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EN
Thirty rock and mineral samples were collected in the Rabe-Bystre area in the so-called Bystre slice in the Flysch Carpathians. The research concentrated on the mineral occurrence, parageneses and on the relationship to the tectonics. Red mineral realgar displays a pure content of arsenic sulphide. It occurs in veins and aggregates in the most frequent association with quartz. Fluid inclusions in the realgar crystals have been characterized and preliminarily measured, which is a totally new study in the Carpathian area. A new mineral – goyazite SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 – has been found as intergrowths in the realgar accumulations, and its characteristics are provided. It seems that the quartz-carbonates-bitumen paragenesis in the study region is related to the distinct tectonic mélange zones, while the ore mineralization should be referred to fault zones and fissures, and/or the mélange zones. It has an epigenetic character, and may be referred to the adjacent potential magmatic body and mineralized waters in the neighbourhood.
EN
When conducting geological and engineering research, the most common statement is information that the landslide is shallow and should not pose a threat to the designed objects. In the case of large, structural landslides, this approach may lead, with the wrong determination of the deepest slip surface, to the occurrence of a construction disaster as a result of improper execution of the protection structure. The article presents specific locations of landslides with deep displacements in inclinometric columns exemplified by landslides monitored as part of the SOPO project in Tarnawa Górna, Słotowa and Międzybrodzie Bialskie - Łazki. The documented slip surfaces are found at depths of 19-42 m. Such deep displacements indicate that large, landslides reach significant thicknesses and such data should be presented in a geological and engineering documentation. It is proposed to modify the regulation on the execution of the geological and engineering documentation by adding a point regarding the documentation of landslides. If such an area exists, special requirements must be met when conducting geological surveys.
EN
Landslide recognition is an important task for designers and contractors during the road construction process. The problems that contractors often face is insufficient recognition of the geological structure (at the design stage), too small area of purchased land under the "ZRiD’'decision, or the inability of fast responding to emerging threats. The studies described in this article shed more light on the complexity of slope deformation as a result of landslide processes. During the constructing of the expressway S-7, the problems related to deep landslide processes occurred, which most probably were associated with poorly recognized old “rocky-weathering material” type of landslide. The geological survey performed during the construction of this road, confirmed the occurrence of deep (>20 m) displacements, recorded by the inclinometer measurements. These deep displacements are linked to a large landslide with a main scarp located in the region of Mt. Cymbalowa Góra.
EN
In the area of landslides in Ochojno and on Stroma street in Stary S¹cz, geological works were carried out, including determination of geological-engineering parameters, and documentation of slip surface on the basis of the drill core analysis. The obtained results allowed the author to construct computational cross-sections on the basis of which slope stability index factors for each of the landslide areas were calculated. These results were compared with the values of stability index obtained from inclinometer measurements. A proposal for documenting landslide areas was presented, paying particular attention to the proper interpretation of the ground profile. This enables avoiding frequent errors made in preparation of geological-engineering documentation based on shallow ground recognition and improperly conducted drilling system.
EN
The area of Poland, including the Carpathian Mountains, is located in a zone where landslides cause large material damage. This issue can be considered using different time scales. Using various dating methods, it was possible to distinguish periods of increased landslide activity. Among others, the radiometric methods are the most common. Based on the 14C dated landslides in Szczawnica-Biafy Stream, Zapadle near Szymbark, Rychwatd near Żywiec and on data published by Margielewski (2006), it was possible to hypothesize that landslides in the Carpathians have been developing over 13,000 years, i.e. since the Oldest Dryas. This is related to the beginning of degradation of the permafrost, which can be considered as the inception of the development of large rock landslides. On the basis of the presented data, it can also be stated that these landslides have been active up to modern times and their development is very long. An example of this is the landslide in Zapadle. The position of the landslide tongue, which is subjected to erosion, is of great importance, which promotes its further activity. Permanent removing of the colluvial material by a stream and its supplementing by subsequent new displacements from the scarp causes that the landslides can be active for a very long period of time.
