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1

Perspektywy wykorzystania biomasy stałej i RDF w ciepłownictwie

Rajczyk Rafał

Instal

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2024

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nr 2

20--27

PL

W artykule analizowano możliwości zastosowania trzech wybranych paliw w ciepłownictwie. Biomasę stałą reprezentowały pelet ze słomy agro oraz PKS (palm kernel shell), badaniom poddano również paliwo alternatywne - RDF. We wprowadzeniu omówiono ogólnie wykorzystanie biomasy i paliw alternatywnych do wytwarzania ciepła, przedstawiono też sytuację rynkową ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ilości biomasy wykorzystywanej obecnie w Polsce oraz międzynarodowej wymiany handlowej. Dla paliwa importowanego - PKS omówiono procesy transportu i ich wpływ na uzyskiwane efekty ekologiczne. W dalszej części pracy analizowano własności fizyko-chemiczne badanych paliw oraz ich popiołów. Przedstawiono skład chemiczny, charakterystyczne temperatury popiołu oraz wyznaczono wybrane wskaźniki eksploatacyjne, do których przydatności w prognozowaniu problemów eksploatacyjnych odniesiono się w dalszej części pracy. Paliwa spalane były w technologii fluidalnej, która po technologii rusztowej jest drugą z kolei powszechnie wykorzystywaną w ciepłownictwie, a jedną z jej najważniejszych zalet jest elastyczność paliwowa. Wykonano badania emisyjno-eksploatacyjne na stanowisku laboratoryjnym z warstwą fluidalną. Określono zawartości poszczególnych składników gazów spalinowych, dokonano również analizy procesów aglomeracji materiału warstwy i popiołu dennego. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że oba paliwa oparte o biomasę stałą cechują się korzystnymi właściwościami i są predysponowane do wykorzystania w ciepłownictwie. Z kolei przy spalaniu RDF należy zwrócić uwagę na możliwość powstawania problemów eksploatacyjnych, związanych przede wszystkim ze znaczącą zawartością chloru.

EN

The article discusses the possibilities of using three selected fuels in district heating. Solid biomass was represented by agro straw pellets and PKS (palm kernel shell), and an alternative fuel - RDF - was tested as well. The introduction deals with the use of biomass and alternative fuels for heat generation in general, and presents the market situation with particular emphasis on the amount of biomass currently used in Poland and international trade. For the imported fuel - PKS, transport processes and their impact on the achieved ecological effects were discussed. The following section presents the physical and chemical properties of the tested fuels and their ashes. The chemical composition, characteristic temperatures of the ash were presented, and selected operational indices were determined, the usefulness of which in predicting operational problems is referred to later. The fuels were combusted in fluidized bed technology, which, after grate technology, is the second most commonly used in district heating, and one of its most important advantages is fuel flexibility. Emission and operational tests were performed on a laboratory rig with a fluidized bed. The contents of individual components of exhaust gases were determined, and the agglomeration processes of the bed material and bottom ash were analyzed. The conducted research showed that both fuels based on solid biomass have favourable properties and are suitable for use in heating. In turn, when burning RDF, attention should be paid to the possibility of operational problems, primarily related to the significant chlorine content.

2

Dywersyfikacja paliw alternatywnych

Wolny-Tomczyk Katarzyna, Dąbrowska Dominika

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2024

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nr 6

PL

W Polsce co roku wytwarzane jest ok. 6-6,5 mln ton frakcji kalorycznej z odpadów – odpadów, których zgodnie z prawem nie można składować, nie da się też ich poddać recyklingowi. W związku z tym w Polsce od dłuższego czasu istnieje problem zagospodarowania tej frakcji – każdego roku co najmniej 2-3 mln ton odpadów jest magazynowanych zamiast wykorzystać je w szeroko pojętej energetyce.

