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1

The Orthophotomap of Lublin 1944: from Luftwaffe photographs to map application - idea, methods, contemporary challenges of processing and publishing archival aerial photographs

Kuna Jakub

Polish Cartographical Review

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2022

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Vol. 54, No. 1

123--142

EN

The origins of aerial photography can be traced back to the second half of the 19th century, and periods of World Wars contributed to the development of techniques for developing and disseminating aerial photographs for military purposes. In the literature, we find descriptions of the Polish Military Geographical Institute’s (WIG) use of aerial photography to update topographic maps of nearly 40% of the country’s area at the time. Unfortunately, the fate of the pre-war collection of photographs is difficult to establish. Given this, the aerial photographs from the period of the Second World War (German and Allied) constitute the oldest possible complete and consistent photographic documentation of Poland. The series of German prints (373-GXPRINTS) collected at the National Archives and Records Administration in College Park (NARA, USA) are maintained according to the most liberal policy on access and further use. At the same time, the organisation of the NARA archive and the extent to which the collection has been digitised (over one million images) leave a deficiency, and searching for images requires knowledge, methods and experience. In 2020–2021, the Department of Geomatics and Cartography of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University implemented the project Development of the Ortophotomap of Lublin 1939–1945 (NCN, Miniatura 4.0. No. 2020/04/X/HS4/00382). The result of the project is a dedicated web portal https://ortolub.umcs.pl, consisting of a digital repository of aerial images, a map application and standardised GIS raster data services. The author believes this is a unique source base, with unprecedented detail. The publication of the project results under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA 4.0 licence is intended to foster the widest possible use of wartime aerial images in scientific research and popularisation activities. The process of developing a historical orthophotomap, as presented in the article, is universal and can be repeated on any set of aerial photographs. At the same time, development work is needed to automate the operations as fully as possible. In conclusion, current challenges and prospects for the development of historical orthophotomaps of national coverage are indicated.

2

Z czego żył historyk w czasie wojny? Przypadek Stefana Kieniewicza (1939-1945)

Wolniewicz Marcin

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2022

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T. 67, nr 1

157--173

EN

The article discusses how the people of science and scholars made their living in occupied Poland (1939-1945). The problem is shown on the example of the wartime fate of an outstanding historian, Stefan Kieniewicz (1907-1992), whose diaries, juxtaposed with a variety of source material (including the materials from the German Archive Office [Archivamt]), allow for a relatively detailed analysis of the topic. The story stemming from these documents shows a survival strategy that seemed an obvious choice for a representative of the landed gentry intelligentsia. It was based on the use of education and family connections. Education allowed Kieniewicz to take up intellectual jobs, which he kept simultaneously in the Treasury Archive (Archiwum Skarbowe, Finanzarchiv) taken over by the Germans and in the apparatus of the Underground State (Information and Propaganda Office of the Home Army Headquarters). It also made him eligible for the support provided to the authors by the Warsaw bookseller, M. Arct. The income from these jobs was usually not enough for Kieniewicz to support his family in Warsaw. Up to a point, the deficit was covered by selling off valuable movable property and giving up the gentry lifestyle. Ultimately, the family used the hospitality of their relatives and moved to the estates in Ruszcza and Topola. The Warsaw Uprising deprived the Kieniewiczs of the remains of their possessions, and the agrarian reform deprived their more affluent relatives of property. These events concluded the transformation of Kieniewicz’s social status into the ‘academic intelligentsia’.

3

Świadectwa historii

Sobczyński Eugeniusz

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2022

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nr 10

48--53

4

Ponad miliard map

Sobczyński Eugeniusz

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2022

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nr 9

48--53

5

Ortofotomapa wojennego Lublina

Kuna Jakub

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2021

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nr 11

34--38

6

Selected aspects of undercover production of explosives and explosive devices in 1939-1945

Sałaciński T.

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2018

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T. 10

147--176

EN

In this paper are presented: a) contemporary limitations in research opportunities, b) raw material sources and technological background, c) human resources, d) organization of production, e) locations of manufacturing facilities (armouries), f) diversification of explosive devices and explosives applied in their underground production, as well as support from abroad, g) production quality and research capabilities, h) contemporary forms of commemoration of people and places associated with the clandestine production of explosives and explosive devices in occupied Poland during the Second World War. The purpose of the analysis is to show how big and diverse was this activity, as well as, the importantance of this topic in our times.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano: a) współczesne ograniczenia możliwości prowadzenia badań, b) zaplecze surowcowe i technologiczne, c) zaplecze kadrowe, d) organizację produkcji, e) lokalizacje wytwórni, f) zróżnicowanie produkowanych w podziemiu wyrobów oraz materiałów wybuchowych stosowanych do jego produkcji, jak też wsparcie zagraniczne g) jakość produkcji i możliwości badawcze, h) współczesne formy upamiętnienia ludzi oraz miejsc związanych z konspiracyjną produkcją materiałów i wyrobów wybuchowych na terenach okupowanej Polski w czasie II wojny światowej. Celem podjętej analizy było wykazanie jak duża i jak zróżnicowana była ta działalność oraz jak ważny jest to temat dla współczesnych Polaków.

