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1

Evaluation of the effect of using sewage sludge as a fertilizer on the concentration of heavy metals in soil and the economic implications of its application

Petryk Agnieszka, Ryczek Marek, Guzdek Sylwia

Economics and Environment

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2024

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no. 1

art. no. 647

EN

The costs of fertilising the soil with sewage sludge were reduced to the operating time of the equipment and the working time of the labourers operating the equipment in the two main operations (manure spreading and ploughing), for three sewage sludge application doses, namely 50, 100 and 200 Mg·ha-1. The costs were calculated using the Katalog Nakładów Rzeczowych nr 2-21: Tereny zielone/Ministerstwo Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Budownictwa (2009) and the current prices from Sekocendbud (2023). The effectiveness of fertilisation was assessed by studying the level and change in heavy metal content after the soil was fertilised with sewage sludge at three proportional doses, namely 50, 100 and 200 Mg·kg-1. The sewage sludge used for fertilisation complied with the sanitary requirements for sludge to be utilised for natural purposes (Regulation, 2015). The estimated total cost of sludge application ranged from PLN 12646.19 to PLN 20456.73 per 1 ha for doses from 50 to 200 Mg per 1 ha. The results of the estimation confirmed the hypothesis that the unit cost of fertilisation with stabilised sewage sludge increases with the dose of sludge in relation to the area of fertilised soil and decreases with the increase of the mass of sludge deposited in the soil. Optimising fertiliser costs, therefore, requires selection - increasing the sludge dose per unit area. No contamination of the soil with copper, cadmium, lead and zinc was found despite an obvious increase in the content of these metals when mixed into the soil. The application of sewage sludge, even in multiple doses, did not result in exceeding the permissible limit for the content of these elements in the soil, as defined in the Minister of the Environment Regulation of 2015 (Regulation, 2015).

PL

Celem artykułu było określenie zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach po aplikacji do nich osadu ściekowego jako źródła i sposobu nawożenia oraz próba oszacowania kosztów tego procesu. Koszty związane z nawożeniem gleby osadami ściekowymi, sprowadzono do czasu pracy sprzętu oraz robotników obsługujących sprzęt w dwóch podstawowych etapach prac (rozrzucanie obornika i orka), dla trzech wysokości dawek osadów ściekowych: 50, 100 oraz 200 Mg·ha-1. Kalkulacja kosztów została wykonana na podstawie Katalogu Nakładów Rzeczowych nr 2-21: Tereny zielone / Ministerstwo Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Budownictwa (2009) oraz aktualnych cen z bazy danych Sekocendbud (2023). Skuteczność nawożenia została oceniona przez zbadanie poziomu i zmiany zawartości metali ciężkich po zasileniu gleby osadami ściekowymi w proporcjonalnych, trzech dawkach: 50, 100, 200 Mg·ha-1. Zastosowane do nawożenia osady spełniały wymagania sanitarne stawiane osadom, które mają być wykorzystane w celach przyrodniczych (Regulation, 2015). Oszacowane koszty całkowite aplikacji osadu, wyniosły od 12646,19zł do 20456,73zł na 1 ha, odpowiednio dla dawek od 50 do 200 Mg na 1 ha. Wyniki szacunku potwierdziły założoną tezę, a mianowicie: koszty jednostkowe nawożenia ustabilizowanymi osadami ściekowymi rosną wraz z dawką osadu w odniesieniu do powierzchni nawożonej gleby a maleją wraz ze wzrostem masy zdeponowanych w glebie osadów. Optymalizacja kosztów nawożenia wymaga zatem doboru – zwiększania dawki osadu na jednostkę powierzchni. Nie stwierdzono skażenia gleby miedzią, kadmem, ołowiem i cynkiem pomimo oczywistego zwiększenia zawartości tych metali po ich zmieszaniu z glebą. Stosowanie osadu, nawet dawki wielokrotnej, nie wpłynęło na przekroczenie dopuszczalnego progu zawartości tych pierwiastków w glebie, określonej w Rozporządzeniu Ministra Środowiska z 2015 r. (Regulation, 2015).