PL
Rezerwat przyrody nieożywionej „Prządki” to jeden z najlepiej rozpoznawalnych i udokumentowanych geostanowisk Karpat Zewnętrznych. Historia badań, ochrony i turystyki ma tutaj długą tradycję. Jest to także obiekt o dużym potencjale geoturystycznym ze względu na dobrze zachowane i wyeksponowane krajobrazowo piaskowcowe formy skalne, czytelnie wypreparowaną mikrorzeźbę, powiązania kulturowe i ekologiczne, a także łatwy dostęp i zwiedzanie geostanowiska. W pracy przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania geoedukacyjnego rezerwatu na tle jego budowy geologicznej, geomorfologii, walorów biotycznych oraz wpływu na lokalną historię . Zaproponowano zakres tematów do prowadzenia dydaktyki, wskazano najbardziej czytelne cechy oraz dalsze możliwości zagospodarowania i udostępnienia obiektu.
EN
The “Prządki” inanimate nature reserve is one of the most recognizable and documented geosites of the Outer Carpathians. The history of research, protection and tourism has a long tradition here. It is also an object with great geotourism potential, due to well-preserved and exposed sandstone rocky forms, legibly dissected microrelief, cultural and ecological connections, as well as ease of access and sightseeing of this geosite. The paper presents the possibilities of geoeducation against the background of its geological structure, geomorphology, impact on local history and biotic values. A range of subjects for didactics is proposed. The most visible features, as well as further possibilities of development and access to this object are indicated.
EN
Preliminary results of dating landslides in the Gorce Mts. (Polish Outer Carpathians) are given, where ages of landslide activity have been poorly constrained. Four landslide zones with minerogenic mires (fens) were selected in order to determine the age of landslide movements, with depositional sequences of six fens being investigated by boreholes. Conventional radiocarbon dating of wood samples from mineral sediments sealing the landslide depressions was carried out to establish the age of landslide formation or rejuvenation. Loss on ignition analyses were obtained at 2.5 cm intervals along the cores to indicate possible delivery of allochthonous material into the peat bogs. Landslide formation in the Gorce Mts. corresponds to phases of mass movement hitherto identified in the Polish Outer Carpathians. Increased mass movements activity in the Gorce Mts. relate to cold and humid periods of the Holocene which occurred: ~11.1 ka cal BP, 8.6-8.0 cal BP; 6.5-5.9 ka cal BP, 4.8-4.5 cal BP, 3.3-2.5 cal BP and 1.75-1.35 cal BP. Loss on ignition analyses revealed changes in sedimentation in the landslide mires such as formation of mineral and illuvial horizons in peat sequences, and mineral covers overlying fens, associated with humid climatic phases of the Holocene.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań fizykochemicznych i mikrobiologicznych wytypowanych wód chlorkowych z obszaru Karpat fliszowych z miejscowości: Rabka-Zdrój, Krynica-Zdrój, Poręba Wielka, Wysowa-Zdrój, Lubatówka, Iwonicz-Zdrój i Rymanów-Zdrój, oraz solankę z dewońskich utworów podłoża Karpat z Ustronia-Zdroju. Analizowane wody chlorkowe to wody słonawe, słone i solanki charakteryzujące się mineralizacją od 1,5 do 100,3 g/dm3. Badane wody należą do leczniczych wód mineralnych, które wykorzystywane są w balneoterapii. We wszystkich próbkach wody stwierdzono obecność mikroorganizmów. Liczebność mikroorganizmów hodowalnych na ogół była jednak bardzo niska. W przypadku dwóch ujęć (Ustroń odw. U-3 oraz Rabka odw. IG 2) nie udało wyhodować się żadnych mikroorganizmów. Identyfikacja pozyskanych izolatów potwierdziła inne doniesienia świadczące o tym, że skład gatunkowy mikroorganizmów wód podziemnych jest ściśle powiązany ze składem chemicznym. W wielu ujęciach solanek stwierdzono np. mikroorgaznimy halofilne lub halotolerancyjne.