3

Study of the effect of ignition crank angle and mixture composition on the performance of a spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol

Jakliński Piotr, Czarnigowski Jacek, Ścisłowski Karol

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

56--63

EN

The publication presents the results of the measurements of the operating parameters of a spark-ignition engine fueled with 95-octane unleaded gasoline (ES95) and ethyl alcohol, approx. 92%. The measurements were carried out at a constant load: an engine speed of 1500 rpm and a constant pressure in the intake system - MAP = 0.45 bar. For each type of fuel, the measurements were carried out in two series for two variables. The ignition crank angle was varied in the range of 0˚÷40˚ and the mixture composition λ in the range of 0.85-1.25. The recorded engine performance parameters included torque, intake manifold pressure, intake air temperature, exhaust gas temperature and temporal fuel consumption; and exhaust gas composition was examined in terms of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The study showed that an ethanol-fueled engine has lower average efficiency compared to a gasoline one. The highest efficiency for ethanol was obtained for rich mixtures in the range λ = 0.85-1.0 and at high ignition advance angles. The use of alcohol fuel showed a very favorable effect on the composition of exhaust gas and a significantly lower content of harmful exhaust components was demonstrated. For the same operating points, carbon monoxide content was reduced by an average of 15%, and hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides by an average of 80%.

4

Hydrogen as a fuel for spark ignition combustion engines - state of knowledge and concept

Matla Jędrzej, Kaźmierczak Andrzej R., Haller Piotr, Trocki Marcin

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

73--79

EN

Accelerating the process of the transport and energy sectors increases the interest in fuels derived from renewable sources. The predicted three-fold increase in hydrogen production by 2050, driven by its falling production costs, justifies the direction of research aimed at its popularisation as a fuel for internal combustion engines (H2ICE). The presented article provides an overview of the state of knowledge on hydrogen combustion systems, which are currently the most attractive development path, mainly due to the well-developed production technology and relatively low recycling cost compared with fuel cells. The paper contains a comprehensive analysis of currently available solutions covering issues related to the production, storage, and transmission of hydrogen, with particular emphasis on the Polish market, which is one of the largest in Europe in terms of its production. The authors also propose their own concept of a hydrogen combustion system for application in an internal combustion engine. The presented solution is based on the idea of prechamber introduction in order to improve combustion process parameters and hence overall engine efficiency.

5

Dual-fuel engines using hydrogen-enriched fuels as an ecological source of energy for transport, industry and power engineering

Chojnowski Janusz, Karczewski Mirosław, Szamrej Grzegorz Aleksander

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 3

3--12

EN

Displacing internal combustion engines (ICE) from the passenger car sector does not mean displacing it from all industries and specific applications. Thanks to the analysis of data on compression ignition (CI) engines used in the world, it is possible to prepare ready-made solutions for the most common engines in selected industries or for those whose greenhouse gas emissions will be the largest and most expensive for their owners in the coming years. The basic solution presented in this article gives the possibility of powering the engines with the most ecological currently known alternative engine fuels and using the already existing methane transmission infrastructure around the world. Their greatest advantage is their availability and low carbon content, which allows to minimize carbon dioxide emissions, both by burning hydrogen-enriched fuels and by increasing the efficiency of the engines modified by dual fuel supply system. Properly made external dual-fuel installation allows to improve the thermal efficiency of the CI engine. Work on this issue may help in the development of, for example, high-efficiency flex fuel power generators, which, as the current situation in Ukraine shows, are worthy. Thanks to the diversification of power sources for power generators, the countries is able to increase the reliability and security of energy supplies even in difficult conditions, such as armed conflict or natural disasters.

6

Analysis of the influence of substitute fuels on properties operating conditions of military hybrid drive systems

Chojnowski Janusz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

22--31

EN

Despite the undoubted advantages of electric drives, the mass and volume energy density of chemical batteries makes it difficult to rely solely on cheap and green electricity in many applications such as airplanes, long-distance trains, ocean-going vessels and heavy equipment. The answer combining the advantages of EV and ICE are hybrid drives. Hybrid electric drives have also found their use in military applications thanks to, among others, the quiet operation of the system in EV mode, which may be a key advantage in some combat applications, e.g. urban areas. The range of a small hybrid vehicle extended by the use of ICE increases its operational capabilities. Hybrid systems can also use alternative hydrocarbon fuels. The aim of the work was to determine the impact of alternative fuels, potentially the most available on the modern battlefield, on the performance of the hybrid drive system of a wheeled military platform intended for operation in urban areas. The experiment showed that alternative fuels such as F-34 and Jet A-1 are compatible, but may result in increased fuel consumption, reduced energy efficiency and negative environmental impact due to higher exhaust emissions.