2

The Impact of Plastic Covers on the Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Production in the Open Field

Berisha Defrime, Elshani Arsim, Duhanaj Gjokë

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

38--42

EN

This 2022 study at the Kosovo Agricultural Institute in Peja evaluated innovative tomato cultivation techniques in open-field vegetable production. Five covering methods, including small plastic tunnels with black or transparent plastic mulching, were compared against traditional practices. Results revealed that tunnel variants with plastic mulching demonstrated earlier flowering, fruiting, and harvesting, accelerating early production by 3 to 12 days. Statistical analyses showed significant improvements in total tomato production, emphasizing the techniques’ effectiveness in enhancing productivity, resource efficiency, and weed control. Notably, small tunnels with mulching proved beneficial, with a 26.9% and 28.3% increase in production for black and transparent plastic mulch, respectively. The study suggests future research directions, including long-term sustainability assessments across different tomato varieties. In conclusion, soil mulching and small tunnels are crucial techniques in vegetable cultivation, contributing to increased total production, early production, and resource savings in controlled environment agriculture.

3

Impact of Climate Change on Cultivated Areas and Crop Yields for Cereals and Pulses in the Zaër Region (Morocco)

El Omari Mariyam, Zerdeb Mohammed Amine, Soukaina El Idrissi, Majid Issam, Aziane Nadia, Oubbih Jamal, Ramah Mohamed, Chakiri Said

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

141--154

EN

On the one hand, this study assesses the evolution of climatological parameters in the Zaër region between 1986 and 2021 and, on the other hand, it studies the effect of climatic variations on cereal and leguminous crop yields between 2000 and 2020, in order to further elucidate the consequences of their fluctuations on crop yields and to mitigate their regression process by making it possible to analyze favorable adaptation strategies for agricultural systems that can be envisaged for the coming decades. The methodology is based on the use of trend curves and statistics (averages and standard deviations) to analyze changes in climatic parameters and their effects on yields. The results show that the average temperature in the Zaër region is set to rise from 19°C in 1986 to 22°C in 2020. Higher temperatures mean lower yields of rainfed cereals and pulses, and average rainfall varies between 330 mm in 1986 and 570 mm in 2021, with rainfall increasing the likelihood of crop failure in the short term and reducing production in the long term. In addition, the rainy season is short (4 to 5 months per year). These characteristics make Zaër’s agriculture very sensitive to climate-related threats. Studying seasonal climate forecasts before each rainy season can help farmers to minimize rainfall hazards and thus optimize their crop yields.

4

Potencjał sekwestracji węgla i pochłaniania ditlenku węgla przez polskie rolnictwo

Faber Antoni, Jarosz Zuzanna, Mocny Krystian

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 12

1371--1373

PL

Na podstawie danych FAO oraz z Monitoringu Chemizmu Gleb Ornych w Polsce przedstawiono bazowe sekwestracje węgla organicznego w glebach Polski w 2020 r., potencjalne sekwestracje w 2040 r. dla scenariusza bez wprowadzenia rolnictwa węglowego oraz potencjalne pochłanianie CO₂ dla scenariusza, w którym praktyki rolnictwa węglowego zwiększą o 20% dopływ węgla organicznego do gleby.

EN

The baseline sequestration of org. C in Polish soils in 2020 and in the 2040 perspective was statistically estimated and compared based on FAO data and data from the Agricultural Soil Chemistry Monitoring in Poland. Potential sequestration in 2040 for a scenario without the introduction of C farming and potential CO₂ sequestration for a scenario in which C farming practices increase soil org. C inputs by 20% were presented.

