atmospheric pressure, while it was significantly and positively correlated with soil water content. Furthermore, there was no relationship between leaf δ13C and soil nitrogen content or soil phosphorus content. The altitudinal trend in leaf δ13C is the consequence of the interaction between temperature, atmospheric pressure and soil water content.

5

The investigation of relationship of heating and cooling degree hour calculations for Southeastern Anatolia Region with altitude, latitude and longitude

Yucel A., Atilgan A., Oz H., Saltuk B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr III/1

673--683

EN

Degree-day values can be calculated using climatic data. Thus, seasonal, monthly, daily and hourly energy requirements for heating and cooling in buildings can be calculated. The effect of outside ambient temperature can be determined by means of the degree-day method in determining the basic temperature values in buildings. The altitude and latitude affect significantly the temperature distribution in the Earth. Thus, the latitude and altitude values are required to determine the degree hour values. This study was taken in 9 provinces located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region (SAR). The annual outdoor dry-bulb thermometer temperatures for a long period of nine provinces in the SAR were obtained to determine heating and cooling degree hour values according to the six different base temperatures. According to the suggested six different base temperature values, the cumulative long-term annual heating degree-hour (HDH) value was 50862 in total for Gaziantep province. The lowest cumulative long-term annual heating degree-hour value took place in Sanliurfa province as 39638. Also, the highest total cooling degree-hour (CDH) value took place in Sanliurfa province as 10886 degree-hour value and the lowest value took place in Sirnak province as 3909. It was determined that there was not an exact linear or monotonous relationship between HDH and CDH values and altitude, latitude and longitude values. However, although it was seen that the relationship of CDH values with the altitude was not a formal linear or monotonous relationship, it was determined that CDH values decreased linearly together with the increasing altitude values when the values were examined.

6

Ecological Adaptation of the Seed Microsculptures of Saussurea from Different Altitudes (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau)

Li Z., Du G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 4

593--598

EN

The aim of this study was to explore ecological adaptation of seed microsculptures of Saussurea from different altitudes. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the cypselae surface of 10 taxa of Saussurea collected from the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China. The results indicated that the microsculptures had clear and consistent variations in some samples collected from high (4200 m a.s.l.) and low-altitude sites (2200 m a.s.l.). The thickness of stripes and distance between stripes are increasing while sulcus depth is increasing from a low to a high altitude (P < 0.01). The seed-coat surface was becoming rougher from low to high altitude. The surviving rate of seeds was lower at high altitude than that at low altitude in all the species. The surviving rate of the seeds collected from the high altitudes was higher than that of the seeds collected from low altitudes when sown at the same altitude. All the results suggested that there is selection pressure of the altitude on the development of the microsculpture patterns, which increases absorbed sunlight, the residence time of soil water and nutrition. The changes can make the seeds survive better at extreme environments (cold and dry). The cypselae microsculpture patterns should be used as potential adaptation biomarkers for the species of Saussurea from low- to high-altitude.

7

Altitude Patterns of Leaf Carbon Isotope Composition in a Subtropical Monsoon Forest

Pan S., Zhang W., Zhao M., Li Y., Xu S., Wang G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 4

512--522

EN

Leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of both vascular and non-vascular plants were investigated in order to assess their variability along an altitude gradient (414, 620, 850, 1086, 1286 and 1462 m) from a subtropical monsoon forest located at Mt. Tianmu Reserve, eastern China. Leaf δ13C values of all plant species ranged from -34.4 to -26.6‰, with an average of -29.8‰. There is no significant difference in leaf δ13C between vascular plants and mosses, however, trees had significantly higher δ13C values than herbs. For pooled data, leaf δ13C was positively correlated with altitude. Leaf δ13C was significantly and negatively correlated with annual mean temperature and atmospheric pressure, while it was significantly and positively correlated with soil water content. Furthermore, there was no relationship between leaf δ13C and soil nitrogen content or soil phosphorus content. The altitudinal trend in leaf δ13C is the consequence of the interaction between temperature, atmospheric pressure and soil water content.

