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1

Behavioral and Lethal Effects of La Salt and a Mixture of Cu and La Salt on Daphnia magna Straus

Olkova Anna Sergeewna, Sysolyatina Maria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

245--252

EN

The study of joint effects of REE and HM is relevant, since they are often satellite deposits, their areas of application are similar, and an increase in concentrations of elements of these groups in the areas that are not places of their extraction and enrichment is proven. The purpose of this work was to find out the pre-lethal and lethal effects of La, Cu and their equimolar mixtures in tests for Daphnia magna Straus. Bioassays of artificially polluted natural waters, initially free of toxic elements, was carried out. In bioassays on the mortality of D. magna in the space of 96 hours it was found that acute toxicity of copper sulfate solutions is observed at the calculated concentration of Cu2+ 0.1 mg/L (0.0016 mmol/L), and the acute toxicity of lanthanum sulfate is when the dose of La3+ is equal to 50 mg/L (0.36 mmol/L). In the solutions comprising mixtures of Cu and La salts (1:1 calculated using metals), the concentrations of which are equimolar to the investigated solutions of copper sulfate, the mortality of D. magna begins in the solution containing 10 times less toxic elements. It was found that 25% of individuals died in the variant “0.00016 mmol/L”, the mortality of 100% of individuals was at the total metal concentration of 0.0008 mmol/L. The solutions containing La (0.072–0.72 mmol/L) and Cu (0.00016–0.0016 mmol/L) naturally inhibit the motor activity of D. magna by 1.3–5.3 times and 1.2–1.9 times in 1 hour and 1.7–2.8 and 1.4–2.2 times in 24 hours, respectively. The solutions containing mixtures of Cu and La salts inhibited the motor activity of D. magna in the same way as copper sulfate solutions with the Cu2+ concentrations equimolar “Cu2+ + La3+”. Therefore, when testing the solutions with the same molar concentrations of Cu2+ and the mixture of “Cu2+ + La3+” it was shown that La potentiates the pre-lethal effect of Cu to the level of individual effects of Cu. The additions of La salt to the solutions containing pre-lethal doses of Cu lead to lethal effects of such mixtures for D. magna.

2

Responses of the Micro-Crustacean, Daphnia magna, across Five Generations Continuously Exposed to Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate in Mekong River Water

Tran Vinh-Quang, Nguyen Van-Tai, Dao Thanh-Son

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2022

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no. 2

77--83

EN

Plastic pollution has been considered as an emerging environmental problem, and is among the ecological and human health concerns. Detrimental impacts of plastic pollution on living things are closely related to the plastic additives added onto the polymer during plastic manufacture. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most common plasticizers and is usually found in water environment worldwide. Plastic additives can cause many negative effects on aquatic organisms such as fish and zooplankton. This study aimed to assess the chronic effects of DEHP on the life history traits of an ecotoxicological model micro-crustacean, Daphnia magna, across five generations (F0–F4). We used the natural water from Mekong River in Vietnam as the medium for the D. magna incubation in laboratory conditions. The concentrations of trace elements (e.g., metals and pesticides) in the natural water were under detection levels of equipment or very low which was sufficient for D. magna to grow well. The results showed that the body length was the main endpoint of the organisms inhibited by DEHP across all generations. DEHP adversely impacted the survival and fecundity of D. magna in the fourth generation (F3) only. The adverse effects of DEHP on body length of D. magna should be the consequence of the energy cost and allocation in the exposed organisms. The survival and reproduction responses of D. magna to DEHP across five generations could be explained by (i) the severe effects of the chemical on many individuals in the organism cohort, and (ii) toxin-tolerant development in the remaining exposed organisms. Although the trace elements in natural water from Mekong River were not toxic to D. magna at very low concentrations, together with DEHP they might enhance impacts on the organism. Besides, a multigenerational exposure to DEHP would reflect clearer impacts on the organism than a single exposure. Our results could be useful for extrapolation on the influence of plasticizers on freshwater zooplankton in nature.