7

A comparative study on selected physical properties of diesel-ethanol-dodecanol blends

Krzemiński Artur, Jaworski Artur, Kuszewski Hubert, Woś Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

99--105

EN

The article presents findings of the comparative analyses of the selected physicochemical parameters of diesel fuel and diesel-ethanol blends with the addition of dodecanol, used to stabilise the blend Diesel fuel and the blends were tested for density, flash point, and cold filter plugging point. The physicochemical properties were assessed in seven samples with different proportional volumes of ethanol contained in diesel fuel. Homogeneous blends were produced by adding 5% dodecanol to blends containing between 5% and 30% ethanol. The study was conducted to assess the selected physicochemical properties of diesel-ethanol blends with the addition of dodecanol and to compare the obtained results with the requirement of EN590:2022-08.

8

Experimental investigations on the performance and emissions of compression ignition engine fuelled with lower blends of neem-based biodiesel

Dhande Dinesh, Navale Shirish

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2024

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Vol. 103, nr 1

57--76

EN

Biodiesel has attracted a lot of attention as a possible replacement for traditional fuels due to the limited supply of fossil fuels and the growing concern about emissions of greenhouse gases. It is renewable and produces less hazardous emissions when burned. Enhancing biodiesel production is imperative to meet the escalating demand for eco-friendly fuels, serving as a remedy for the rising costs and dwindling accessibility of petroleum. This study aims in boosting neem biodiesel production specially in dry and unproductive soil regions and improving engine power using neem oil biodiesel, especially using lower blends. This study is in line with the initiatives that promote sustainable energy growth by gradually increase biodiesel blending from 15% to 30% in the near future. This research delves into the manufacturing of biodiesel from neem seeds and impact of its blends on the efficiency and emissions of compression ignition engines when combined with regular fuel. The biodiesel was produced using the transesterification method.Three distinct blends, B10, B15, and B20, were prepared by blending neem biodiesel with regular diesel. When testing engine performance, these mixtures were compared against pure diesel fuel. The specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency of all blend combinations improved with increasing load. In comparison to pure diesel, there were also decreased percentages of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke opacity. There was an increase in nitrogen oxides with increasing load for all mixes as compared to pure diesel. The research results highlight neem biodiesel as a practical and efficient alternative to conventional diesel fuel due to its ability to enhance engine efficiency and lowering emissions.

9

Influence of Dimethyl Ether Combustion in the Compression-Ignition Engine on the Peak and Effective Measures of the Vibroacoustic Process and Toxic Compounds Emission

Waligórski Marek, Bajerlein Maciej, Karpiuk Wojciech, Smolec Rafał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 4

369--385

EN

The scientific paper conducted empirical studies related to the effectiveness of the use of dimethyl ether as an additive to diesel fuel and its impact on the efficiency of the mixture creation and combustion process. The measure of the above quality was the observation and parametric assessment of the then generated vibroacoustic processes, the relations of which were assessed using the peak and effective value of vibration accelerations, and also assessment of toxic exhaust gas components. The transformation of the main process into its vibroacoustic and emission representations allowed for the construction of mathematical relations between them, expressed in a specific engine operating space, and a vector of tribological parameters, expressing specific friction changes occurring in the critical kinematic pairs of the combustion and mixture formation area. The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder research engine with direct fuel injection, in stationary conditions with a time-invariant control vector. As part of the procedures, a constant and optimal value of thermodynamic parameters defining the thermal state of the engine was maintained, minimizing external forces and disturbances that could affect the active value of the measurement signal. The research results are empirical vibroacoustic and emission characteristics for various signal domains and their parameterization supplemented with a detailed analysis of the results, developed vibroacoustic and emission mathematical models depending on the operating parameters, type of fuel and combustible mixture formation variables, supplemented with an assessment of their degree of mapping to the dynamic source process. The dimethyl ether application resulted in a emission reduction by the coefficient: 24.3–57.8 (hydrocarbons), 1.03–1.24 (carbon monoxide), and an increase in nitrogen oxides in the range of 1.01–1.08. The use of dimethyl ether as a base fuel component has a positive effect on reducing the peak value of vibration accelerations in the range of 16–28%, and the root mean square in the range of 14–65%.