7

Turkolodzy polscy w czasie II wojny światowej

Tyszkiewicz J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2018

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R. 63, nr 4

71--92

EN

There were eight Turcologists in 1939 in Poland, including three professors: Władysław Kotwicz at the University of Lvov, Tadeusz Kowalski at the Jagiellonian University and Ananiasz Zajączkowski at the University of Warsaw. Muslim mufti in Poland Jakub Szynkiewicz and Marian Lewicki (University of Lvov) had a PhD in Oriental studies. Stanisław Szachno-Romanowicz, employee at the Main Archives in Warsaw, had an MA in Arabic studies and a PhD in Semitic studies. Master’s degrees in Oriental studies received: Ali Woronowicz (Lvov) and Turcologist Seraja Szapszał (St. Petersburg). A distinguished author and organizer of cultural life of the Karaites was Aleksander Mardkowicz (magazine “Karaj Awazy”) and of Tartars - Leon and Olgierd Kryczyński (magazine “Rocznik Tatarski”). Stanisław Kryczyński, with an MA in history, co-operated with the Tartars. Some of them were executed for political reasons,- Leon Kryczyński by the Germans (1939), Olgierd Kryczyński by the Soviet secret police NKVD (1942), Ali Woronowicz died in NKVD prison (1941); the last two for co-operation with the “Prometeusz” movement. Tadeusz Kowalski together with other Jagiellonian University professors was imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen camp (until 8.2.1940). Jobless and emaciated, the following died of natural causes: Stanisław Kryczyński (1941), Aleksander Mardkowicz (1944) and Władysław Kotwicz (1944). The following survived the war: Jakub Szynkiewicz (emigrated in 1944), Seraja Szapszał was detained in the Lithuanian Socialist Republic, Stanisław Szachno-Romanowicz, evacuated in 1939, remained as an expatriate in London. Doing odd jobs, the following survived the war: Tadeusz Kowalski, Ananiasz Zajączkowski, Marian Lewicki. After 1945 they took up scientific work.

8

Kampania polska 1939 roku w ojczystej historiografii

Grzelak C.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2016

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Nr 4

136--148

PL

Autor dokonuje przeglądu i analizy historiografii kampanii polskiej 1939 roku powstałej zarówno w kraju, jak i na emigracji. Streszcza wnioski z niej wypływające odnośnie do problematyki września 1939 roku.

EN

The author reviews and analyzes the historiography of the Polish campaign of 1939, created both in Poland and in exile. He summarizes conclusions arising from the historiography in relation to the events of September 1939.

9

Nieznani bohaterowie – papiernicy: Kazimierz Skarżyński i Feliks Steinhagen, odznaczeni pośmiertnie przez prezydentów III RP

Wandelt P.

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2015

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R. 71, nr 8

457--465

PL

Tak się szczęśliwie złożyło, że w tym numerze „Przeglądu Papierniczego”, ukazującym się dokładnie 70 lat po wyjściu w sierpniu 1945 r. pierwszego numeru (jeszcze jako wkładki do „Przeglądu Technicznego”), możemy przedstawić kilku pokoleniom naszych czytelników dwóch odznaczonych przez prezydentów III RP bohaterów najokrutniejszej z wojen, II wojny światowej, którzy byli ściśle związani z polskim papiernictwem.

10

European containers before second World War. Parameters and Norms

Lewandowski K.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 2

494--499, CD1

EN

In many articles we can read that containers weren't in Europe before 1966, when ship SS Fariland came with 35 feet’s containers invented by Keith Tantlinger for Sea Land company owned by Malcom McLean. The focus of this study is on the problem with development norms for European containers. Analyzed the literature review. Presented as containers developed in Europe. Article presented three European norms for containers, which were described before Second World War.

PL

W wielu artykułach można przeczytać , że kontenery nie były w Europie przed 1966 rokiem, kiedy to statek SS Fairland przybył z 35 stopniowymi kontenerami wynalezionymi przez Ketiha Tantlingera dla firmy Sea Land, której właścicielem był Malcom McLean. Przeanalizowano przegląd literatury. Przedstawiono jak rozwijały się kontenery w Europie. Artykuł przedstawia trzy normy dla kontenerów w Europie jakie powstały przed II Wojną Światową.