PL

Zanieczyszczenie tworzywami sztucznymi zostało uznane za narastające zagrożenie środowiskowe i jest jednym z problemów ekologicznych związanych ze zdrowiem człowieka. Szkodliwy wpływ zanieczyszczenia tworzywami sztucznymi na organizmy żywe jest ściśle związany z dodatkami tworzyw sztucznych dodawanymi do polimeru podczas produkcji tworzyw sztucznych. Ftalan di2-etyloheksylu (DEHP) jest jednym z najpowszechniejszych plastyfikatorów i zwykle występuje w środowisku wodnym na całym świecie. Dodatki do tworzyw sztucznych mogą powodować wiele negatywnych skutków dla organizmów wodnych, takich jak ryby i zooplankton. Badania przedsatwione w artykule miały na celu ocenę ciągłego wpływu DEHP na cechy historii życia modelu ekotoksykologicznego mikroskorupiaka, Daphnia magna, w ciągu pięciu pokoleń (F0–F4). Jako pożywkę do inkubacji D. magna w warunkach laboratoryjnych wykorzystano naturalną wodę z rzeki Mekong w Wietnamie. Stężenia pierwiastków śladowych (np. metali i pestycydów) w naturalnej wodzie były poniżej poziomu wykrywalności sprzętu lub bardzo niskie, co było wystarczające, aby D. magna dobrze się rozwijała. Wyniki pokazały, że długość ciała była głównym punktem oceny rozwoju organizmów hamowanego przez DEHP we wszystkich pokoleniach. DEHP negatywnie wpłynął na przeżywalność i płodność D. magna jedynie w czwartym pokoleniu (F3). Negatywny wpływ DEHP na długość ciała D. magna powinien być konsekwencją zużycia energii i jej alokacji w narażonych organizmach. Reakcje D. magna na przetrwanie i reprodukcję pod wpływem DEHP w ciągu pięciu pokoleń można wytłumaczyć (i) poważnym wpływem substancji chemicznej na wiele osobników w populacji organizmów oraz (ii) rozwojem tolerancji na toksyny u pozostałych narażonych organizmów. Chociaż pierwiastki śladowe w naturalnej wodzie z Mekongu nie były toksyczne dla D. magna w bardzo niskich stężeniach, to razem z DEHP mogą nasilać oddziaływanie na organizm. Poza tym wielopokoleniowe narażenie na DEHP odzwierciedlałoby wyraźniejszy wpływ na organizm niż jednorazowe narażenie. Przedstawione wyniki mogą być przydatne do ekstrapolacji wpływu plastyfikatorów na zooplankton słodkowodny w przyrodzie.

3

Effects of 432 Hz and 440 Hz Sound Frequencies on the Heart Rate, Egg Number and Survival Parameters in Water Flea (Daphnia magna)

Yağcılar Çetin, Yardımcı Mehmet

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 4

119--125

EN

The noise pollution caused by anthropogenic activities in the aquatic environment negatively affects aquatic organisms like mammals, fish, crustaceans, and even plankton, which are important for the aquatic ecosystem. This study was conducted to examine the effect of lethal and sub-lethal effects of high-frequency sound exposure on Daphnia magna aiming to obtain more detailed scientific information. For this purpose, a total of 150 gynandromorphic daphnids were randomly selected, sorted equally into 440 Hz, 432 Hz, and control groups, and high-frequency sounds were applied in aquatic conditions. During the 35-day trial period, the heartbeats, and egg numbers were counted whereas the survival rates were recorded. The results showed that the high-frequency sound exposure immediately showed its detrimental effect on heartbeats after a short adaptation period in the 440 Hz group and the average values decreased to half of the normal values. In the 432 Hz group, heartbeats first increased, and this level was maintained for a while, but then a significant decrease was observed. Regarding the egg numbers, an increasing trend was observed in the 432 Hz group until the 5th measurement period which resulted in a sharp decrease. In the 440 Hz group, lower values with almost no increase were recorded, except for the first measurement period, but no eggs were found in the 55th measurement. Interestingly, while no death was noted during the measurement periods, no living daphnia was observed in the 440 Hz group within 2 weeks during the non-measurement period. As a result, it was understood that Daphnia perceives the vibrations produced by high-frequency sound in the aquatic environment as a stressor and cannot cope with its detrimental effects after a certain time depending on intensity and duration. While the 440 Hz frequency noise caused infertility, the 432 Hz frequency noise resulted in lower egg numbers and heartbeats.