10

Impacts of Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Various Amount of Dimethyl Ether Premixed Ratios on Combustion and Emissions on a Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine

Stepanenko Denys, Rudnicki Jacek, Kneba Zbigniew

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 2

196--213

EN

In the presented research, the authors dealt with the specific properties of the combustion process of dimethyl ether (DME) in a combustion car (Volkswagen Golf IV) engine AJM 1.9 TDI PDE made by Volkswagen factory. Dimethyl ether is an alternative fuel produced most often from natural gas, which can be used in compression ignition engines as a single fuel or co-burned with diesel oil. This work describes the impacts of using exhaust gas recirculation system and various diesel to DME substitution ratios from 0% to approximately 25% (on an energy basis), on the combustion process in a dual-fuel diesel engine. The engine has been modified so that DME fuel is introduced into the intake manifold just before the intake valves. The diesel fuel supply system, operation algorithms of the engine electronic control unit and other engine elements were left unchanged as it was built by the manufacturer

11

Study of parameters of the mixture and heat generation of the dd15 diesel engine of the sandvik lh514 loader in the process of using alternative fuels based on rme

Bembenek Michał, Melnyk Vasyl, Mosora Yurii

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 2

169--176

EN

Today, there is a growing shortage of commercial motor fuels in the world. This is due to the tendency to regulate the extraction of hydrocarbons, which are the main raw materials for their production; and, therefore, to reduce the import of oil, alternative types of fuel for diesel engines based on oils and animal fats are becoming widespread today. In this regard, intensive work is underway to convert internal combustion engines to biofuel-based ones both in countries with limited fuel and energy resources and in highly developed countries that have the opportunity to purchase liquid energy carriers. Biodiesel fuel (biodiesel, PME, RME, FAME, EMAG, etc.) is an environmentally friendly type of biofuel obtained from vegetable and animal fats and used to replace petroleum diesel fuel. According to the results of modelling, in the process of using RME B100 biodiesel fuel, we found a reduction in nitrogen dioxide emissions by 21.5% and a reduction in soot emissions by 34.5%. This will positively affect the environmental performance of the Sandvik LH514 loader, which is especially relevant in closed environments such as mines. So, according to the results of studies of the operation of the DD15 engine of the Sandvik LH514 loader on commercial and RME B100 biodiesel fuel, it was established that the use of biodiesel fuel leads to a deterioration of the mixture, due to which heat generation is reduced and, as a result, fuel consumption increases and engine power decreases, but the aspect of environmental indicators constitutes the significant improvement demonstrated by the present work.

12

Engine flexibility for SI engines fueled by liquid gas with dimethyl ether blend

Fabiś Paweł

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 2

5--16

EN

The aim of the study is to present the changes in the vehicle dynamics that occur in connection with the use of various fuels that power the engine. The article presents the effect of gaseous fuels being mixtures of LPG and BioDME on the flexibility of the vehicle. In previous studies, not much attention has been paid to the problem of changing the performance of the vehicle with the use of various fuels supplying the engine. It is a new approach that allows to determine the advantages and disadvantages of using alternative fuels, including mixtures using BioDME. The study was conducted for a four-cylinder SI engine with a displacement of 1.6 dm3, installed in a passenger vehicle. The mixture of LPG and DME was assessed, and the results compared to the parameters obtained for the LPG-powered engine. Received results have been made it possible to determine changes in the value of the engine flexibility for selected engine loads and various DME shares in the mixture. The thesis that DME can be considered as an activator of the combustion process and may have an impact on the vehicle dynamics is confirmed.

