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1

The extraordinary world of Sulphur. Part 1

Szydło Zbigniew A.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2023

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R. 28, NR 1-2

5--38

EN

Sulphur is a highly reactive element, and is therefore able to enter into a great variety of chemical combinations, resulting in the formation of compounds of widely differing properties. Reactions involving sulphur, and the compounds which they produce, have stimulated and inspired people throughout the ages. Sulphur has always been associated with volcanoes, fires and smells. However, its story goes much further. Sulphur is present in thousands of products of the chemical industry, which are in everyday use. These include car batteries, car tyres, matches, paints, paper, textiles, food, detergents and pharmaceuticals. In part 1 of this essay, the evolution of the role of sulphur in the history of mankind is explained, through the eyes of etymology, geology, literature, art, and chemistry. In part 2 the role of sulphur in biochemistry and chemical technology is reviewed. In so doing, a case is established, to show that sulphur is the most extraordinary substance known to Man.

2

Does Sendivogius’ alchemy cancel the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the discovery of oxygen?

Gavazov Blagovest K, Gavazov Kiril B.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2023

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R. 28, NR 1-2

39--55

EN

Most chemistry textbooks claim that oxygen was discovered almost simultaneously by Carl Scheele and Joseph Priestley about 250 years ago. Priestley obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide (1774), and Scheele by heating NaNO3, as well as by dissolving pyrolusite in sulfuric acid (1772). The name “oxygen” was given a few years later (1779) by Antoine Lavoisier. This great scientist, often accused of taking advantage of the discoveries of others, conducted experiments related to the decomposition of water vapour over heated iron, as well as the synthesis of water from hydrogen and oxygen. His work was of great importance because it revealed the elemental nature of oxygen and its role in the processes of combustion and respiration. The present article draws attention to the prehistory of the “oxygen theory”. It emphasises the natural philosophy of a forgotten alchemist, healer, and diplomat - Michael Sendivogius (1566-1636) - who popularised his belief that the substance (“Water of life that does not wet the hands”) obtained by heating the “Central Salt” (nitre, KNO3) is part of the air. It is the “secret food of life” used invisibly by every living thing.

3

Średniowieczny eksperyment materiałowo-technologiczny przy odbudowie założeń rezydencjonalno-sakralnych Daniela Romanowicza w Chełmie

Gazda L., Bevz M.

Materiały Budowlane

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2017

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nr 11

88--92

PL

Badaniom poddano tworzywa pozyskane podczas badań archeologicznych na Wysokiej Górce w Chełmie w obrębie XIII-wiecznych założeń rezydencjonalno-sakralnych Daniela Romanowicza. Występują one w formie cegieł, płytek szkliwionych oraz dużych objętościowo nagromadzeń bez określonej formy i przeznaczenia, wskazujących na ich produkcyjne pozostałości. Tworzywa te są barwy białej, zielonej i wielobarwne. Nawiązują do pierwotnie tu stosowanych (przed pożarem w 1256 r.) białych alabastrów halickich i zielonego glaukonitytu chełmskiego, o czym wspomina latopis halicko-wołyński. Prowadzono badania fazowe pozyskanych tworzyw za pomocą mikroskopu elektronowego SEM oraz dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej. Wykonano także analizę chemiczną w mikroobszarze przy użyciu mikroskopu elektronowego SEM z przystawką EDS. Badania wykazały, że tworzywa te uzyskiwano w technologiach innych niż ceramiczne, zbliżonych do współcześnie produkowanych materiałów silikatowych. Badane tworzywa gwarantowały realizację założeń ideowych pierwotnych budowli pod wyraźnym wpływem stylistyki XII-wiecznej szkoły pizańskiej.

EN

Materials obtained during archaeological excavations on Wysoka Gorka in Chelm in the area of Daniel Romanowicz’s 13th century residential-sacral complex have been subject to examination. They come in the forms of bricks and glazed tiles, as well as sizeable shapeless and purposeless accumulations indicating post-manufacturing remains. The materials are white, green and multi-coloured. They refer to Galicia alabasters and green glauconite from Chelm which were originally used there (before the fire of 1256) – the fact mentioned in the Galicia–Volhynia Chronicle. They were diagnosed by means of a SEM microscope and x-ray diffraction. Furthermore, a micro area chemical analysis was conducted by means of SEM microscope with EDS module. The conducted examination indicated that the materials in question were manufactured using other than ceramic technologies, but similar to the ones used to produce silicate materials nowadays. The tested materials guaranteed the realization of the conceptual assumptions of the structures constructed under the explicit influence of the style of the 12th century Pisan School.