EN
The article presents the results of physicochemical and microbiological tests of selected chloride waters from the Flysch Carpathians in Rabka-Zdrój, Krynica-Zdrój, Poręba, Wysowa-Zdrój, Lubatówka, Iwonicz-Zdrój and Rymanów-Zdrój, as well as brine from Devonian deposits of the Carpathians in Ustroń-Zdrój. These chloride waters are represented by brackish water, salt water and brines characterized by mineralization ranging from 1.5 to 100.3 g/dm3. They are curative mineral waters used in balneotherapy. The presence of microorganisms was found in all tested waters. The number of cultivated microorganisms was, however, generally very low. In the case of two intakes (Ustroń U-3 and Rabka IG 2), no microorganisms have been cultivated. The identification of the isolates obtained confirms other reports indicating that the species composition of groundwater microorganisms is closely related to the chemical composition. In many intakes of brines, for example, either halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms have been found.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono historię poszukiwań i wydobycia ropy naftowej na ziemiach Polskich. Pierwsze wzmianki na ten temat pochodzą z XVII i XVIII i dotyczą Galicji. Na temat występowania ropy naftowej w Karpatach pisali pionierzy polskiej geologii, tacy jak Stanisław Staszic i Ludwik Zejszner. W 1896 roku, w Borysławiu zostaje odwiercony pod nadzorem Władysława Długosza szyb „na Potoku”. Data ta wyznacza ważny etap rozwoju przemysłu naftowego w Karpatach i na Podkarpaciu. Wymieniając autorów zajmujących się badaniami fliszu w Karpatach i poszukiwaniem węglowodorów, nie sposób pominąć profesora Rudolfa Zubera. Był on w swoim czasie najbardziej uznanym badaczem fliszu Karpat, a także autorem syntetycznego dzieła „Flisz i nafta”, będącego jednym z klasycznych prac geologicznych epoki. Innym ważnym badaczem był Józef Grzybowski, pionier badań mikropaleontologicznych w Polsce, które okazały się niezwykle pomocne dla określania stratygrafii warstw roponośnych. W związku z nasileniem się prac wydobywczych w rejonie Borysławsko – Drohobyckim w czerwcu 1912 r. podjęto decyzję o powołaniu „Stacji Geologicznej w Borysławiu”. Problematyka związana z poszukiwaniami ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego na Podkarpaciu ponownie stała się aktualna w odrodzonej Rzeczypospolitej, dlatego też geolodzy Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego dr Jan Nowak i dr Konstanty Tołwiński już w 1919 r. brali udział w pracach organizacyjnych przemysłu górnictwa naftowego. Stacja w Borysławiu była w znacznej mierze finansowana przez przemysł naftowy i dlatego też została przejęta formalnie przez Karpacki Instytut Geologiczno-Naftowy (KIGN). Należy przyznać, że dorobek dwudziestoletniej działalności KIGN był imponujący i miał wyraz w licznych publikacjach, mapach, monografiach czy opracowaniach statystycznych. Ponadto w zbiorach KIGN znajdowało się około sto tysięcy próbek geologicznych i rdzeni wiertniczych, stanowiących niezmiernie cenny materiał do dalszych badań. Trzeba również podkreślić wzorową współpracę geologów KIGN oraz PIG, bez której trudno sobie wyobrazić osiągnięcie postępu wiedzy na temat budowy geologicznej Karpat.
EN
This paper presents the history of the exploration and extraction of crude oil in Poland. The first mention about it comes from 17th and 18th centuries and concern Galicia. The pioneers in Polish geology - Stanisław Staszic and Ludwik Zejszner - wrote on the occurrence of oil in the Carpathians. In 1896 first drilling was made in Borysław, under the supervision of Władysław Długosz, titled “On Stream”. This date marks an important stage in the development of the oil industry in the Carpathian Mountains. Citing the important scientist dealing with the research on the Carpathian flysch and the search for hydrocarbons, it is impossible to ignore Professor Rudolf Zuber. He was the author of synthetic work “Flysch and oil” which was one of the classic geological work at that time. Another important researcher was Józef Grzybowski, a pioneer in micropaleontological research in Poland, which proved to be extremely useful for determining the stratigraphy of oil strata. In June 1912, in connection with the intensification in the area Borysław – Drohobycz, the “Geological Station” was established in Borysław. The problems associated with the exploration of oil and natural gas in the Carpathian Mountains occur currently again in the independent Poland. That is why two eminent geologists of the Polish Geological Institute (PGI) Jan Nowak and Konstanty Tołwiński participated in the organizational work of the reborn oil mining industry. The “Geological Station” in Borysław was mainly financed by the oil industry, therefore it was taken over formally by the Carpathian Geological – Petroleum Institute (KIGN). It must be admitted that the achievements of twenty year activities of KIGN were impressive, which was reflected in numerous publications, maps, monographs and statistic studies. Moreover there were roughly one hundred thousand geological samples and drill cores in the KIGN collections, which was a very valuable material for further researches. It is also necessary to underline the close cooperation between the geologists of KIGN and PGI. Without such direct cooperation the achievement of progress in knowledge on the geological structure of the Carpathians is difficult to imagine.
