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1

Study on the estimation of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens’ transmission probabilities for different public bus transport service scenarios

Burdzik Rafał, Speybroeck Niko

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 3

199--211

EN

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic revealed societal challenges, with passenger transport rapidly experiencing the impacts of the virus and the evolution of the concept of safety in transport. Evaluating the likelihood of viral transmission within transportation systems may be a substantial challenge, considering the complex processes that influence the incidence of random transmission events. This paper introduces a method for determining the probability of pathogen transmission in public transport, focusing on the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The study draws on scenarios from the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, a period that was devastatingly marked by the lack of available vaccines. This study aims to add value to the scientific community by offering an estimation of the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in public transport and a preliminary risk assessment for COVID-19 infection, considering the number of active, non-isolated COVID-19 cases in the Polish population. The potential of this approach was demonstrated through a comparison between two different categories of passenger transport in a city bus. Based on the presented case study and the calculated probability of pathogen transmission, it is estimated that the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland through the use of public transport was approximately 0.05%. Probability estimations based on elementary events, which can vary depending on the service category (for instance, the form of ticket purchase, availability of seating or standing places, or ticket inspection), can reveal even the smallest differences in the total likelihood of pathogen transmission. However, these minute individual variations significantly impact the total metrics calculated for daily users of public transport. For effective monitoring of potential epidemic threats and for designing suitable interventions and restrictions to lower the risk of future pandemics, it may be necessary to understand the role that transportation systems, particularly public transport systems, play in the spread of pathogens.

2

Probability of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens in long-distance passenger transport

Burdzik Rafał

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 4

21--39

EN

This paper presents a description of the methodology developed for estimation of pathogen transmission in transport and the results of the case study application for long-distance passenger transport. The primary objective is to report the method developed and the application for case studies in various passenger transport services. The most important findings and achievements of the presented study are the original universal methodology to estimate the probability of pathogen transmission with full mathematical disclosure and an open process formula, to make it possible to take other specific mechanisms of virus transmission when providing transport services. The results presented conducted an analysis on the mechanisms of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens during the transport process, to examine the chain of events as a result of which passengers may be infected. The author proposed a new method to estimate the probability of transmission of viral pathogens using the probability theory of the sum of elementary events. This is a new approach in this area, the advantage of which is a fully explicit mathematical formula that allows the method to be applied to various cases. The findings of this study can facilitate the management of epidemic risk in passenger transport operators and government administration. It should be clearly emphasised that the developed method and estimated values are the probabilities of pathogen transmission. Estimating the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is not the same as the probability of viral infection, and more so the probability of contracting COVID-19. Viral infection strongly depends on viral mechanisms, exposure doses, and contact frequency. The probability of contracting COVID-19 and its complications depends on the individual characteristics of the immune system, even with confirmed viral infection. However, it is undoubtedly that the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is the most reliable measure of infection risk, which can be estimated according to the objective determinants of pathogen transmission.

3

Impact of the war in the Ukraine on the food sector in Poland – preliminary forecasts ®

Gruchelski Marek, Gruchelski Marcin

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2022

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nr 1

238--245

EN

The military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has significantly and drastically changed the political and economic situation in Ukraine. The outbreak of war and the justified imposition of economic sanctions on Russia by the European Union and other Western countries also has a significant impact on many sectors of the global economy, including the agri-food industry. The ongoing war in Ukraine is associated with a number of negative and longterm macroeconomic consequences for Poland and other countries, both in the area of trade and maintenance of the supply chain, as well as security of supply of energy resources. Following the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, this is another economic crisis that poses a challenge for the entire agri-food sector. In the medium and long term, much depends on the timing of the end of hostilities in Ukraine. Therefore, due to dynamic changes in the political and economic situation, at present it is a priority to maintain constant and full monitoring of changes in both the Polish in the Polish economy, as well as in the world economy.

PL

Zbrojna agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę znacząco i drastycznie zmieniła sytuację polityczno-gospodarczą w Ukrainie. Wybuch wojny oraz uzasadnione nałożenie przez Unię Europejską oraz inne kraje zachodnie sankcji gospodarczych na Rosję ma również znaczący wpływ na wiele gałęzi gospodarki światowej, w tym branży rolno-spożywczej. Trwająca wojna w Ukrainie wiąże się z szeregiem negatywnych i długookresowych konsekwencji makroekonomicznych dla Polski i innych krajów, zarówno w obszarze wymiany handlowej i utrzymania łańcucha dostaw, jak też bezpieczeństwa dostaw surowców energetycznych. Jest to kolejny, po pandemii koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2, kryzys gospodarczy, który stanowi wyzwanie dla całego sektora rolno-spożywczego. W perspektywie średnio i długookresowej wiele zależy od terminu zakończenia prowadzonych na terenie Ukrainy działań wojennych. Ze względu na dynamiczne zmiany w sytuacji polityczno-gospodarczej, obecnie kwestią priorytetową jest utrzymanie stałego i pełnego monitoringu zmian zarówno w gospodarce polskiej, jak i światowej.