4

Jakub Barner (1640-1683) i jego Chemia filozoficzna (1698) na marginesie publikacji polskiego przekładu

Prinke R. T

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2014

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R. 59, nr 1

7--52

EN

The translation of Chymia philosophica by Jakub Barner is the second publication in Polish historiography of a printed source work on early modern chemistry (alchemy) written by a Polish citizen, well known and influencial across Europe (the first such translation comprised the treatises of Michael Sendivogius). This admirable initiative of unquestionable value to Polish historians of science resulted in an elegantly published volume, with an extensive introduction and useful appendices. The language of the translation is pleasant to read, retaining the spirit of the original by means of a moderate use of archaisms and generally accurate selection of proper terminology. A closer comparison of some fragments of the translation reveals, however, that it omits essential words, phrases and even entire sentences. The translation itself is occassionally incorrect as well, completely changing the meaning of the author’s text and distorting his intentions, thereby undermining the reliability of the Polish translation as a whole. In the factual layer, identifying both chemical substances and (especially) the names of the authors cited by Barner often appear to be doubtful or problematic. Apart from numerous obvious mistakes, as well as leaving many surnames unidentified even when it was very difficult, the translators and/or editors of the Polish text created some non-existent authors as a result of errors produced while copying their surnames from the original text or due to unfounded assumptions that some chemical or botanical terms are names of chemical authors. There is also no consistency in the spelling of surnames (usually left in the Latin form, sometimes spelled with wrong inflection, but also modernised). In the biographical introduction there are also numerous factual errors and some bizarre mistranslations. Not only did its author fail to correct invalid information of earlier biographers of Barner, relying only on the most obvious and accessible publications, but also perpetuated these "historiographical myths" and even created new ones. Neither did he consult any sources apart from some other of Barner‘s published books. Writing from the positivist perspective and on the basis of outdated literature, he also sustained the categorical distinction between alchemy and chemistry, already rejected in contemporary historiography, thus presenting the role and position of Barner in the history of science not quite adequately. If one adds to that the very numerous "typos” throughout the book, it may be regarded as a negative example of poor source editing in almost every respect, even though it makes a pleasant reading.

5

Michał Sędziwój – początki kariery

Prinke R. T

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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R. 57, nr 1

89--129

EN

One of the most influential alchemical authors of the early modern period was Michael Sendivogius whose early life is shrouded in mystery. He may be labelled the most famous Polish scientific writer between Copernicus and Marie Skłodowska-Curie, but because of the difficulties involved in researching the biography of any alchemist, there has been relatively little interest in him among Polish historians. The early work of Roman Bugaj (author of the still fundamental monograph) and Włodzimierz Hubicki (who made his research available to the international community) has been continued only by the English-born Zbigniew Szydło and the author of this article. The roots of many legends about Sendivogius were three mid-17th century short biographies, none of which is trustworthy, so it is crucial to verify the received myth and the version constructed in the 1960’s and 1970’s with primary sources and evidence from the recent „new historiography of alchemy”. The present article examines them in the light of newly discovered sources and reinterpretation of the old ones. The genealogy of the Sędzimir family is discussed at length to show that Sendivogius most probably was not its member but only a pretender in order to assume (or prove) the status of a nobleman. Several possible hypotheses about his origins are presented. He is known to have studied at three universities (Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf) but authors of early panegyrics dedicated to Sendivogius list more universities which he may have attended. The most interesting is that of Cambridge, listed as the first one, because practically no Poles or Czechs went there at the time. Finally, his marriage to Veronica Stiebar, a wealthy widow of a Franconian knightly family, and her interesting family relationships (links to Erasmus, Camerarius, Paracelsus and the original Doctor Faustus) are discussed. The period covered is that before Sendivogius moved to Prague in about 1597, having already been a courtier of Rudolf II since early 1594.

6

Okruchy. XIII. O chemii i alchemii w Polsce Złotego Wieku

Siemion I.Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2009

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[Z] 63, 9-10

933-942

7

Alchemia nowoczesna inaczej

Mierzecki R.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2007

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[Z] 61, 11-12

985-992

EN

The ancient alchemy is characterized as a general philosophy of Middle Age. Its part was the primitive chemistry. The main feature of alchemy was the holistic view on the nature including human beings. In XVII c. the holistic view was replaced by the reductionism introduced by Descartes. Now-a-days we return to the holistic view. In chemistry it is illustrated by the synergism. This is the Modern Alchemy.

8

Notatki chaotyczne. [Cz.] 59. Cagliostro démasqué a Varsovie

Siemion I. Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2005

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[Z] 59, 9-10

865-876

9

Notatki chaotyczne. Cz. 48. Sny Wolfganga Pauliego

Siemion I. Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2003

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[Z] 57, 9-10

977--985

10

Notatki chaotyczne. Cz.40. Czytając Fausta

Siemion I.Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2002

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[Z] 56, 5-6

523-531

11

Złoto mozaikowe w Europie i w Chinach [ przedruk za zgodą wydawcy i autorów z "Chemistry in Britain", 1983, Feb., 132]

Butler A., Glidewell Ch., Needham J., Pritchard S.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2001

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[Z] 55, 1-2

189-196

EN

The paper discisses and compares old recipes for mosaic gold {tin(IV) disulphide} of European and Chnese alchemists. The authors have also checked the reactions using some modern methods, like thermal analysis and thermodynamics, concluding that the Chinese recipes are fully credible.

12

U adepta sztuki alchemicznej podsłuchane

Błaszak M.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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1999

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R. 4, nr 1

34-35