5

Efektywność działania nawozów mineralnych wzbogaconych mikrobiologicznie w uprawie rzepaku ozimego

Rutkowska Agnieszka, Rusek Piotr

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 11

1177--1181

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań polowych nad produkcyjnością rzepaku ozimego oraz efektywnością wykorzystania składników pokarmowych z bionawozów Super Fos Dar 40® i Polifoska® Krzem z dodatkiem komponentu mikrobiologicznego, wytworzonych w ramach realizacji projektu Bio-Fertil. Wykazano, że dodatek wyselekcjonowanych szczepów bakterii korzystnie wpływa na dynamikę nagromadzania biomasy oraz rozwój systemu korzeniowego rzepaku, szczególnie przy zmniejszonym nawożeniu mineralnym. Wwarunkach prowadzonego doświadczenia plony nasion rzepaku w technologii produkcji z wykorzystaniem bionawozów przy ograniczonym nawożeniu mineralnym nie ustępowały plonom uzyskiwanym w technologii tradycyjnej, w której dawki nawozów P i K były większe o 40%.

EN

Two multi-component mineral fertilizers (Super Fos Dar 40® and Polifoska® Krzem) and their microbially enriched equivalents were used to cultivate winter oilseed rape of the Chrobry variety. Plant samples were collected 3 times during the vegetation period to det. the dynamics of accumulation of aboveground and root mass. The efficiency of the use of N, P and K from fertilizers was detd. The addn. of selected bacterial strains had a beneficial effect on the dynamics of biomass accumulation and the development of the rapeseed root system, especially with reduced mineral fertilization. The yields of rapeseed seeds in the production technology using biofertilizers with limited mineral fertilization were not inferior to the yields obtained in the traditional technology, in which the doses of P and K fertilizers were 40% higher.

6

Efektywność działania nawozów mineralnych wzbogaconych mikrobiologicznie w uprawie pszenicy ozimej

Rutkowska Agnieszka, Rusek Piotr

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 5

468--472

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki dwuletnich doświadczeń z zastosowaniem wytworzonych w ramach realizacji projektu BIO-FERTIL nawozów mineralnych: wieloskładnikowego nawozu Polifoska® Krzem oraz skoncentrowanego nawozu fosforowego Super Fos Dar 40® wzbogaconych mikrobiologicznie, w uprawie pszenicy ozimej. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na korzystny wpływ dodatku mikrobiologicznego do nawozów konwencjonalnych na dynamikę akumulacji biomasy pszenicy oraz rozwój sytemu korzeniowego, szczególnie w warunkach zredukowanego nawożenia mineralnego. Wykazano, że na glebach o średniej zasobności w potas przyswajalny oraz średniej do wysokiej zasobności w fosfor przyswajalny zastosowanie nawozów wzbogaconych w wyselekcjonowane szczepy bakterii umożliwia ograniczenie zużycia nawozów mineralnych o 40%, nie powodując przy tym spadku plonów.

EN

Two microbiologically enriched multicomponent mineral fertilizers were applied to winter wheat crops. Fertilizer granules were encapsulated with a consortium of lyophilized bacterial strains Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus polymyxa CHT114AB and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AF75BB. The produced trial batches of fertilizers were subjected to agricultural evaluation. The results indicated a favorable effect of microbial addn. to conventional fertilizers on the dynamics of wheat biomass accumulation and the development of the root system, especially under conditions of reduced mineral fertilization. In soils with a medium abundance of available K and a medium to high abundance of available P, the use of fertilizers enriched with selected bacterial strains made it possible to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers by 40%, without causing a decrease in yields.

7

Developing an empirical model for assessment of total nitrogen inflow to rivers and lakes in the Biebrza river watershed, Poland

Canchig Jessica, Kustina Rinda, Grygoruk Mateusz

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2023

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Vol. 32, No. 3

201--220

EN

Nitrogen load is crucial for its application in various fields such as agriculture and improving water quality control for authorities responsible for establishing agricultural policies in the area. The calculation of nitrogen load using existing equations is not applicable for all types of rivers, thus requiring the development of a new equation that can be applied to lakes and rivers in the Biebrza river catchment. To determine the new equation, extensive mapping of the catchment area was conducted, which was adjusted to precipitation and runoff in the area, allowing the observed results to be compared. Based on several analyses, the new equation has better accuracy, RMSE of the new model-based estimation decreased by 65.9% in 2005–2015 and 62.2% in 2016–2021 for river and 92% in 2008–2019 and 95% in 2020–2021 for lakes. Therefore, the application of the new calibrated empirical model provides results close to the real values and it can be used in the Biebrza river basin to simulate the total nitrogen runoff.