4

Działania UEFA na rzecz bezpieczeństwa meczów piłkarskich w pandemii COVID-19

Drohomirecki Dariusz

Wiedza Obronna

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2021

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nr 3

78--89

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zakresu działań podjętych przez UEFA po pojawieniu się choroby COVID19. UEFA podjęła wszechstronne działania oraz zaangażowała spore środki finansowe celem minimalizacji skutków pojawienia się choroby COVID-19 w europejskim środowisku piłkarskim. W artykule wykorzystano metodę analizy systemowej, gdzie poddano badaniu kluczowe elementy regulacji w celu racjonalizowania efektów już wprowadzonych zmian oraz prognozowania skutków planowanych, jakie mogą pojawić się w dynamicznie zmieniającym się otoczeniu. W artykule przedstawiono podjęte przez UEFA działania po pojawieniu się choroby COVID-19 od momentu zawieszenia rozgrywek piłkarskich do ich wznowienia. Wprowadzone regulacje takie jak Protokół "Return to Play" przyczyniły się do tego, że profesjonalna piłka nożna pozostała środowiskiem bezpiecznym o czym świadczą wyniki przeprowadzanych testów. UEFA zdało sobie jednocześnie sprawę, że niezbędne jest wprowadzenia działań innowacyjnych propagujących ten sport, co również zostało zrealizowane. Celowym jest, aby UEFA kontynuowała swoją politykę w przedmiotowym zakresie, aby kibice oraz cały piłkarski świat mogli cieszyć się z powrotu tej dyscypliny na boiska piłkarskie.

EN

The aim of this article is to present the scope of actions taken by UEFA after the outbreak of COVID-19 disease. UEFA has taken comprehensive measures and committed significant financial resources to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 disease in the European football environment. The article uses the method of system analysis where the key elements of regulation were examined in order to rationalize the effects of already introduced changes and to forecast the planned effects that may appear in a dynamically changing environment. The article presents the actions taken by UEFA after the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease from the moment the football tournament was suspended until its resumption. The introduced regulations, such as the "Return to Play" Protocol, contributed to the fact that professional football remained a safe environment, as evidenced by the results of the tests carried out. UEFA realized at the same time that it was necessary to introduce innovative activities promoting this sport, which was also done. It is purposeful for UEFA to continue its policy in this area, so that fans and the entire football world can enjoy the return of this discipline to football fields.

5

The Food Processing Sector in the Era of the Sars-Cov-2 Coronavirus Pandemic®

Gruchelski Marek, Gruchelski Marcin

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2021

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nr 2

213--218

EN

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a negative impact on all branches of the economy, including the food processing sector. The aim of the article is to initially define the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Polish food processing sector and to indicate possible perspectives and directions of actions aimed at stabilizing and strengthening this sector.

PL

Pandemia koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2 wpłynęła negatywnie na wszystkie gałęzie gospodarki, w tym na sektor przetwórstwa spożywczego. Celem artykułu jest wstępne określenie wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na sektor polskiego przetwórstwa spożywczego oraz wskazanie możliwych perspektyw oraz kierunków działań mających na celu ustabilizowanie oraz wzmocnienie tej gałęzi przemysłu.

6

Esports as a new trend in the tourism industry

Masłowski Patryk, Karasiewicz Tomasz

Geography and Tourism

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2021

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Vol. 9, No. 1

95--105

EN

Tourists participating in the so-called sports tourism mostly benefit from general tourist infrastructure – accommodation, food services, transport, tourist information, sports and leisure facilities available to all tourists – regardless of the motivation underlying their stay. Thanks to global sports events a new form of sports-related tourism has been established, which has its maximum representation in major events such as the Olympic Games and the World or European Championships. Esports is undoubtedly one of the most rapidly developing industries in today’s world, both in terms of business and as sports. This article sets out to present forms and current trends in sports tourism. Subsequently, it focuses on esports and provides basic information about this form of leisure, indicates similarities between cybersport and traditional sport, and offers examples of electronic sports events, including the top event in the city of Katowice, which appears to be the Polish capital of esports. In addition, the article offers an insight into how the cybersports industry reacted to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. Furthermore, the authors analyse legal aspects of electronic sports in Poland and other countries and, finally, present and discuss the results of survey research pertaining to the impact of esports on tourism.