4

"Battery of Bioassays" for Diagnostics of Toxicity of Natural Water when Pollution with Aluminum Compounds

Olkova Anna, Berezin Grigory

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 2

195--199

EN

The article presents the results of an experimental comparison of the sensitivity of biotests using Daphnia magna Straus, Ceriodaphnia affinis Lilljeborg, Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg, and Escherichia coli Migula (strain M-17) to water pollution with aluminum compounds. The research was carried out under simulated conditions: the model toxicant was aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3∙18H2O, the concentration range per Al was 0.04–2.8 mg/dm3, and the pH of the tested waters was close to the neutral level of 7.2–7.8. The bioluminescence of E. coli significantly decreased at an Al concentration of 0.8 mg/dm3 (toxicity index was 93.3±1.2, which refers to a high level of toxicity). The reaction of P. caudatum was weaker: a high level of toxicity was achieved at an Al concentration of 2.8 mg/dm3. These doses did not cause the death of D. magna and C. affinis in short-term experiments (28 and 96 hours, respectively). However, in the tests for the chronic toxicity of aluminum, we showed that the doses of 0.8 and 2 mg/dm3 Al cause high death of individuals (more than 50%) and a significant decrease in the number of offspring. The range of sensitivity of the bioassay methods to water pollution with aluminum turned out to be as follows: bioassay for the bioluminescence of E. coli > bioassay for the changes in chemotaxis of P. caudatum > bioassay for the changes in fertility of D. magna > bioassay for the changes in fertility of C affinis.

5

Assessment of the Toxicity of the Natural and Technogenic Environment for Motor Activity of Daphnia magna

Olkova Anna, Zimonina Natalia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 7

11--16

EN

The Daphnia magna Straus (1820) crustaceans are used in many countries to assess the quality of the environment. Researchers are guided more often by the mortality of individuals. However, the sublethal effects contribute to the development of biological early warning systems (BEWS). A visual method for recording the motor activity of D. magna was proposed. This method has advantages over automated analogs. It is simple, accessible to performers and does not require the use of special instruments. The method was tested under conditions of modeling the lethal and sublethal effects of heavy metal salts (Cu and Zn). The diagnosis of lethal doses is possible after 1 hour of exposure, whereas the death of crustaceans can occur in 3–4 days of the experiment. The effect of sublethal doses of heavy metals becomes statistically significant after 24 (p < 0.05). The sensitivity of the method was confirmed in the studies of the aqueous extracts from the soils contaminated with various heavy metals (heavy metal processing area). The method showed good results in assessing the toxic effect of the waters anthropogenically contaminated with the mineral forms of nitrogen (NH4+and NO3-) in the region of fertilizer production. The maximum inverse correlation between the motor activity and the concentration of ammonium ions in water (-0.83) was shown after 24 hours. Thus, the method of visual assessment of motor activity can be used in environmental monitoring.

6

Characteristics of acute toxicity dynamics of selected toxicants on aquatic crustaceans

Żuk Olga, Kosior Grzegorz, Oloś Grzegorz

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 2

397--408

EN

Determining the value of a half-effective or half-life concentration or dose of toxicant is the main purpose of acute toxicity studies, and this is also the most commonly used value in the toxicity characteristics of substances. By conducting tests that meet the criteria and requirements for the determination of acute toxicity, due to the use of appropriate mathematical tools and concentrations resulting in complete lethal effects in the studied groups, considerably more important values can be achieved, which give a possibility for the analysis of the entire process’s dynamics, as well as determining the threshold values of the effect time and toxicant concentration. This was the purpose of our research, in which the research species were Daphnia magna and Cypris pubera. The effect of the conducted research allowed to determine and compare the two toxicants: ammonium and copper(II) ions by it’s: concentration limit values (Cth), internal toxicity of the receptor-ligand complex (α), apparent, constant disintegration of this complex (Kapp) and different time values of the effect (Tt, Tin, MLT), which, along with concentration, is equally important determinant of the development of a toxic effect.

7

Development of Daphnia magna under exposure to ampicillin

Vo T.-M.-C., Pham N.-H., Nguyen T.-D., Bui M.-H., Dao T.-S.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2018

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Vol. 11, no. 3

147-152

EN

In this study, the chronic effects of Ampicillin on survival, reproduction and growth of Daphnia magna was monitored during 21 days exposure test. The results showed that Ampicillin strongly affected on life history traits of Daphnia magna, i.e. 47% reduction of survival proportion, lower 68% reproduction than the control, and reduction in body length and in the intrinsic population rate, especially at its highest concentration. The antibiotics especially Ampicillin should be included int the Vietnam guidelines for environmental and ecological protection.