8

The sowing and harvesting campaign in Ukraine in the context of hostilities: challenges to global energy and food security

Pryshliak Natalia, Dankevych Vitalii, Tokarchuk Dina, Shpykuliak Oleksandr

Polityka Energetyczna

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2023

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T. 26, z. 1

145--168

EN

The specificities of the sowing and harvesting campaign of 2022–2023 in Ukraine and its impact on the world energy and food market in the conditions of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation are analyzed in this paper. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of Ukraine in ensuring energy and global food security, to analyse the situation regarding the possibility of conducting a sowing and harvesting campaign in Ukraine in the conditions of hostilities and to provide recommendations on preserving the potential of Ukraine in meeting the energy and food needs of Ukraine and other countries. The provided analysis of data of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the State Customs Service and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine has confirmed the role of Ukraine in ensuring energy and food safety of many countries in the Middle East and North Africa, which are the main importers of agricultural products from Ukraine. It has been found that the 2022–2023 sowing and harvesting campaign in Ukraine is facing a number of problems, including: military operations over a large area, which makes it impossible to conduct agrotechnical activities in a timely manner; a lack of seed material due to its systematic destruction by the Russian military; problems with the supply of fuel and lubricants (systematic shelling and destruction of oil bases throughout Ukraine); problems with the supply of fertilizers; bombing wheat fields and food warehouses; blocking Ukrainian sea ports; mobilization of a significant part of the population in the ranks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; logistics problems. The study proposes recommendations to preserve the potential for meeting energy and food needs in Ukraine and for countries importing agricultural products from Ukraine.

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano specyfikę kampanii siewnej i żniwnej 2022–2023 na Ukrainie oraz jej wpływ na światowy rynek energii i żywności w warunkach pełnej inwazji Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę. Celem opracowania jest określenie roli Ukrainy w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego i światowego bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, analiza sytuacji w zakresie możliwości prowadzenia akcji siewnej i żniwnej na Ukrainie w warunkach działań wojennych oraz przedstawienie zaleceń dotyczących zachowania potencjału Ukrainy w zaspokajaniu potrzeb energetycznych i żywnościowych Ukrainy i innych krajów. Dostarczona analiza danych Organizacji ds. Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa (FAO), Państwowej Służby Celnej oraz Państwowej Służby Statystyki Ukrainy potwierdziła rolę Ukrainy w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego i żywnościowego wielu krajów Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej, które są głównymi importerami produktów rolnych z Ukrainy. Stwierdzono, że kampania siewno-zbiorowa 2022–2023 na Ukrainie napotyka szereg problemów, w tym: działania wojenne na dużym obszarze, co uniemożliwia terminowe prowadzenie działań agrotechnicznych; brak materiału siewnego z powodu jego systematycznego niszczenia przez wojsko rosyjskie; problemy z zaopatrzeniem w paliwa i smary (systematyczne ostrzały i niszczenie baz naftowych na terenie całej Ukrainy); problemy z zaopatrzeniem w nawozy; bombardowanie pól pszenicy i magazynów żywności; blokowanie ukraińskich portów morskich; mobilizacja znacznej części ludności w szeregach Sił Zbrojnych Ukrainy; problemy logistyczne. W opracowaniu zaproponowano zalecenia dotyczące zachowania potencjału zaspokojenia potrzeb energetycznych i żywnościowych Ukrainy oraz krajów importujących produkty rolne z Ukrainy.