8

Pomiary i estymacja wysokości i prędkości pionowej obiektów latających

Dąbrowski W., Popowski S.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2012

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R. 16, nr 2

530-537

PL

W artykule przedstawiono propozycję systemu pomiaru wysokości oraz prędkości pionowej lotu. W systemie tym zintegrowano trzy źródła informacji: pomiar wysokości barometrycznej, pomiar przyspieszenia pionowego oraz pomiar wysokości za pomocą odbiornika GPS ze wsparciem SBAS. Weryfikacja podanego rozwiązania została przeprowadzona w oparciu o badania symulacyjne oraz na podstawie obliczeń wykorzystujących w trybie off-line zarejestrowane dane z badań w locie na wiatrakowcu Xenon firmy Celier.

EN

In the article the system for altitude and rate of climb measurement is proposed. Three sources of information are integrated in the system: barometric altitude, vertical acceleration and altitude acquired from GPS system supported by SBAS. Presented solution (being applied off-line) is verified by simulation tests as well as by computations with results of real in-flight tests completed on Celier's autogyro Xenon.

9

Seed mass increase along altitude within four Saussurea (Asteraceae) species in Tibetian Plateau

Wu G., Tian F., Ren G., Liu Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 3

617-622

EN

Seed mass is a critical life-history character in seed evolutionary ecology. Plant species can present responses in seed mass to environment stresses. We tested the hypotheses that seed mass was positively correlated with altitude within species. We selected four congeneric Saussurea species as study objects, and collected their seeds along altitudinal gradients (2100.4200 m a.s.l.) in the alpine area of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Results showed that mean seed mass of the four species were significantly affected by altitude (P <0.001). There was a general trend of an increase in seed weight with altitude among the populations of the four species. In addition, mean seed mass of four species were not significantly different, but all presented a bigger coefficients of variation within species along altitude gradients. Our results indicate selection pressure within species, with larger seeds occurring at higher altitudes.

10

Altitudinal variability of the soil water content in natural and managed beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests

Pichler V., Durkovic J., Capuliak J., Pichlerova M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

313-319

EN

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) ranks as one of the most adaptive species among European indigenous trees. Variable interactions between the trees and soil water depend on both phenotypic plasticity of the species and natural conditions. They are controlled through stomatal regulation and the ability of beech trees to accelerate quickly their growth if available resources increase. However, the effect of forest density at various altitudes on the soil water content in beech stands has been studied rather scarcely. Therefore, we monitored soil moisture by means of Time Domain Reflectometry in series of natural and managed stands located on sites representing the lower altitude (200-550 m a.s.l.), middle altitude (550-1050 m a.s.l.) and higher altitude (1050-1300 m a.s.l.) zones of the natural beech belt in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia. Forest stand density, expressed in terms of basal area, i.e. the sum of cross section areas of the tree stems at 1.30 m height, was unchanged in natural stands, but it was reduced by 60% in the shelterwood stands. In the clear-cuts, all trees were removed. Total soil water content (SWC) under forest stands was calculated in mm as the product of soil moisture and soil depth, the latter acquired by electrical resistivity tomography. SWC differences between natural and shelterwood stands of the lower altitude, middle altitude and higher altitude zones averaged 18 mm, 36 mm and -3 mm, respectively. According to the Friedman test on ranks, followed by post-hoc multiple comparison testing, the difference was only significant within the middle altitude zone. In it, soil water consumption by the natural stand was limited only by the hormonally controlled seasonal regulation. The comparatively low water loss in the shelterwood stand resulted from a small rainfall interception by forest canopy and a decreased soil water uptake due to reduced basal area, leaf area index and simple age-size forest structure. In the lower altitude zone, the precipitation deficit and limited extractability of soil water were responsible for the absence of larger SWC differences. As opposed to that, low potential evapotranspiration prevented any noticeable SWC differences within the higher altitude zone.