8

Indirect effect of made grounds on the aquatic flora and fauna

Dudziak M., Kopańska D.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 43, nr 2

15--24

EN

The presence of made grounds containing industrial waste materials in the natural environment presents a potential ecological threat. Therefore, in the present study we examined the indirect effects of selected made grounds on the aquatic flora and fauna. The subject of the study were aqueous extracts from made grounds containing metallurgical slags and their effect on the survival of the crustacean daphnia (Daphnia magna) and the inhibition of growth of the plant duckweed (Lemna minor). Due to the fact that duckweed is also used for phytoremediation, the solution after the contact with the plant was assessed for changes of toxicity using the toxicological enzymatic bioassay employing bacteria (Allivibrio fischeri). It was found that the extracts of made grounds adversely affect both the survival of the crustaceans and the growth of plants, however, despite the inhibition of the growth of duckweed it has the ability to phytoremediate contaminants present in the made grounds.

9

Effects of three pesticides on superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities and reproduction of Daphnia magna

Song Y., Chen M., Zhou J.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 1

80--86

EN

Applying pesticides to crops is one of the causes of water pollution by surface runoff, and chlorpyrifos, trifluralin and chlorothalonil are used respectively as insecticide, herbicide and fungicide for crop plants widely. To explore effects of three pesticides on aquatic organisms, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were determined after 24 h and 48 h exposure of D. magna with ages of 6–24 h to several low concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0.36, 0.72, 1.43, 2.86, 5.72 μg∙L−1), trifluralin (0.17, 0.33, 0.66, 1.33, 2.65 mg∙L−1) and chlorothalonil (0.09, 0.18, 0.36, 0.72, 1.43 mg∙L−1) respectively. Main reproductive parameters including first pregnancy time, first brood time, the number of first brood and total fecundity after 21 d exposures at the same concentrations of pesticides as described above were also measured. The results showed that the activities of GST increased in lower concentrations and decreased in higher concentrations after 24 h exposure to three pesticides, respectively. The activities of SOD showed the same changes after 48 h exposure. With the time prolonged, the activities of GST decreased while the activities of SOD increased. After 21 d exposure, the first pregnancy time and first brood time were delayed, while the number of the first brood and total fecundity per female decreased with increasing concentrations. These results corroborated that GST activity was more sensitive to those pesticides than SOD activity, and there was a significant relationship between total fecundity and pesticides-dose(r>0.94, n=6), GST activity after 48 h exposure and total fecundity after 21 d exposure (r>0.92, n=6).

10

The short-term effects of crude oil on the survival of different size-classes of cladoceran Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)

Lennuk L., Kotta J., Taits K., Teeveer K.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (1)

71--77

EN

We studied the acute effects of crude oil on the size-class population structure of the cladoceran Daphnia magna. D. magna were tested in three size-classes: small (1.4 mm, SE = 0.013), medium (2.5 mm, SE = 0.026), and large (3.1 mm, SE = 0.022) with six concentrations of crude oil (10, 50, 100, 400, 600, and 1700 mg L-1). The most important results of our experiment were as follows: (1) Crude oil had no significantly effect on D. magna below concentration 100 mg L-1. (2) An increasing crude oil concentration above 100 mg L-1 sharply decreased the survival of D. magna, (3) and survival varied among size classes. Being in contact with the concentration of 400 mg L-1 and above, all cladoceran specimens died after 96 h.

11

Ekotoksykologiczna ocena wpływu wybranych farmaceutyków na rozwielitkę wielką (Daphnia magna) przed procesem sonikacji i po nim

Próba M., Wolny L.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2015

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Nr 9

334--336

EN

In the paper the problem of water pollution risks with pharmaceuticals was discussed. Particular emphasis was placed on the water pollution with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and its influence on aquatic animal. The aim of research was to determine the toxicity reduction level of ketoprofen and diclofenac for Daphnia magna in solutions treated with ultrasound; and cognition effective concentration of immobilization (EC50) of the substance in relation to Daphnia. The need for additional disinfection of drinking water was highlighted.