9

Modern technical and technological solutions employed in milk production

Borek Kinga, Borusiewicz Andrzej, Piotrowska Klara, Rygało-Galewska Anna

Polish Technical Review

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2023

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No. 4

12--19

EN

The aim of the present paper was to analyze the modern technical and engineering solutions, utilised in milk production and their effect on development of dairy farms. The analysis was carried out on the grounds of literature review. The data concerning the cow population in Poland, milk market were submitted and modern technologies in farm buildings (milk barns) were described. It has been demonstrated that livestock buildings and modern solutions are the important element, ensuring as high welfare level of the dairy cattle.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza nowoczesnych rozwiązań techniczno-technologicznych stosowanych w produkcji mleka i ich wpływ na rozwój gospodarstwa na podstawie przeglądu literatury. Przedstawiono dane dotyczące pogłowia krów w Polsce, rynku mleka oraz opisano nowoczesne technologie w budynkach gospodarskich (oborach). Wykazano, że bardzo ważnym elementem zapewniającym wysoki dobrostan bydła mlecznego jest budynek inwentarski i nowoczesne rozwiązania. Przekłada się to na wyniki produkcyjne i ekonomiczne.

10

Hydroponics agriculture as a modern agriculture technique

Monisha K., Kalai Selvi H., Sivanandhini P., Sona Nachammai A., Anuradha C. T., Rama Devi S., Kavitha Sri A., Neya N. R., Vaitheeswari M., Hikku G. S.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 116, nr 1

25--35

EN

Purpose: Hydroponics, also known as controlled environment agriculture, is a method of cultivating plants and herbs without soil using mineral-supplemented solutions. Agriculture biotechnology enhances its wings on developing genetically modified plants for expanding crop yield and introducing characteristic features such as growing seasonal crops throughout the year, weather-resistant, and pest resistance. Compared to traditional agriculture, hydroponic cultivation yields high-quality crops with 90% more efficient use of water. Therefore, hydroponic cultivation could be considered a succeeding future of agriculture. In this context, understanding agriculture through the hydroponic route is vital for the efficient cultivation of crops. This review elaborates on the different classes of hydroponic systems and the factors that enable the systematic elements of the frame-up. Design/methodology/approach: The significant intent of this review is to provide information on distinct hydroponic systems. Findings: The present review reports a comprehensive discussion about the significance of the hydroponics system, its mechanism, nutrient solution preparation, types of hydroponic setup, and the challenges faced and would light up the knowledge in the same. Originality/value: This review focus on the current feasible hydroponic method of crop cultivation.

11

Ochrona wód przed azotanami w dobie przyspieszającej zmiany klimatu

Piórkowski Piotr

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 3

19--23

PL

Dobry stan ekosystemów wodnych ma kluczowe znaczenie dla życia i zdrowia ludzi oraz dla rozwoju gospodarki. Jedną z przyczyn degradacji tych ekosystemów są zanieczyszczenia biogenami, takimi jak azot i fosfor, przyczyniające się do eutrofizacji, a jednym z głównych źródeł tych zanieczyszczeń jest rolnictwo. W artykule przedstawiono zmiany wprowadzone w aktualizacji „Programu działań mających na celu zmniejszenie zanieczyszczenia wód azotanami pochodzącymi ze źródeł rolniczych oraz zapobieganie dalszemu zanieczyszczeniu” w kontekście kierunków polityki Unii Europejskiej i zobowiązań wynikających ze strategii i inicjatyw Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu, takich jak: unijna strategia na rzecz bioróżnorodności 2030, nowy plan działania dotyczący gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym czy strategia „od pola do stołu”. Artykuł opisuje znaczenie zrównoważonego rolnictwa dla ochrony wód i ograniczenia zjawiska eutrofizacji.

EN

Good status of water ecosystems is of key importance to the life and health of people, as well as to the economic development. One of the reasons behind degradation of these ecosystems is biogenic pollution, including nitrogen and phosphorus, contributing to eutrophication; one of the main sources of this pollution is agriculture. The article presents modifications introduced to the updated "Programme of measures to reduce water pollution with nitrates from agricultural sources and prevention of further pollution" in the context of EU policy directions and obligations resulting from the strategy and initiatives of the European Green Deal, such as: EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, new Circular Economy Action Plan, or Farm to Fork Strategy. The article describes the importance of sustainable agriculture for the protection of waters and reduction of the eutrophication phenomenon.