13

Comparative assessment of energy efficiency indicators of a multi-fuel internal combustion vehicle and an electric vehicle

Gołębiewski Wawrzyniec, Osipowicz Tomasz, Abramek Karol Franciszek, Lewicki Wojciech, Oleh Klyus

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2023

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z. 137

73--85

EN

In the current discussions on the future of the automotive industry, two extreme opinions clash: electromobility or vehicles with conventional drive but powered by alternative fuels. The article discusses the issue related to modeling the energy efficiency factors of a combustion engine operating on three types of fuels (Diesel 100%, Biofuel 100%, and Hemp Oil 100%) as well as an electric drive powered by energy from a coal power plant. Analytical research was conducted based on the external characteristics of the engine's performance. The external characteristic of the Fiat Panda 1.3 JTD combustion engine was obtained on the Automex dynamometer. The engine operated on three fuels: Diesel 100%, Biofuel 100% (rapeseed), and Biofuel 100% (hemp oil). The Nissan Leaf vehicle manufacturer provided the external characteristics of the electric engine. The calculation results showed that the combustion engine consumes less energy at lower speeds than the electric one. At higher speeds, the consumption rates are at a similar level. The recipients of the research are both the demand side – that is, vehicle users, as well as future manufacturers and government institutions responsible for shaping and developing future mobility in the field of individual transport.

PL

W toczących się obecnie dyskusjach na temat przyszłości motoryzacji ścierają się dwie skrajne opinie: elektromobilność lub pojazdy z konwencjonalnym napędem, ale zasilane paliwami alternatywnymi. W artykule omówiono zagadnienie związane z modelowaniem współczynników efektywności energetycznej silnika spalinowego zasilanego trzema rodzajami paliw (olej napędowy 100%, biopaliwo 100% i olej konopny 100%) oraz napędu elektrycznego zasilanego energią z elektrowni węglowej. Badania analityczne przeprowadzono w oparciu o zewnętrzną charakterystykę pracy silnika. Charakterystykę zewnętrzną silnika spalinowego Fiat Panda 1.3 JTD uzyskano na hamowni Automex. Silnik pracował na trzech paliwach: olej napędowy 100%, biopaliwo 100% (rzepak) oraz biopaliwo 100% (olej konopny). Zewnętrzna charakterystyka silnika elektrycznego została dostarczona przez producenta pojazdu Nissan Leaf. Wyniki obliczeń wykazały, że przy niższych prędkościach silnik spalinowy zużywa mniej energii niż silnik elektryczny. Przy wyższych prędkościach wskaźniki zużycia są na podobnym poziomie. Odbiorcami badań jest zarówno strona popytowa - czyli użytkownicy pojazdów, jak i przyszli producenci oraz instytucje rządowe odpowiedzialne za kształtowanie i rozwój przyszłej mobilności w zakresie transportu indywidualnego.