PL

W pracy omówiono problematykę zagrożeń zanieczyszczenia wód środkami farmaceutycznymi. Szczególny nacisk położono na zanieczyszczenie niesteroidowymi środkami przeciwbólowymi oraz ich wpływ na organizmy wodne. Celem badań było określenie stopnia zmniejszenia efektu toksycznego ketoprofenu i diklofenaku dla organizmów Daphnia magna w roztworach poddanych działaniu ultradźwięków; oraz poznanie skutecznego stężenia immobilizacji (unieruchomienia, EC50) substancji w odniesieniu do rozwielitek. Zwrócono uwagę na konieczność dodatkowej dezynfekcji wody pitnej.

12

Toksyczność miedzi, cynku oraz kadmu, rtęci i ołowiu dla człowieka, kręgowców i organizmów wodnych

Piontek M., Fedyczak Z., Łuszczyńska K., Lechów H.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2014

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nr 155 (35)

70--83

PL

Praca dotyczy toksyczności wybranych metali ciężkich w koncentracjach śladowych: dwóch zaliczanych do mikroelementów - Cu i Zn oraz trzech znajdujących się w czołówce trucizn zawodowych i środowiskowych - Cd, Hg i Pb. Przedstawiono stan wiedzy w oparciu o przegląd literatury na temat toksyczności tych pierwiastków dla człowieka i kręgowców oraz wyniki badań własnych dla organizmów reprezentujących biocenozę wodną: rozwielitkę Daphnia magna Strauss oraz wypławka Dugesia tigrina Girard. Ustalano, że szereg toksyczności metali ciężkich dla człowieka i kręgowców oraz badanych organizmów wodnych jest zbieżny. Najbardziej toksyczna jest rtęć i jej związki, najmniej cynk. Miedź jest silniejszą trucizną dla organizmów wodnych, natomiast ołów dla ludzi i kręgowców.

EN

The work concerns the toxicity of some heavy metals (trace): two belonging to microelements - Cu and Zn, and three are at the forefront of occupational and environmental poisons - Cd, Hg and Pb. Presented knowledge literature on the toxicity of these elements for human and vertebrates and the results of the study organisms representing biocenosis water: water flea Daphnia magna Strauss and planaria Dugesia tigrina Girard. Determined that a number of heavy metal toxicity to humans and vertebrates and aquatic organisms tested converges. The most toxic mercury and its compounds, at least zinc. Copper is a stronger poison to aquatic organisms, but lead to humans and vertebrates.

13

Effects of ZnO, CuO, Au, and TiO2 nanoparticles on Daphnia magna and early life stages of zebrafish danio rerio

Liu J., Fan D., Wang L., Shi L., Ding J., Chen Y., Shen S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 1

139--149

EN

The effects of four different kinds of nanoparticles (NPs), namely, CuO, ZnO, TiO2, and Au, of the sizes ranging from <20 nm to 50 nm on Daphnia magna, early life stage of zebrafish, and various enzymes have been investigated. The experimental results showed that the NPs inhibited both the body length and hatching rate of zebrafish larvae; the small nanoparticles exhibited more toxicity. In a 21 day chronic toxicity test, metal ions of higher concentrations significantly reduced the number of Daphnia magna offspring. Studies on enzyme activity showed that the NPs reduced the glutathione content and inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, resulting in shorter body length, lower hatching success, and lower reproduction of zebrafish larvae. Therefore, studies should focus more on the potential toxicity of smaller NPs.

14

Application of Biotests in Cyanobacterial Extract Toxicity Assessment

Sierosławska A., Rymuszka A., Skowroński T.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 3