11

Profesor Zdzisław Pazdro – twórca polskiej szkoły hydrogeologii

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 8

391--396

EN

Professor Zdzislaw Pazdro (1903–1987) is regarded as the creator of the Polish school of hydrogeology. He was born in Lviv. In times of dramatic rebirth of the Polish state, he participated, as a 15-year-old boy, in the defense of Lviv in 1918, and was a volunteer in the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. In 1925, Zdzis³aw Pazdro graduated from the University of Lviv as a geologist and, as an employee of the University, conducted research work on stratigraphy and tectonics of the Carpathians. Over time, his interests turned to economic geology; he participated in the exploration of the Bug Coal Basin in and the prospecting for bituminous minerals. During World War II (1939–1945), he acted in conspiracy in the structures of the Polish Underground State. He was imprisoned by the Gestapo, and then, after the capture of Lviv by the Soviet Army, by the NKVD. He was released as a high-class geologist at the request of the Polish communist authorities. After the war, he organized the first hydrogeological and geological-engineering studies in Poland (Gdañsk University of Technology, in 1952), was the author of the first, highly acclaimed textbook "Hydrogeologia ogólna" (1964), long-standing chairman of the Commission for Hydrogeological Documentations at the Central Geological Office, teacher of several generations of Polish hydrogeologists, and author of regional hydrogeological syntheses and hydrogeochemical reports.

12

Wykorzystanie lotnictwa do ratowania życia i zdrowia ludzkiego : od powstania idei do wybuchu II wojny światowej

Cwojdzińska J., Wilczak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

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2013

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Nr 1

23--32

PL

Lotnictwo sanitarne, według źródeł historycznych, ma swoje początki już w wieku XVIII. Jednak jego właściwy rozwój ma miejsce w wieku XX, w którym to zdobycze lotnictwa wykorzystywane dotąd w służbie wojskowej, w połączeniu z wiedzą medyczną, są przenoszone na pole działań sanitarnych. Wykorzystanie lotnictwa do ratowania życia i zdrowia ludzkiego, niewątpliwie skróciło okres oczekiwania na otrzymanie pomocy, a także niejednokrotnie stanowiło o przeżyciu danej jednostki. Współdziałanie szeregu osób i instytucji umożliwiło w Polsce i na świecie wdrożenie lotnictwa do systemu pomocy medycznej. Celem autora artykułu jest przedstawienie narodzin idei wykorzystania lotnictwa do celów sanitarnych, pokazanie ewolucji tego zagadnienia na arenie światowej oraz w Polsce, do momentu wybuchu II wojny światowej.

EN

Sanitary aviation according to historical sources, has its origins in the eighteenth century. However, its proper development is taking place in the twentieth century, in which the achievements of aviation used in military service in conjunction with medical knowledge, are transferred into the field of sanitary service. Using aviation to save human life and health, undoubtedly shortened the waiting period to receive assistance, and often represented the survival of the unit. Interaction of many people and institutions in Poland and worldwide allowed implementation of aviation in the medical assistance. The aim of the article is to show the birth of the idea of using aviation for sanitary purposes, to show the evolution of this issue on the global stage and also in Poland to the outbreak of World War II.

13

Bolesław Bujalski – geolog o bohaterskim życiorysie

Miecznik J. B., Wołkowicz S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 4

230--233

EN

Doctor Bolesław Bujalski (1888-1945) graduatedfrom Lviv University to become an outstanding Polish geologist and cartographer. His major fields of expertise included tectonics and structural geology of the Flysch Belt of the Outer Eastern and Western Carpathians and oil potential in these regions. His professional career included work for a petroleum company Towarzystwo Naftowe "Galicja" S.A. and the Polish Geological Institute. During the First World War, he served in the Austro-Hungarian army. Hefought on the Russian and Italian fronts and advanced to the rank ofLieutenant. After the war, in November 1918 Doctor Bujalski he joined the reborn Polish Army in the rank of Captain and took part in a battle called the Defense of Lviv in the Polish historiography. He also fought in the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. For his distinguished merits, he was awarded the highest military distinction of Poland, the Silver Cross of the War Order of"Virtuti Militari". During the Second World War, he headed the Relief Committee of the Central Welfare Council in Stanisławów, a charity organization operating in Poland under the German occupation. He tried to continue these activities after the entry of the Red Army into the Stanisławów area in 1944 to be soon arrested by the Soviet security services (NKVD) and die in a jail most probably in early 1945.