EN
Patterns of gravitational movements in the Flysch Carpathians are connected with tectonic and lithologic anisotropy of the rock massifs. The paper reviews the baisic patterns of mass movemets in the Flysch Carpathians: toppling, translational, rotational and compound sliding, sagging and complex type of mass movement, ilustrated by selected forms using the structural (joints, faults) analysis. Toppling in the Carpathians is typical for double ridge and top trenches (example: Gaworzyna double ridge in the Beskid Sądecki Mts). Translational landslides with flat, „structural” sliding surface typical for shallow forms, might form along the bedding plane (example: Duszatyn and Prełuki landslides,Western Bieszczady Mts), as well as along the joints an fault surface. The classification of ”structural landslides” commonly used nowadays, pertains only to translational landslides. In deep-seated landslides the shearing zone will be combined, composed of structural sections (joints, faults, bedding plane) and shearing elements. Thus, to majority Carpathians landslides develop as mixed type (non circular) grouping complex movement, involving of various types of displacement: rotational–translational–toppling. Purely rotational movements with circular failure are developed in the Carpathians flysch massifs, when thick bedded sandstoned (resistant) are underlain by soft shales (example: pure rotational lndslide in Mt Kostrza in Beskid Wyspowy Mts). Influence of anisotropy of these rocks on sliding surface is strong by reduced, and soft rock favours rock flow (sagging) development, usually transformed later in to a rotational type of movement (example: rotational landslide with toppling and sagging elements on Mt Muronka. in Beskid Śląski Mts). Very interesting mixed landslide on Mt Luboń Wielki (Beskid Wyspowy Mts) represents alistric (antithetic) type of landslide.
11
Content available remote Criteria, possibilities, and examples of abandoned quarry utilization
EN
Opencast excavations of hard-rock deposits causes deterioration of the landscape. These negative transfor mation are most apparent in areas of natural beauty and during the early stages of quarrying. The Flysch Carpathians and Sudety Mts. are regions of very valuable nature and landscape features. Nevertheless, most of the Polish hard rock quarries are located in these regions. This is due to the geological structures of the areas. Raw rock materials are widely used in many industries. Excavating activity creates many environmental problems. Many of these can be overcome or eliminated by proper planning prior to mining and by proper reclamation during excavation operations and utilization in the post-exploitation phase. Reclamation methods and utilization criteria for a variety of abandoned hard rock quarries are discussed in the present paper.
PL
Eksploatacja odkrywkowa zwięzłych surowców skalnych wywołuje m.in. przekształcenia krąjobrazu. Są one najszybciej zauważane i wywołują negatywne skojarzenia z górnictwem, szczególnie w jego początkowej fazie. Karpaty i Sudety należą do regionów o szczególnych walorach przyrodniczo-krajobrazowych. Jednocześnie są obszarami o największej ilości wyrobisk zwięzłych surowców skalnych. Wynika to z ich budowy geologicznej. Surowce te znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w budownictwie, drogownictwie, kolejnictwie itp. Przekształcenia środowiska przyrodniczego wywołane ich eksploatacją powinny być minimalizowane lub likwidowane. Jedną z takich możliwości jest zagospodarowanie wyrobisk po eksploatacji zwięzłych surowców skalnych. Dobór metod i sposobów rekultywacji i zagospodarowania zależy od wielu czynników, które zostały przedstawione w niniejszym artykule. Na zakończenie podano także przykłady różnego rodzaju zagospodarowania kamieniołomów w Polsce.
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