115--121

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity of the extract obtained from the cyanobacterial cells derived from the waters of Zemborzycki dam reservoir with use of a battery of biotests. The taxonomic identiﬁcation of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria revealed high abundance of Aphanizomenon ﬂos-aquae and Dolichospermum spp. (Anabaena spp.) and in a lower degree of Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii. In the extract obtained from concentrated cyanobacterial cells, hepatotoxin microcystin-LR at a concentration of 22.89 ± 3.74 μg/L and neurotoxin Antx-a at 13.02 ± 0.01 μg/L have been detected. Toxicity of the extract was evaluated with the following assays: Daphtoxkit F magna with the crustacean Daphnia magna, Thamnotoxkit F with the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus, Rotoxkit F with the rotifer Brachionus calyciﬂorus and Protoxkit F with ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. The most sensitive organism among all studied was T. platyurus for which EC50 was estimated to be 1.2% of the initial extract concentration. On the basis of the highest obtained value of the toxicity unit (TU = 83) the studied sample was classiﬁed to the IV class, which is of high acute toxicity. Additionally, it was found that reactivity on cyanobacterial products differs greatly among organisms used in bioassays, which indicate the need for using a set of biotests.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena toksyczności ekstraktu uzyskanego z komórek cyjanobakterii obecnych w wodzie pobranej podczas zakwitu sinic z Zalewu Zemborzyckiego, z wykorzystaniem zestawu biotestów. Identyfikacja taksonomiczna wykazała w badanej próbce wysoką liczebność Aphanizomenon fl os-aquae i Dolichospermum spp. (Anabaena spp.) oraz w mniejszym stopniu Microcystis aeruginosa i Planktothrix agardhii. Analiza HPLC ekstraktu uzyskanego z zagęszczonych komórek cyjanobakterii wykazała obecność mikrocystyny-LR w stężeniu 22,89 μg/L oraz anatoksyny-a w stężeniu 13.02 μg/L. Stopień toksyczności uzyskanego ekstraktu oceniano na podstawie reakcji organizmów testowych, z użyciem następujących biotestów: Daphtoxkit F magna (Daphnia magna), Thamnotoxkit F (Thamnocephalus platyurus), Rotoxkit F (Brachionus calyciflorus) oraz Protoxkit F (Tetrahymena thermophila) (Microbiotests Inc., Belgia). Przeprowadzone badania wykazały szczególnie silne działanie toksyczne analizowanego ekstraktu wobec T. platyurus (24hEC50 oszacowane na 1,2% ekstraktu wyjściowego). Wyraźny efekt toksyczny obserwowany był także wobec B. calyciflorus i w mniejszym stopniu wobec T. thermophila. Natomiast największą odporność na toksyczne działanie ekstraktu wykazywała D. magna. Na podstawie uzyskanych wartości TU (jednostek toksyczności) badany ekstrakt zaliczony został do IV klasy toksyczności, tj. o wysokiej toksyczności ostrej. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że organizmy na których wykonywane są testy toksyczności wykazują zróżnicowaną wrażliwość na produkty cyjanobakterii, stąd ocena toksyczności próbek zawierających tego typu substancje powinna być prowadzona z wykorzystaniem jak najszerszego zestawu biotestów.

15

Ocena zmian toksyczności odcieków ze składowiska odpadów podczas ich biologicznego oczyszczania

Szyłak-Szydłowski M.

Ochrona Środowiska

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2011

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Vol. 33, nr 2

65-68

PL

Określono możliwość zastosowania wybranych testów ekotoksykologicznych do oceny zmiany toksyczności odcieków ze składowiska odpadów podczas ich biologicznego oczyszczania w modelowym sekwencyjnym reaktorze porcjowym (SBR). W tym celu zbadano toksyczność ostrą (TUa) odcieków surowych, mieszaniny ścieków bytowych z odciekami oraz ścieków po procesie biologicznego oczyszczania. Analizę toksykologiczną przeprowadzono w odniesieniu do czterech przedstawicieli organizmów wodnych: larwy owadów Chironomus sp., skorupiaki Daphnia magna, ryby Lebistes reticulatus oraz glony Scenedesmus quadricauda. Przeprowadzone badania toksykologiczne wykazały, że w całym badanym zakresie obciążenia osadu czynnego ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń (ChZT) nastąpiło zmniejszenie toksyczności ostrej odcieków oczyszczonych w porównaniu z mieszaniną dopływającą do reaktora. Wykluczyło to możliwość powstawania bardziej toksycznych produktów pośrednich podczas oczyszczania odcieków osadem czynnym. Stwierdzono, że najbardziej wrażliwe na zanieczyszczenia występujące w mieszaninie ścieków i odcieków dopływających do reaktora biologicznego okazały się larwy ochotki (Chironomus sp.) (toksyczność ostra 8,0÷16,7), natomiast na działanie odcieków surowych - ryby Lebistes reticulatus (85,8). Wyniki badań potwierdziły możliwość zastosowania wybranych testów ekotoksykologicznych do oceny zmiany toksyczności odcieków ze składowiska odpadów podczas ich biologicznego podczyszczania.