12

Geographic Information System for Mapping Coastal Inundation Impact to the Sustainability of Agriculture Sector in Pekalongan City, Indonesia

Suharini Erni, Pratiwi Elok Surya, Hanafi Fahrudin

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 3

114--119

EN

Coastal inundation that is getting farther inland year by year has given a serious problem to the sustainability of farming activities in Pekalongan, but it has rarely been exposed more detail to the public. The aim of this research is to investigate the present effects of seawater inundation to the agriculture sector in Pekalongan coastal area. We focused on the study of coastal inundation dynamics, agriculture area reduction and rice production. Time series remote sensing imageries from google earth satellite were used to analyze the seawater run up between 2003 and 2018. This result revealed that the farthest distance of the inundation in 2018 reached 4.4 kilometers from the coastline in the west part of the city. For the last fifteen years, saline water has reduced almost 380 ha of farm land in the coastal area. That phenomenon has contributed to the rice production lost by almost 173 tons/year during 2003 and 2018. This result has showed a critical condition of agriculture sector in study area, thus some mitigation actions become a necessity thing in order to protect our land as well as food security on the next future.

13

Agricultural Dependence of the Formation of Water Balance Stability of the Sluch River Basin under Conditions of Climate Change

Pichura Vitalii, Potravka Larysa, Barulina Iryna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

300--325

EN

The purpose of the research was to calculate water footprint in growing the basic field crops and establish the volumes of additional water accumulation to provide the hydro-functioning of the Sluch river basin in the territory of Ukraine under conditions of climate change. The research was based on the data of climate change analysis in 1901–2022, decoding of the actual satellite imagery of the spacecraft Sentinel 2 and statistical data on crop rotation structure in the agro-landscapes of the water catchment area in the research region. The volumes of water footprint were calculated for the vegetation periods of the basic field winter and spring crops in 2018–2021: 2018–2019 – a semi-wet year grows into a dry year; 2019–2020 – a dry year grows into a semi-wet year; 2020–2021 – a semi-wet year grows into a wet year. Spatio-temporal regularities of the formation of water footprint and the ratio of green and blue water use in growing different agricultural crops were determined. The total volume of water footprint in growing the field crops of a certain crop rotation equaled: in 2018–2019 – 1991 mln m3 , 2019–2020 – 2440 mln m3 , 2020–2021 – 2363 mln m3. The total volume of precipitation in the vegetation period within the river water catchment area was: in 2018–2019 – 3760 mln mм3, 2019–2020 – 4423 mln m3, 2020–2021– 4839 mln m3. The total volume of additional accumulation of green (rain) water in the vegetation period in the agro-landscapes of the river basin equaled: in 2018–2019 – 1769 mln m3, or 47.0% of precipitation in the vegetation period (Pv); 2019–2020 – 1983 mln m3, or 44.8% of Pv; 2020–2021 – 2476 mln m3, or 51.2% of Pv. The proposed research scheme and the obtained results are important for adjusting and substantiating water- and resource-saving agrotechnologies and crop rotations depending on climate change, for determining water balance stability of the river basin in accordance with the indicators of additional accumulation of green water.

14

Anthropogenic impact on the quality of water and agricultural soil in Guadiana Valley, Durango, Mexico

Velázquez-Chávez Leticia de Jesús, Chávez-Simental Jorge Armando, Pámanes-Carrasco Gerardo Antonio, Pereda-Solís Martín Emilio, Carrillo-Parra Artemio, Ortiz-Sánchez Ixchel Abby

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 3

373--386

EN

One of the most important effluents in Guadiana Valley, Durango is El Tunal River, mostly used for agricultural and livestock supply. This river has been polluted by agricultural activity and wastewater discharges. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the current quality of water and agricultural soil near the river, to estimate the environmental situation of the agricultural sector and its main pollution sources. Hence, a total of 24 soil and five water samples were taken, analysing parameters of organic matter, pH, nutrients, and heavy metals(loid)s (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) in five agricultural areas. The randomised experimental design showed significant variations in soil (p < 0.05) of organic matter, nitrogen, As, and Pb between sampling points, confirming suitable conditions for agriculture. Although contamination by heavy metal(loid)s exists, it is below permitted levels. In contrast, the physicochemical quality of the water indicated high levels of phosphates, total dissolved solids, and total coliforms, mainly in the nearest site of a wastewater treatment plant, thus the quality of the water is not suitable for consumption and irrigation for sensitive crops. Nevertheless, rainfall contributes to improve the quality of the river by diluting pollutants. Moreover, constant use of this water might represent a risk to human health and agriculture as it could transport elements to crops or soil, becoming a severe environmental problem.