14

Charakterystyka kamer rozpoznawczych i zdjęć lotniczych z okresu II wojny światowej

Różycki S.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2010

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Vol. 21

353--361

PL

W okresie drugiej wojny światowej wiele wysiłku włożono w pozyskiwanie i interpretację zdjęć lotniczych do celów zwiadowczych. Tysiące lotników ryzykowało swoje życie by wykonać zdjęcia ważnych fabryk na terenie III Rzeszy, miejsc produkcji cudownej broni tzw. Wunderwaffe czy obozów koncentracyjnych. Zdjęcia zwiadowcze były używane głównie do wybierania celów do bombardowania, oceny dokładności dokonanych bombardowań i zniszczenia obiektów, określenia ruchów wojsk przeciwnika oraz jego zaplecza sprzętowego. Dość często zdjęcia były analizowane pod względem oceny terenu jako przyszłego obszaru działań wojennych. Zdjęcia wykonane przez lotników ukazują fabryki, lotniska, ruchy wojsk lądowych, manewry floty. Pokaźny zbiór fotografii przedstawia skutki bombardowań lub nalotów dywanowych. Z założenia, ogromna ilość pozyskanych podczas wojny materiałów w postaci zdjęć lotniczych, podręczników do interpretacji, raportów, parametrów technicznych wykorzystywanych kamer była tajna. Z biegiem czasu materiały te odtajniono, a ich niewielką część udostępniono również w Internecie. Autor niniejszego referatu przedstawi charakterystykę dostępnych dla obszaru Polski zdjęć lotniczych z okresu drugiej wojny światowej. Zostaną przedstawione i scharakteryzowane przykładowe kamery i zdjęcia niemieckie (Luftwaffe), angielskie (RAF), amerykańskie (USAF). Zostaną również zaprezentowane alianckie i niemieckie raporty interpretacyjne dotyczące obiektów w Polsce.

EN

During the II World War much effort was put into obtaining and interpreting aerial photographs for military reconnaissance purposes. Thousands of the photographs the aircrew risked their lives to bring back are now being made public, available for the first time. Intelligence photography was regularly used to select bombing targets, determine bombing accuracy, assess bombing damage to facilities, analyze equipment capability, serve as a basis for maps of both friendly and enemy territory and search for indications of enemy initiatives or intentions. It was also effectively used to capture the essence of a situation or military operation and to provide the basis for a better understanding of the nature of an area that would be the site of future operations. Initially, such material was classified. However, with the passage of time, much has now been declassified and accessible on the Internet. That material includes photographic prints, interpretation manuals, interpretation rapports, plans of targets, technical details of cameras and lenses. In this paper, the characteristic of World War II reconnaissance cameras are briefly described, as well as examples of the war reconnaissance aerial photography and interpretations rapports from Poland.

15

Wykonać niewykonalne : refleksje w 70. rocznicę obrony Polski 1939 r.

Niedziela Szymon

Wiedza Obronna

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2009

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nr 3

81--106

16

Ostatnia walka żołnierzy II Rzecypospolitej

Niedziela Szymon

Wiedza Obronna

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2009

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nr 1

111--127

17

Kołobrzeska epopea’45

Zdziech Marek

Wiedza Obronna

|

2009

|

nr 1

97--110

18

Aspekty geopolityczne i historyczne obszaru współczesnej Polski

Ciećkowski Zbigniew

Wiedza Obronna

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2009

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nr 3

117--136

19

Edward Ruhle - żołnierz Polski podziemnej (1940-1945)

Jaworowski K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2005

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nr 414

63-69

20

Wyżsi dowódcy Wojska Polskiego w II wojnie światowej

Szczurowski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 4(45)

217-232

EN

The aim of the article is, basing on source materials and biographical publications, a "joint portrait" of senior commanding staff of the Polish Army (WP) in the Second World War. The author wants to show similarities and differences resulting from the sociological analysis of selected groups of commanders and draw conclusions relating to a general theoretical preparation to perform their duties. This is to present conclusions concerning commanding the Polish Army during World War II. The author assumed that senior Polish Army commanders in the Second World War included those who performed commanding tactical and operational functions in Polish Army brigades and divisions (the Great Unit - as it was called during the between-the-war time), operational groups commanders in the September campaign, corps commanders of the Polish Armed Forces (PZS) in the West and the East and the army, navy and air force commanders, commanders-in chief and the Supreme Commander of the Polish Army. In general, 231 senior commanders have been analysed including 76 commanders of the September Campaign of 1939, 73 of the Polish Armed Forces in the West and 82 of the Polish Armed Forces in the East. The characteristics of senior commanding staff due to its background, nationality, age, education and military preparation allowed to draw the following conclusions: the traditions, idea and doctrine of war operations that were shared and according to which Polish senior military commanders were educated before the World War II disproved; the polish Armed Forces in the West and East command was connected with the political - military situation that the Polish Army was in; in spite of the fact that the system of troops command changed in the course of the war, the general knowledge and practice allowed Polish commanders to adapt to new circumstances and changes in waging the war; the will of fighting and determination were the main characteristics of the Polish Army commanders in the Second World War.