EN

Selected ecotoxicological tests were analyzed for potential use in assessing toxicity variations in landfill leachates during biological treatment in a model sequencing batch reactor (SBR). For this purpose, raw leachates, municipal sewage combined with leachates, and the effluent from the biological treatment process were made subject to acute toxicity analysis (TUa). Toxicological analyses were performed with reference to four representatives of water organisms: the insect maggot Chironomus sp., the crustacean Daphnia magna, the fish Lebistes reticulatus, and the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. The results obtained have revealed that over the entire range of activated sludge loading with organic pollutants (COD) the acute toxicity of the treated leachate decreased as compared with the acute toxicity of the influent to the SBR. This finding excludes the possibility that more toxic intermediates may form during leachate treatment by the activated sludge process. Among the water organisms tested, the insect maggot Chironomus sp. (acute toxicity, 8.0 to 16.7) was most vulnerable to the pollutants in the sewage+leachate stream entering the SBR, and the fish Lebistes reticulatus (acute toxicity, 85.8) to the pollutants in raw leachates. The results of the study have substantiated the applicability of the ecotoxicological tests chosen to the assessment of toxicity variations in landfill leachates during biological treatment.

16

Toksyczność osadów ściekowych z oczyszczalni ścieków

Raclawska H., Doskarova S., Skrobankova H.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2011

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R. 12, nr 1

39-50

PL

Tematem artykułu jest określenie przyczyn toksyczności ścieków. Toksyczność badano na rozwielitkach Daphnia magna oraz algach Desmodesmus subspicatus. Dla zmniejszenia toksyczności, do wartości określonej przez ustawę nr 294/2005 Coll., do ekstraktu wodnego dodano różne sorbenty (aktywny węgiel i amberlit - XAD - niejonowy absorbent polimerowy). Ustalono, że mętność wody spowodowana dodaniem aktywnego węgla wpływa na zachowanie Desmodesmus subspicatus. Koncentracja składników odżywczych uwolnionych ze ścieków oraz przez obecność zanieczyszczeń (PAH, AOX i metale ciężkie) także wpływa na zachowanie alg. Dodatek aktywnego węgla zmniejszył koncentrację PAH poniżej limitu, co jest niebezpieczne dla Daphnia magna, ale zmniejszenie zawartości składników szkodliwych w wodzie nie było wystarczające. Nie osiągnięto granicznych wartości EC50 dla Pb, Zn i Cu określonych w literaturze.

EN

Article is oriented on the cause of sludge ecotoxicity. The ecotoxicity was studied on Daphnia magna and algae Desmodesmus subspicatus. For decreasing of water extract exotoxicity to the limit value required by Decree No.294/2005 Coll. the addition of different sorbent (active carbon and Amberlite – XAD nonionic polymeric absorbent) were observed. The behaviour of Desmodesmus subspicatus is influenced by turbidity of water extract after adding of aktive carbon, concentration of nutrients releasing from sludge and also by presence of pollutants (PAHs, AOXs and heavy metals). The addion of activated carbon decrease the concentration of PAHs below the limit which is hazardous for Daphnia magna, but the decreasing of hazardous elements in water extract was not sufficient. The limit value EC50 published in literature for Pb, Zn and Cu was not reached.

17

Wpływ pestycydów (fenitrotion, tolylfluanid) na Daphnia magna na podstawie testów toksyczności ostrej

Frąk M., Wiśniewska M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2005

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Vol. 14, No. 2

167--176

EN

Acute toxicity of two pesticides (organophosphorous insecticide and fungicide from sulfamid group) on Daphnia magna was studied in this experiment. Mortality of examined organisms in different concentrations of these active substances was defined. The value of lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated using probit method based on the observation results. The results have shown that after 6-hour exposure fenitrotione is more toxic for Daphnia magna, however after 24- and 48-hour exposure tolylfluanide occured more toxic. Both substances are very hazardous and toxic for aquatic organisms.