15

Implications of neural network as a decision-making tool in managing Kazakhstan’s agricultural economy

Kulisz Monika, Duisenbekova Aigerim, Kujawska Justyna, Kaldybayeva Danira, Issayeva Bibigul, Lichograj Piotr, Cel Wojciech

Applied Computer Science

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2023

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Vol. 19, no 4

121--135

EN

This study investigates the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in forecasting agricultural yields in Kazakhstan, highlighting its implications for economic management and policy-making. Utilizing data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2000-2023), the research develops two ANN models using the Neural Net Fitting library in MATLAB. The first model predicts the total gross yield of main agricultural crops, while the second forecasts the share of individual crops, including cereals, oilseeds, potatoes, vegetables, melons, and sugar beets. The models demonstrate high accuracy, with the total gross yield model achieving an R-squared value of 0.98 and the individual crop model showing an R value of 0.99375. These results indicate a strong predictive capability, essential for practical agricultural and economic planning. The study extends previous research by incorporating a comprehensive range of climatic and agrochemical data, enhancing the precision of yield predictions. The findings have significant implications for Kazakhstan's economy. Accurate yield predictions can optimize agricultural planning, contribute to food security, and inform policy decisions. The successful application of ANN models showcases the potential of AI and machine learning in agriculture, suggesting a pathway towards more efficient, sustainable farming practices and improved quality management systems.

16

Design and application of an ontology to identify crop areas and improve land use

Riaño Maddyzeth Ariza, Rodriguez Andres Ovidio Restrepo, Velandia Julio Barón, García Paulo Alonso Gaona, Montenegro Marín Carlos Enrique

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 3

1409--1426

EN

Agricultural development in Colombia has been characterized by being carried out in a local and traditional way, where important basic aspects are not always considered for the best performance of crops. These characteristics are presented in official government documentation distinguished by its heterogeneity. Ontologies in the domain of agriculture allow the organization and structuring of information to represent knowledge in such a way that the homogeneity of agricultural data dispersed in different types of documents such as manuals, weather reports, and official technical sheets is achieved. In accordance with the above, this work presents the development of an ontology in the agricultural domain to facilitate the identification of cultivation areas and improve land use, relating the basic concepts for an effective crop development according to the specifications and recommendations proposed in Colombian government documentation, using the Methontology methodology. This is achieved with the application of descriptive logic that, based on rules, generates inferences to identify the cultivation options and cultivable areas that present the highest performance. The interaction and use of the ontological model and inference rules are done through a web application made with Python and Flask. The precision of the model is evaluated using historical data of crops produced, making a comparison between the real data and the results obtained through the ontological model, obtaining as a result 80% reliability.

17

Influence of the production direction of European Union farms on the level of financial liabilities

Firlej Krzysztof, Kubala Sebastian

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 158

163--173

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the direction of production of farms in the European Union and the level of their liabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The study period includes the years 2005-2019. Data relating to eight types of farming identified in the FADN database were used to illustrate the directions of production. The conducted research focuses on the following types of liabilities: total, incurred for a period longer than one year and incurred for a period of less than one year with outstanding cash payments. One-way ANOVA variance was used to achieve the research objective. Findings: The conducted research showed that the most common differences in the level of liabilities are between the type of granivores and the types of farms focused on plant production and other permanent crops with farms focused on field crops, horticulture and livestock production. Relatively few differences can be observed in the case of farms targeting the same source of food origin (except for other permanent crops). Originality/value: The obtained results indicate a significant differentiation in the level of liabilities in farms focused on plant and livestock production, which results from the different specificity of their production.