14

Assessment of the potential of using CNG to power up passenger cars in Poland

Kryzia Dominik, Pepłowska Monika

Polityka Energetyczna

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2023

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T. 26, z. 4

209--220

EN

This article presents the results of an assessment of the potential for the use of CNG in Poland as a fuel for passenger cars powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by petrol or diesel. The basis for assessing the potential was an analysis of the economic efficiency of converting a passenger car fuelled by petrol or diesel to a dual-fuel vehicle by installing a CNG system. On the basis of available literature data, the vehicle structure was characterised using the following criteria: vehicle age, engine capacity, car-segment, type of fuel used and unladen vehicle mass. The average fuel consumption (petrol or diesel) of the vehicle before conversion was determined on the basis of specially developed statistical models. The conversion and operating costs of a vehicle fuelled with conventional fuel and with CNG (after vehicle conversion) were estimated on the basis of a stochastic simulation model using probability density distributions of vehicle parameters and the Monte Carlo method. The vehicle parameters were estimated so that the obtained set of vehicles reflected the actual structure of passenger cars in Poland. The estimated costs of vehicle conversion (purchase and installation of a CNG system) and its subsequent operating costs made it possible to assess the economic efficiency of the car conversion process. The potential use of CNG as a fuel for combustion cars was estimated by comparing the operating costs of a vehicle before conversion and the operating costs of a vehicle after conversion, taking into account the costs of conversion. Analogous calculations were carried out for the conversion of a vehicle to run on LPG, i.e. the most important competitor to CNG. At the current CNG fuel price of over 9.50 PLN/m3, the installation of a CNG system in passenger cars in Poland is not economically viable. Taking into account current fuel prices, the installation of a CNG system will start to be economically efficient for a small number of vehicles when the CNG price is 4 PLN/m3 lower than the current price. Conversion most often has a positive economic effect when it takes place in cars with a petrol-fuelled engine characterised by high fuel consumption and an average annual mileage of more than 20,000 kilometres.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki oceny potencjału wykorzystania CNG w Polsce jako paliwa do zasilania samochodów osobowych napędzanych silnikiem spalinowym zasilanym beznyną lub olejem napędowym. Podstawą do oceny potencjału była analiza efektywności ekonomicznej konwersji samochodu osobowego zasilanego benzyną lub olejem napędowym na pojazd dwupaliwowy polegający na montażu instalcji CNG. Na podstawie dostępnych danych literaturowych scharakteryzowano strukturę pojazdów za pomocą następujących kryteriów: wiek pojazdu, pojemność silnika, autosegment, rodzaj stosowanego paliwa, masa własna. Średnie zużycie paliwa (benzyny lub oleju napędowego) przez pojazd przed konwersją zostało określone na podstawie specjalnie opracowanych modeli statystycznych. Koszty konwersji i eksploatacji pojazdu zasilanego paliwem konwencjonalnym oraz instalacja CNG (po konwersji pojazdu) oszacowano na podstawie stochastycznego modelu symulacyjnego wykorzystującego rozkłady gęstości prawdopodobieństwa parametrów pojazdów oraz metodę Monte Carlo. Parametry pojazdów estymowano tak, aby otrzymany zbiór pojazdów odzwierciedlał rzeczywistą strukturę samochodów osobowych w Polsce. Oszacowane koszty konwersji pojazdu (zakup i montaż instalacji CNG) oraz jego późniejszej koszty eksploatacji umożliwiły ocenę efektywności ekonomicznej procesu konwersji samochodu. Potencjał wykorzystania CNG jako paliwa dla samochodów spalinowych został oszacowany poprzez porównanie kosztów eksploatacji pojazdu przed konwersją i kosztów eksploatacji pojazdu po konwersji z uwzględnieniem kosztów jej przeprowadzenia. Analogiczne obliczenia prrzeprowadzono dla wariantu konwersji pojazdu na napęd zasilany LPG to jest paliwa będącego najważniejszym konkurentem dla CNG.

15

Economic analysis and the EEXI reduction potential of parallel hybrid dual-fuel engine‒fuel cell propulsion systems for LNG carriers

Ammar Nader R., Almas Majid, Nahas Qusai

Polish Maritime Research

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2023

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nr 3

59--70

EN

One potential solution for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from ships and meeting the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) requirements is to use a hybrid propulsion system that combines liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas fuels. To improve energy efficiency for diesel-electric dual-fuel ship propulsion systems, an engine power limitation system can also be used. This paper examines the potential use of these systems with regard to several factors, including compliance with EEXI standards set by the International Maritime Organization, fuel ratio optimisation, installation requirements, and economic feasibility. As a case study, an LNG carrier is analysed, with dual-fuel diesel-electric and two hybrid systems adjusted to meet IMO-EEXI requirements with engine power limitation percentages of 25%, 0% (hybrid option 1), and 15% (hybrid option 2), respectively. From an economic standpoint, the liquid hydrogenbased system has competitive costs compared to the dual-fuel diesel-electric system, with costs of 2.1 and 2.5 dollars per kilogram for hybrid system options 1 and 2, respectively.

16

Dlaczego elektromobilność elektryzuje zamawiających?