11

Population decline of the Little Owl (Athene noctua)in the Czech Republic

Salek M., Schropfer L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 3

527-534

EN

A change of land use is often cited as a causal factor in the decline of many species of farmland birds. Populations of the Little Owl (Athene noctua Scop., 1769) have notably decreased throughout Europe in the last 60 years, including the Czech Republic. The aims of this study were to estimate the recent population trend of the Little Owl and to analyze the importance of altitude and grassland habitat within Little Owl territories. The population trend of the Little Owl in the Czech Republic has still decreasing tendency. The population density dropped from 0.33 breeding pairs (bps) 10 km[^-2] to 0.12 bps 10 km[^-2] in the first (1993-1995) and second (1998-1999) monitoring program, respectively. The decline is apparent also from results from last Little Owl monitoring program which were carried out in 2005.2006 on 35 study plots (4607 km[^2]). The average population density was estimated at 0.1 bps 10 km[^-2]. A distinct feature of these recent populations is that they occur in the places with relatively high local density (core areas) in comparison to the surroundings, which are unoccupied. At present, the Little Owl rarely breeds in natural tree cavities, but rather the majority of nesting sites are situated in human artifacts, especially within agricultural objects. Areas in which the Little Owl occurs have a significantly larger proportion of grasslands and are situated at lower altitudes. We suggest that the changes in agricultural landscape associated with disappearance of traditional farming management of grassland habitats, forceful pasturage and regular mowing were the main factors in this long-term population decline. The recent decrease of Little Owls could be also the consequence of the existence of small isolated populations in which mortality is not balanced by immigration from surrounding areas.

12

Wpływ wybranych czynników zewnętrznych na występowanie zgnilizny w drewnie świerka pospolitego (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) w drzewostanach Beskidu Śląskiego i Żywieckiego

Barszcz A.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2004

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vol. 47, nr 172

51-68

PL

Na przykładzie świerka pospolitego wykazano, że podłoże geologiczne, wysokość nad poziomem morza i charakter gospodarki leśnej wpływają na częstotliwość występowania drzew ze zgnilizną wewnętrzną. Ponadto udowodniono związki między martwicą i zgnilizną zewnętrzną. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników można wskazać na badanym terenie rejony o dobrej lub słabej jakości surowca świerkowego. Zaproponowano rozwiązania, które mogą przyczynić się do zmniejszenia częstotliwości występowania szczególnie martwicy i zgnilizny zewnętrznej, a tym samym do poprawy jakości surowca.

EN

The research was conducted in the Beskid Śląski and Żywiecki area within the so-called Żywiecczyzna Region. The goals were the following: showing the influence of the bedrock, altitude and forest management type on the percentage of trees with internal rot, and examining any connections between tree injury and external rot. The research was conducted on 70 sample plots, on 1050 selected Norway spruces by taking samples with increment borer at the root neck. The type and percentage of the decay in the trunk diameter at the boring spot was established. External rot and trunk injury were also registered.

13

Altitudinal trends in needle chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings exposed to increased ultraviolet-b radiation

Robakowski P., Modrzyński J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 1

49-62

EN

The main purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the altitude of Norway spruce seed origin and seedling response enhanced UV-B irradiation. There were threeUV-B treatments: high UV-B with a dose of 22.76 kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE] (biologically effective dose), low UV-B-5.69kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE] and control>> ~ 0 kJ m^-2 d^-1 UV-B[BE]. The plants were exposed to enhanced UV-B during 120 days in the greenhouse. Needle chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were investigated. The chlorophyll content in irradiated needles was lower relative to control after 30 days of exposure to UV-B, but it was higher after 70 days. All the measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including relative vitality indexes were reduced for needles exposed to an increased UV-B radiation. Generally, the needles' chlorophyll content was increased and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were decreased with altitude of seed origin. The results suggest that the acclimation to higher altitudes may also consist of an increased chlorophyll production. The alterations in chlorophyll concentration among the seedlings originating from different altitudes showed that response of Norway spruce to an enhanced UV-B irradiation depends on the altitude of origin.