18

Agricultural Use of Natural Biostimulants – Humic Substances: a review

Kłeczek Aneta

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2022

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Tom 24

1--14

EN

This work presents the characteristics of humic substances, with particular emphasis on the properties of agricultural importance, i.e., the improvement of soil structure, soil properties and the availability of nutrients. Attention was also paid to the methods of introducing given substances into the soil and the possibility of direct application to the plant surface. The mechanisms responsible for the stimulating and protective effect of humic substances on plant development were explained in detail, including phytohormonal regulation, the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses, antioxidant properties and the influence on seed germination and the development of the plant root system. The economic and environmental importance of the application of the substances in question was also emphasized, consisting of maintaining the health of the soil and the quality of plants while reducing the share of chemical fertilizers and reducing the amount of water used. It should be noted that humic substances, like any agricultural product, should be appropriately selected for the type of cultivation, i.e., the optimal dose and method of application should be determined.

19

Znaczenie krajowych i importowanych surowców w produkcji żywności w Polsce

Szczepaniak Iwona, Szajner Piotr

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2022

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T. 76, nr 8

6--12

PL

Produkcja artykułów żywnościowych w Polsce wykazuje wysoką dynamikę rozwoju. Bazę surowcową dla niej stanowią przede wszystkim produkty pochodzące z krajowego rolnictwa. Postępujące procesy internacjonalizacji polskiej gospodarki żywnościowej powodują, że stopniowo zwiększa się znaczenie surowców rolnych pochodzących z importu. Od początku członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej udział produktów importowanych w łącznych zaso-bach surowcowych sektora żywnościowego wzrósł, w zależności od zastosowanej metody obliczeń, do ok. 33-39%. Produkty te stanowią głównie surowce sprowadzane z innych stref klimatycznych. Poszczególne branże krajowego przemysłu spożywczego stosują zróżnico-wane strategie w zakresie zaopatrzenia surowcowego, co wynika z różnych uwarunkowań ich funkcjonowania, w tym także odmiennej struktury własnościowej.

EN

The production of food products in Poland shows high dynamics of development. The raw material base consists mainly of products from domestic agriculture. The progressing inter-nationalization processes of the Polish food economy mean that the importance of imported agricultural raw materials is gradually increasing. During the period of Poland’s member-ship in the European Union, the share of imported products in the total raw material re-sources of the food sector increased, depending on the calculation method used, to approx. 33-39%. These products are mainly raw materials from other climatic zones. Particular sectors of the domestic food industry use different strategies in the field of raw material supply, which results from vari-ous conditions of their functioning, including a different ownership structure.

20

Prognoza zapotrzebowania na fosfor w rolnictwie na podstawie wyników badań agrochemicznych

Rutkowska Agnieszka, Lipiński Wojciech

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 11

987--994

PL

Dokonano oceny zasobności gleb Polski w fosfor przyswajalny na podstawie wyników badań agrochemicznych prowadzonych w latach 2016-2020 przez okręgowe stacje chemiczno-rolnicze. Wartości mediany zawartości gleb w P₂O₅ w klasie zasobności średniej stanowiły przyjętą wartość referencyjną, w odniesieniu do której wyliczone zostały potrzeby zmian zasobności w pozostałych klasach w poszczególnych województwach. Stwierdzono, że w skali całego kraju wielkość całkowitych potrzeb zmian zasobności gleby w fosfor kształtuje się na poziomie ponad 814 tys. t P₂O₅, przy znaczącym zróżnicowaniu w poszczególnych regionach. Całkowite rezerwy dopuszczalne, które stanowią rezerwy fosforu w glebach o zasobności dużej i bardzo dużej (do poziomu 40 mg P₂O₅/100 g gleby) wynoszą 1 614 tys. t.

EN

Analyzes of the av. content of available P in the soil and the share of soils in fertility classes in individual voivodeships were compiled, based on agrochem. studies carried out in 2016-2020 by regional chem. and agricultural stations. An assessment of the demand for P and the needs for changes in soil P abundance in individual voivodeships were presented as well as the total allowable P reserves in soil in individual voivodeships were estimated.