Toborek Ewelina

Inżynieria Bezwykopowa

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2023

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nr 2

98--100

17

Osady denne w zastosowaniach energetycznych na podstawie analiz fizyko-chemicznych i petrograficznych

Jelonek Iwona, Kuś Sebastian

Rynek Energii

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2022

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Nr 3

71--76

PL

Zastosowanie mułów dennych pozyskiwanych ze zbiorników oraz cieków wodnych i rzek jest praktykowane od czasów prehistorycznych w rolnictwie. Zarówno naturalne jak i wywoływane przez człowieka wylewy rzek czy doprowadzanie do lokalnych wysychań zbiorników umożliwiało rolnikom pozyskiwanie mułów i szlamów do użyźniania gleb. Obecnie poza naturalnymi akwenami mamy do dyspozycji wiele zbiorników utworzonych w wyniku eksploatacji górniczej. Zazwyczaj są to zbiorniki o małym przepływie wód zasilających powierzchniowych i niewielkich dopływach podskórnych oraz stosunkowo krótkotrwałym czasie osadzania się mułów i szlamów. Poddane badaniom osady zostały pozyskane podczas rekultywacji zbiornika ,,Sosina” położonego w południowej części Polski i są ciekawym przedmiotem badań ze względu na znaną genezę zbiornika i ich czas osadzania. Określenie składu fizyko-chemicznego osadów oraz części stałych na podstawie badania petrograficznego pozwoliło na wykazanie przydatności badanego materiału w gospodarce rolnej jako materiał wzbogacający gleby piaszczyste. Poza tradycyjnym wykorzystaniem pozyskanych osadów dennych do użyźniania gleb rozważono również na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań przydatność pozyskanej kopaliny do celów energetycznych zarówno jako samodzielnego produktu po odwodnieniu jak i dodatku do innych paliw alternatywnych. Przy czym zaznaczyć należy, że analiza chemiczna nie wykazała ponadnormatywnego zanieczyszczenia badanego materiału metalami toksycznymi, co umożliwia wykorzystanie tych osadów dennych zarówno do celów rolniczych jak i w energetyce.

EN

Bottom sediments from reservoirs, watercourses, and rivers have been used in agriculture since ancient times. Both natural and human-induced flooding of rivers or drying up of reservoirs allows farmers to use mud and sludge for soil fertilization. Today, apart from natural water bodies, we have many reservoirs resulting from mining activities. Typically, these are reservoirs with a limited supply of surface water, low groundwater inflow, and a relatively short time of mud and sludge deposition. The sediments were collected during the reclamation of the "Sosina" reservoir located in the southern part of Poland and are an interesting object of study due to the known genesis of the reservoir and their deposition time. The physicochemical composition of sediments and solids was determined based on petrographic analysis; the obtained results confirmed that they can be used in agriculture for improving sandy soils. In addition to the traditional use of bottom sediments for soil fertilization, the usefulness of the obtained mineral for energy purposes, both as a stand-alone product after dewatering and as an additive to other alternative fuels, was also considered based on the conducted research. Based on the chemical analysis it can be stated that the concentration of toxic metals is relatively low, which allows the use of these bottom sediments both for agricultural and energy purposes.

18

Aspekty ekonomiczne wytwarzania metanolu

Kotowicz Janusz, Brzęczek Mateusz, Walewska Aleksandra

Rynek Energii

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2022

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Nr 2

27–-31

PL

W artykule przeanalizowane zostały podstawowe aspekty ekonomiczne wytwarzania odnawialnego metanolu z wychwyconego dwutlenku węgla i zielonego wodoru (separacja CO2 + nadwyżkowa energia z odnawialnych źródeł energii). Zawarte zostało porównanie cen wodoru uzyskanego z różnych źródeł (konwencjonalnych i alternatywnych), a także porównanie cen wodoru uzyskanego dzięki energii odnawialnej z wody, wiatru i słońca. Przedstawiono także podział kosztów CAPEX i OPEX. Dodatkowo przeanalizowany został rynek pod względem zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną poszczególnych stosowanych komponentów w instalacji. Artykuł zawiera również przykładową metodologię obliczeń kosztów związanych z instalacją i informację o przewidywanych trendach na rynku metanolowym.

EN

The article analyzes the basic economic aspects of renewable methanol production from captured carbon dioxide and green hydrogen (CO2 separation + surplus energy from renewable energy sources). A comparison of prices of hydrogen obtained from different sources (conventional and alternative) was included, as well as a comparison of prices of hydrogen obtained with renewable energy from water, wind and sun. The breakdown of CAPEX and OPEX costs is also presented. Additionally, the market was analyzed in terms of electricity demand for individual components used in the installation. The article also includes an exemplary methodology for calculating the costs associated with the installation and information about the expected trends on the methanol market.

19

Czy wodór zastąpi w przyszłości benzynę? Czyli o planach i działaniach regulacyjnych w zakresie upowszechnienia wodoru jako paliwa alternatywnego

Barańska Katarzyna, Petelski Łukasz

Nowa Energia

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2022

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nr 1

78--81

PL

Pod koniec 2021 r. weszła w życie nowelizacja ustawy o elektromobilności, która wprowadziła nowe przepisy w zakresie infrastruktury tankowania wodoru. Mają one być - zdaniem projektodawcy - impulsem do rozpoczęcia wykorzystania wodoru jako paliwa alternatywnego. Zgodnie z Polską Strategią Wodorową do 2025 r. w Polsce mają powstać co najmniej 32 nowe stacje tankowania i bunkrowania wodoru. Czy obecne przepisy są w tym zakresie rzeczywiście wystarczające?

20

Fuels from Waste in the Circular Economy as an Element of Multi-Sector Synergy

Knaś Krzysztof, Szymanek Arkadiusz

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2022

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no. 2

175--178

EN

The paper presents the current status of managing the combustible part of the waste (code 191210) as components for the production of alternative fuels. In 2017, about 2.3 million tons of fuels from waste were produced, while only about 1.3 million tons were recycled for energy, of which 97% in the cement industry. Oversupply on the alternative fuels market forces their producers to be more flexible in adapting their products to the growing requirements of customers. The article presents the results of tests of components for the production of alternative fuel used in the cement industry. An alternative fuel, not subjected to the comminution process, was used for the tests, which made it possible to segregate and name its individual fractions. A series of analyses were performed for the selected samples to determine their physicochemical parameters. The last element of the research was to create, based on the analyses and using the available components, fuel mixtures that meet the requirements for fuels of this type so that they meet the imposed standards, and at the same time are attractive for customers from the cement industry. The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to create optimum fuel mixtures with parameters that meet the requirements for this type of fuel. The mixtures obtained are a compromise between high-calorific products with a low chlorine content, the mass fraction of which was limited to such an extent that they could be used as a whole, and ingredients with an increased chlorine content, even a small amount of which exceeded the assumed content of this element.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono aktualny stan zagospodarowania palnej części odpadów o kodzie 191210 jako komponentów do produkcji paliw alternatywnych. W roku 2017 wyprodukowano około 2,3 mln tony paliw pochodzących z odpadów, natomiast odzyskowi energetycznemu poddano tylko około 1,3 miliona ton z czego 97% w przemyśle cementowym. Nadpodaż na rynku paliw alternatywnych wymusza na ich producentach większą elastyczność w dostosowaniu swoich produktów do rosnących wymagań odbiorców. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań komponentów do wytwarzania paliwa alternatywnego wykorzystywanego w przemyśle cementowym. Do badań zostało wykorzystane paliwo alternatywne nie poddane jeszcze procesowi rozdrabniania, co umożliwiło wysegregowanie i nazwanie poszczególnych frakcji wchodzących w jego skład. Dla tak przygotowanych próbek wykonano szereg analiz mających określić ich parametry fizykochemiczne. Ostatnim elementem badań było wytworzenie na bazie wykonanych analiz oraz przy wykorzystaniu dostępnych komponentów mieszanek paliwowych odpowiadających wymaganiom stawianym paliwom tego typu tak by spełniały narzucone normy, a jednocześnie były atrakcyjne dla odbiorców z przemysłu cementowego. Analiza otrzymanych wyników pozwoliła na stworzenie optymalnych mieszanek paliwowych, o parametrach spełniających wymagania stawiane tego typu paliwom. Otrzymane mieszanki są kompromisem pomiędzy wysoko kalorycznymi produktami o niskiej zawartości chloru, których udział masowy ograniczono do takiego stopnia by wykorzystać je w całości, a składnikami o podwyższonej zawartości chloru, których nawet nie wielka ilość powodowała przekroczenie założonej zawartości tego pierwiastka.